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英语国家概况,TheUnitedStatesofAmerica,Chapter12,Education授课人：席晓青,Education,2.IdealsofAmericanEducation,3.EducationalSystem,1.GeneralviewtoAmericanEducation,GeneralView,100,000elementaryandsecondaryschoolsfor70millionyoungAmericans12gradesforelementaryandsecondaryschooling:5h/dand5d/w2to4yearsforcollegesanduniversitiespublic(90%)andprivateschools(10%)$200,000millionofexpensesannuallyWhatstheeducationgoal?,Goalofeducation,achieveuniversalliteracy,provideindividualswiththeknowledgeandskillsnecessarytopromoteboththeirownindividualwelfareaswellasthatofthegeneralpublic,boardsofeducation(forpublicschools),Guidingexpenses,Decisionsonschoolcurriculum,Teachersstandardlocalneed,etc.astrongtendencytoeducatechildrenaboutmajorpublicconcerns,e.g.environmentalpollution;nuclearissues,crimeanddrugs,equalrightsforeducation(1954:forbadesegregation)compulsoryinquirymethodofLearning,AsmanypeopleaspossibleshouldhaveaccesstoasmucheducationastheywantanoutcomeoftheAmericansassertions(主张、断言、声明)aboutequalityequalityineducationdoesnotmeanthateveryonereceivesthesameeducationTheChildplacedinalower-abilitygroupdoesnotreceivethesameeducationasoneplacedinahigher-abilitygroup,2.IdealsofAmericanEducation,Producingasocietyofliteracyandlocalcontroleducationgovernedbystateandlocalgovernments,notbythenationalgovernment;nonationalministryofeducationeachstatehasitsownlawsregulatingeducation,1.IdealsofAmericanEducation,EFAeducationforall,EmphasisonthebasicnatureofknowledgeandlearningScholarsandstudentsshouldworktodiscovernewinformationorconceive(构思、设计)newwaystounderstandwhatisalreadyknown;Learningisanenterpriseofexploration,experimentation,analysis,andsynthesis;Thegoalofeducationistoteachchildrenhowtolearnandhelpthemreachtheirmaximumpotential.,1.IdealsofAmericanEducation,Educationisbothanindividualbenefitandasocialnecessity.EveryAmericanhastherightandobligationtobecomeeducated.,1.IdealsofAmericanEducation,Educationisbothanindividualbenefitandasocialnecessity.EveryAmericanhastherightandobligationtobecomeeducated.,Quotationsconcerningeducation:Betterbeunbornthanuntaught,forignoranceistherootofmisfortune.(Plato,AncientGreekphilosopher)Educationisaprogressivediscoveryofourignorance.(Durant,Americanhistorian)Thepurposeofeducationistoreplaceanemptymindwithanopenone.(MalcolmForbes,Americaneducator),2.EducationalSystem,2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducation,2.2HigherEducation,2.3FamousUniversities,2.4MulticulturalEducation,Elementaryandsecondaryeducationthebasisofpubliceducation,freeandcompulsory,12gradesOneacademicyearfromSeptemberthroughJuneDifferentdivisionsofschoolsystems:elementaryschoolonethrougheighthighschoolnextfouryearselementaryschoolonethroughsixjuniorhighschoolseventhroughnineseniorhighschooltenthroughtwelve,2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducation,ElementaryeducationCoursesreading,arithmetic,languagearts,science,socialstudies,music,art,andphysicaleducationClasssize20to30students,2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducation,SecondaryeducationTwostages:juniorhighschoolandseniorhighschoolCourses:morespecializedEnglish,socialstudies,algebra,geometry,etc.Nineperiodsforaday:fiveforacademicsubjectsoneforphysicaleducationalunchperiodtwostudyperiodsvisitingthelibraryparticipatinginextracurricularactivity,2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducation,2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducation,Amusicclassinajuniorhighschool,Aclassroominaseniorhighschool,Noannualcollegeentranceexamination;applicantsarechosenonthebasisofthefollowing4aspects:,2.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducation,ThebeginningofhighereducationthefoundingofHarvardCollegein1636abigenterprisewithacomplexsystemFourcategoriesofinstitutions:theuniversitythefour-yearundergraduateinstitutionthecollegetechnicaltraininginstitutiontwo-yearcommunitycollege,2.2HigherEducation,Collegeestablishingpoliciesforadministratorsandfaculty;approvingthebudget;thepurchaseandsaleofrealestateandothermajorpropertyitems,etc.,CollegeLife,Anacademicyearninemonthstwoorthreesemesters,excludingthesummersessiona“break”ofoneweekineachsemesteranda30-daywinterbreakCreditsearnedbyattendinglectures(orlabclasses)andbysuccessfullycompletingassignmentsandexaminationsonecreditonehourofclassperweekinasinglecourseacoursemaylast10to16weeksasemester,Studyincollege,Groupwork,Discussionanddebate,Livingaccommodationsnotenoughresidencehallsmodernandfashionable,butlimitedandsmallinspace,CollegeLife,Part-timeworkingtoearntuitionandlivingexpensesasalibrarianorawaiterinarestaurantastockkeeperinasupermarket,Sportssignificantinuniversitylifefootballmostpopularfootballandbasketballscholarshipsstudentsasathleticsor“jocks”(大学运动员)receivefreetuitionandotherfinancialassistanceStudentsorganizationsclubsandactivitieshelpstudentsbecomesuccessfulwhenpursuinghobbiesart,music,drama,debateforeignlanguages,photographyvolunteerwork,CollegeLife,AmongallAmericanuniversities,isthereanyonethatleavesyouthedeepestimpression,andwhy?WouldyoupleasecompareAmericanuniversitieswithChineseones?,2.3FamousUniversities,Warming-up:,IvyLeagueincludingeightuniversities(Brown,Columbia,Cornell,Dartmouth,Harvard,Pennsylvania,Princeton,andYale)StanleyWoodward,aNewYorkHeraldTribunesportswriter,coinedthephraseintheearlythirties.,2.3FamousUniversities,Harvard,Princeton,Yale,Columbia,Pennsylvania,Cornell,Dartmouth,Brown,HarvardUniversity,TheoldestinstitutionofhigherlearninginAmericacomprehensiveuniversitythatmainlygrantsdegreesengagedinscientificresearchestablishedin1636namedafterJohnHarvarditsfirstbenefactor(捐助者),SchoolbadgeVERITAS(Latin):truth“以柏拉图(Plato)为友，以亚里士多德(Aristotle)为友，更要以真理(truth)为友”ThreeLiesoftheHarvardStatue,HarvardUniversity,Outstandingacademicachievements7presidentsJohnAdams,JohnQ.AdamsTheodoreandFranklinD.RooseveltRutherfordB.Hayes,JohnF.KennedyGeorgeW.Bushmorethan40Nobellaureates,HarvardUniversity,YaleUniversity,Foundedin1701astheCollegiateSchool(联合学院)inKillingworth,ConnecticutRenamedYaleCollegein1718afterthedonatorElihuYaleBecameYaleUniversityin1887ThethirdoldestinstitutionofhighereducationinAmerica,3majoracademiccomponents:YaleCollege(theundergraduateprogram)theGraduateSchoolofArtsandSciencestenprofessionalschoolsAwidearrayofresearchorganizations,libraries,museums,administrativeandsupportofficesTheSkull&Bonessecretstudentsocietycomposedofupandcomingpoliticalelitesfamous“bonesmen”:GeorgeW.Bush,JohnKerry,WilliamF.BuckleyJr.etc.,YaleUniversity,MIT,MITMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyEstablishedin1861inBoston,movedtoCambridgein1916Instituteofdevelopingadvancedadministrativetalentsandscientificandtechnologicaltalents,MIT,Oneoftheteachingandresearchcentersofscienceandtechnology,Composedof5schoolstheSchoolofArchitectureandPlanningtheEngineeringSchooltheSchoolofHumanitiesandSocialHumanitiestheSloganSchoolofManagementtheSchoolofScience,AcademicAchievements63currentorformermembersoftheMITcommunityhavewontheNobelPrize,including25professors,26alumni,14researchersandonestaffphysician.27oftheNobelPrizesareinphysics,12inchemistry,13ineconomics,9inmedicine/physiology,and2inpeace.,MIT,PaulSamuelsonprofessorofeconomicsatMIT,solerecipientoftheNobelMemorialPrizeinEconomicSciencesin1970,Charteredin1746,knownastheCollegeofNewJerseyThefourthinstitutionofhighereducationintheUSThreeofthephysicsprofessorswontheNobelPrizeFamousgraduatesPresidentW.Wilson(1879)JamesMadison(1771)andover80Senators,PrincetonUniversity,2.4MulticulturalEducation,SchoolsteachtheexperiencesandvaluesofmanyethnicculturessuccessfulethnicindividualsincorporatedincurrenttextbooksequalitypastracismbluntlyacknowledgedCulturalpluralismorganizingprincipleofeducationElementaryschoolsincludetraditionalcustomsotherharvestholidaysaroundtheworldSecondaryschoolsincludeliteraturefromaroundtheworld,offeringalternativeperspectivesonsocialproblemsandsignificanthistoricaleventsethnicstudies,TosolveproblemsandreachconclusionsbytrialanderrorCultureinfluencesclassroomcommunicationAmericansfrankandblunt(直言的)waysofexpressionAsian-AmericansavoidingopennessCriticalthinking,judgmentalquestioning,activeparticipation,andindependentandparticipatorylearningexpectedandencouragedInternationalSsbenefitfromandcontributetotheAmericaneducationalsystem,2.4MulticulturalEducation,ThankYou!,英语国家概况,TheUnitedStatesofAmerica,
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