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Unit 3 Looking good, feeling good非限制性定语从句及反意疑问句非限制性定语从句一、基础用法1.定义：对主句中的先行词进行附加描写或补充的定语从句称为非限制性定语从句，它前边通常用逗号与先行词分开。2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句意义描述主句所涉及的人或物的具体情况，是主句不可或缺的一部分，如果省去，主句意义不完整对主句所描述的人或物提供一些附加情况，起补充说明作用，即使省去，主句意义仍然完整形式一般紧跟先行词，主句和从句不用逗号分开主句和从句间有逗号分开功能修饰先行词既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句或主句的部分内容翻译常译为先行词的定语常译为另一个分句关系代词who, whom, whose, which, thatwho, whom, whose, which关系副词when, where, whywhen, whereMy brother studies in the school which is the most beautiful in our city.我的弟弟在我们城市最美丽的学校读书。(which引导限制性定语从句)Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize in Literature, which made him wellknown.莫言获得了诺贝尔文学奖，这使他名扬天下。(which引导非限制性定语从句)Ill never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.我将永远不会忘记我的家乡被解放的那一天。(when引导限制性定语从句)We will put off the meeting until next week, when we wont be so busy.我们将把会议推迟到下周举行，到那时我们就不会这么忙了。(when引导非限制性定语从句)We dont know the number of people who lost their homes in the earthquake.我们不知道这个城市在地震中失去家园的人们的数量。(who引导限制性定语从句)This class, who have got tickets, will go to the theatre this morning.这个班级的同学都拿到了票，今天上午去看戏。(who引导非限制性定语从句)二、重点突破1.as, which 引导非限制性定语从句指代整个句子的区别项目aswhich位置可位于主句之前、之中或之后引导的从句不能位于主句之前意义正如这，那功能连接上下文的作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句As is announced in todays newspaper, we must improve our style of work.正如今天的报纸上说的，我们必须改进工作作风。(as引导非限制性定语从句，代指后句we must improve our style of work, 放句首)Taiwan, as we all know, belongs to China.众所周知，台湾属于中国。(as引导非限制性定语从句，代指整句意思，放句中)It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park.昨天雨下得很大，这阻止了我去公园。(which引导非限制性定语从句，代指前句It rained hard yesterday，放在主句之后)2.that不可以引导非限制性定语从句；3.介词+关系代词所引导的定语从句常常是非限制性定语从句。反意疑问句一、基本知识1.反意疑问句的基本构成反意疑问句的基本构成形式是：陈述句附加问句。You are a student, arent you? 你是一个学生，是吗？2.反意疑问句的两种结构在反意疑问句中，如陈述句部分为肯定式，后一部分用否定式(前肯后否)；若陈述句部分为否定式，后一部分用肯定式(前否后肯)。She was ill yesterday, wasnt she？昨天她病了，是吗？Tom cant use a computer, can he？他不会用电脑，是吗？3.反意疑问句的汉语理解前半部分为否定形式的反意疑问句的答语与汉语不同。一Tom doesnt know it, does he?汤姆不知道这事，对吧?一No, he doesnt./Yes, he does.对，他不知道。/不，他知道。二、重点突破如何把握反意疑问句的“多样性”？重点掌握以下三大变化：(一)主语的变化1.陈述部分的主语是表示物的everything, nothing, something, anything, that, this等时，疑问部分的主语用it。Everything is ready, isnt it? 一切就绪，对不对？2.陈述部分的主语是these或those时，疑问部分的主语用they。These are very useful tools, arent they?这些工具很有用，不是吗？3.陈述部分的主语是表示人的不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等时，疑问部分的主语侧重全部时可用they，侧重个体时，也可用he。No one knows the answer, do they (does he)?没人知道答案，对吗？4.陈述部分的主语是一个短语或从句时，疑问部分的主语用it。Doing morning exercises is good for ones health，isnt it?做晨练对身体健康有益，不是吗？5.陈述部分是表示“存在”的there be句型时，其疑问部分必须再现there，但不可说there是主语；不能用句中真正的主语。There was a lot of snow here last year, wasnt there?这儿去年下了很多雪，不是吗？6.在主从复合句的反意疑问句中，简短问句的主谓语须与主句的主谓语保持一致It doesnt matter if they want to come to your party, does it?他们来不来参加你的晚会，没有什么要紧的，是吗？6.如果陈述部分是“I/We dont think/believe/suppose/imagine+宾语从句”，则简短问句的主语要与宾语从句的主语保持一致。I dont think he is forty, is he? 我认为他没有四十岁，是吗?Im sure youd rather she went to school by bus, wouldnt you? 我肯定你宁愿她乘公共汽车去上学，是吗？I dont suppose anyone will volunteer, will they? 我认为没有谁会是自愿的，是吗？但如果主句的主语不是第一人称时，就要特别注意：反意疑问句要与主句保持一致。Mrs. Black doesnt believe her son is able to design a digital camera, does she?(二)谓语的变化1.陈述部分谓语动词含有used to，疑问部分谓语可用didnt或usednt。Grandpa used to get up early, didnt/ usednt he?爷爷过去起得很早，不是吗？2.陈述部分谓语动词含有ought to，疑问部分谓语可用oughtnt或shouldnt。He ought to know when to start out, oughtnt/shouldnt he?他应该知道何时出发，对不对？3.陈述部分谓语动词含有must，疑问部分谓语要根据实际情况而定。如果must作“一定，必须”讲时，疑问部分谓语可用neednt或mustnt。She must leave for Shanghai tomorrow, neednt/mustnt she?她明天一定去上海，对不对？/她明天必须到上海去，不是吗？如果must表示推测，疑问部分谓语要根据must后的动词或具体的时间状语来决定。对现在一般情况的推测You must be hungry now, arent you? =Im sure youre hungry now, arent you?你此刻一定很饿，对吧?对现在进行情况的推测He must be helping the old man to water the flowers, isnt he? =Im sure he is helping,isnt he?他一定在帮助那位老大爷浇花，是吗？对现在完成情况的推测Tom must have lived here for a long time, hasnt he? =Im sure Tom has lived here for a long time, hasnt he?汤姆一定在这儿生活了很久，对吗?对过去发生事情的推测She must have arrived yesterday, didnt she? =Im sure she arrived yesterday, didnt she?她昨天一定到了，对吗? (三)特殊形式的变化1.陈述部分如含有“never/hardly/scarcely/seldom/little/few/nobody/nothing”等否定词或半否定词时，这部分应视为否定形式，简短问句就用肯定形式He was hardly twelve then, was he?他当时几乎不到十二岁，是吗?Few people knew the theory nowadays，did they?现在很少有人知道这个理论，对吗？2.陈述部分含有带“否定”前缀的词，则这部分应看做肯定形式，简短问句就用否定形式she dislikes the way you work, doesnt she?3.陈述部分含有表示否定意义的too.to.结构时，疑问部分要用肯定形式。The old lady was too moved to speak, was she? 那位老太太感动得说不出话来，是吗？4.祈使句的反意疑问句肯定的祈使句，简短问句用“will you”或“wont you”；否定的祈使句，简短问句用“will you”。Have a little more coffee, will you/wont you? 再来点咖啡，好吗?Dont forget to put it back on the shelf, will you?不要忘记把它放回到书架上，好吗？注意：在lets 开头的句子中，反意疑问句中的助动词用shall。在let us 开头的句子中，反意疑问句中的助动词用will，有时也可用may 或can，其他祈使句基本上都用will you。Lets be good friends, shall we? 让我们做好朋友，好吗？Let us play computer games for an hour, will you? 让我们玩一小时电脑游戏，好吗？4.如陈述部分的谓语动词是wish，则简短问句用可提前的情态动词mayI wish to call on you tonight, may I?随堂练习1.The girl finally decided to stay with her boyfriend in the capital, _ she disliked for its bad air pollution and traffic.A. whoB. whereC. whichD. that【答案】C【解析】句意：女孩最终决定和她的男朋友一起留在首都，由于糟糕的空气污染和交通状况她并不喜欢那里。先行词为capital，which引导定语从句并在从句中作disliked的宾语。2.You will have to wait for one more week, _ the manager will be back from his trip.A. afterB. whileC. when D. since【答案】C【解析】句意：你还要等一周，到那时经理就旅行回来了。先行词为表时间的one more week，故用when引导定语从句，且在从句中作时间状语。3._ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.A. Which B. AsC. That D. It【答案】B【解析】句意：正像上文提到的那样，高中生的数量在增长。as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在句首；which引导的非限制性定语从句不能放在主句前面；that不能引导非限制性定语从句。it可以作形式主语，如果把句子中的逗号改为that，D项也正确。4.When did the young man save you?January 1st,2014, _ I can never forget.A. whenB. whichC. thatD. where【答案】B【解析】答句句意：在2014年1月1日，我将永远不会忘记这一天。先行词 January 1st,2014在定语从句中作宾语。5.Judging from his face, _there was a confident smile, we knew that he didnt lose heart.A. in which B. from whichC. by which D. on which【答案】D【解析】句意：从他脸上自信的笑容来判断，我们知道他没灰心。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词face，且由句意可知on which 相当于a confident smile on his face，故选D。6.Leave him a note at the reception desk, _ he will learn how to find you.A. which B. from whichC. with which D. on which【答案】B【解析】句意：在前台给他留个便条，从这个便条他就能找到你了。此处a note 是先行词，其在定语从句中作from 的宾语。后半句相当于he will learn how to find you from the note。7.Its the first time that he has been to Australia, _？A. isnt he B. hasnt heC. isnt it D. hasnt it【答案】C【解析】当陈述句部分为主从复合句时，反意疑问句部分要与主句一致。C项正确。8.When youve finished with that book, dont forget to put it back on the shelf, _？A. do you B. dont youC. will you D. wont you【答案】C【解析】分析句子可知，本句陈述部分为祈使句，祈使句的反意疑问句一般用will you。9.Everybody got very angry because you insisted on stopping the work, _？A. did they B. didnt theyC. did you D. didnt you【答案】B【解析】当陈述部分的主语为everybody, somebody, no one, anyone 时，反意疑问部分主语常用they，有时也用单数he。陈述部分为肯定形式，反意疑问部分应用否定。10.Robert, this must be the most boring party weve ever been to, _?A. isnt it B. mustnt it C. havent you D. arent you【答案】A【解析】must be表示对现在状态的推测，反意疑问句的谓语部分要用be动词；当陈述句部分的主语为this时，反意疑问部分主语用it。A项正确。
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