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Period ThreeGrammar，Speaking & Writing一、名词性从句1.名词性从句名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。这些从句在复合句中相当于名词，在句中分别作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。2.名词性从句的连接词及其在句中的功能 连接词意义功能连接词that无意义不充当成分whether/if是否不充当成分连接代词who(ever)(无论)谁主语、宾语、表语whose谁的定语what(ever)(无论)什么主语、宾语、表语、定语which(ever)(无论)哪一个主语、宾语、定语连接副词when何时时间状语where哪里地点状语why为什么原因状语how如何/怎么方式状语What you have belongs to me.(主语从句)Its unwise to give your child whatever he wants.(宾语从句)Thats why she didnt say a word.(表语从句)This is the fact that he got the license card.(同位语从句)二、宾语从句在复合句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。常见的宾语从句有及物动词宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句三类。1.宾语从句的连接词连接代词：who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever等。连接副词：when，where，how，why等。从属连词：that，whether，if等。2.及物动词后的宾语从句Could you tell me where the booking office is?你能不能告诉我售票处在什么地方？She decided that she was going to be a nurse.她曾决定将来成为一名护士。3.介词后的宾语从句一般情况下介词后只能用wh类连接词引导的宾语从句，但but，except，besides等后可接that引导的宾语从句。We are talking about what well do next.我们正在讨论下一步做什么。4.形容词后的宾语从句sure，certain，glad，pleased，happy，afraid，surprised，satisfied，sorry等表示情感的形容词后可接宾语从句。Im not sure whether theyll agree to such a plan.我不确定他们是否同意这样一个计划。5.学习宾语从句应注意以下几点(1)宾语从句的时态必须与主句呼应。如果主句中谓语动词是现在时态或将来时态，那么从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响，可以根据需要使用任何时态。Tell me where you went on holiday.告诉我你假期去哪里了。(从句是一般过去时)如果主句谓语动词是过去时态，那么从句中的时态一般为表示过去的某种时态(如过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时)。He said that he had been to New York.他说他曾去过纽约。(从句是过去完成时)在insist，demand，order，suggest，propose，advise，desire等表示要求、命令、建议、坚持等意义的动词后that引导的宾语从句的谓语动词要用“should动词原形”，should可以省略，表示虚拟。He suggested I (should) get up early to take the train to London.他建议我早起以便赶上去伦敦的火车。如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实、自然现象或真理时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时。She said that her father is twentyeight years older than her.她说她父亲比她大二十八岁。(2)it作形式宾语it不仅可作形式主语，还可作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在句末。这种用法通常出现在以下两种情况中：动词find，consider，think，feel，believe，make等后有宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语后置。I have made it clear that I will not accept this job.我已表明我不会接受这份工作的。有些动词(短语)，如enjoy，love，like，hate，appreciate，take，hide，see to，insist on，depend on，rely on等带宾语从句时，习惯上在从句前加形式宾语it。I hate it when people ask me for money.我不喜欢别人向我借钱。(3)宾语从句中的否定转移当主句谓语动词是think，consider，suppose，believe，expect，guess，imagine等表示“认为，相信，猜测等”的动词，主语是第一人称的一般现在时的句子时，习惯上把从句的否定词放在主句谓语前，但意义上否定的仍然是从句。I dont think he can finish the work on time.我认为他无法按时完成工作。(4)动词后有两个或两个以上由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省略，其余的that一般都不能省略。I believe (that) youve done your best and that things will improve.我相信你已经尽力了，一切都会好起来的。(5)主句谓语和宾语从句之间有插入语时，宾语从句前的that不能省略。He announced，believe it or not，that he would never forgive her.他宣布，信不信由你，他绝不会原谅她。疑难解析whether和if引导宾语从句的区别：情况whetherif从句置于句首从句作介词的宾语从句作discuss等动词的宾语与or not直接连用用if容易产生歧义时后接不定式时即时跟踪1(1)单句语法填空The doctor suggested that the operation (should) be done(do) immediately.Why dont you bring it to his attention that youre too ill to work on?She was worried about whether she passed the exam.(2)单句改错George said that he would come to school to see me the next day，but he .I hate when people speak with mouthful food.Our teacher told us that light faster than sound.(3)翻译句子我想我八点前赶不到这儿。I dont suppose that I shall be here until eight oclock.三、表语从句在复合句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。表语从句位于主句中的连系动词之后。引导表语从句的连接词主要有：连接代词 who，whom，whose，what，which；连接副词when，where，how，why及从属连词that，whether，as if，because等。1.that引导的表语从句that仅起连接作用，无实际意义，在句中不作任何成分，通常不能省略。这种从句往往对主句主语的内容起进一步解释的作用。其基本结构为“主语系动词that从句”。The trouble is that we are short of funds.困难是我们缺乏资金。2.wh疑问词引导的表语从句(1)连接代词what，which，who，whom，whose除在句子中起连接作用外，还可在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语，且各有各的词义。Xiao Li is no longer what he used to be.小李不再是以前的样子了。(what在从句中作表语)(2)连接副词when，where，how，why除在句中起连接作用外，在从句中还充当时间、地点、方式或原因状语，本身具有词义。That is why he caught a cold yesterday.那就是为什么他昨天得了感冒。(原因状语)(3)whether引导的表语从句连接词whether起连接作用，意为“是否”，在句中不作任何成分。The problem is whether it is true.问题是这是否是真的。3.从属连词as if，as though，because，as等引导的表语从句because引导表语从句通常只用于“This/That/It is/was because.”结构中。as if/though引导的表语从句常置于系动词look，seem，sound，be，become等后面，常用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气。It is because he is too careless.那是因为他太粗心了。It looks as if it is going to snow.看起来天要下雪。4.主语是表示建议、命令、要求、计划(suggestion，advice，order，request，proposal，plan)等的名词时，表语从句应该用虚拟语气，即should后接动词原形，should可以省略。My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him.我的建议是我们应该去帮助他。5.学习表语从句应注意以下几点(1)当主语是the reason，the result或why引导的主语从句时，常用that引导表语从句，不用because。The reason why I didnt come is that I was ill yesterday.我昨天没来是因为我生病了。Why we decided to put off the football match was that the weather was too bad.我们之所以决定推迟这场足球赛是因为天气太糟糕了。(2)在引导表语从句时，whether不能用if替换。His first question was whether Mr.Smith had arrived.他的第一个问题是史密斯先生到了没有。即时跟踪2用适当的连接词填空(1)Im wondering why you are always late for class.(2)I am not sure whether or not he is willing to help me.(3)My parents are very kind to me and always let me do what I think I should do.(4)The trouble is that I lost the key to my room.(5)All this was over twenty years ago，but it is as if it were only yesterday.单句语法填空1.The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is that one can be entirely free from dust.(2016北京)2.As natural architects，the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.(2015全国)3.A ship in harbor is safe，but thats not what ships are built for.(2015安徽)4.We must find out when Karl is coming，so we can book a room for him.(2015重庆)5.I truly believe that beauty comes from within.(2015北京)6.If you swim in a river or lake，be sure to investigate what is below the water surface.Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.(2015浙江)7.The exhibition tells us why we should do something to stop air pollution.(2015四川)8.You have to know where youre going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.(2015湖南)9.I wonder how Mary has kept her figure after all these years.By working out every day.(2015福建)10.The best moment for the football star was when he scored the winning goal.(2014北京) 11.Id appreciate it if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.(2014陕西)12.Grandpa pointed to the hospital and said，“Thats where I was born.”(2014四川).单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to I live.(2016全国，短文改错)2.My classmates and I are talking about to do during the holiday.(2016全国，短文改错)3.That is other teachers say.(2013辽宁，短文改错)4.This is I need to improve in the future.(2013大纲全国，短文改错)5.But before long they began to see was happening.(2012新课标全国，短文改错)6.Here is my idea about a friend is like.(2010重庆，短文改错) Requests & Ordering food & Shopping1.请求(Requests)(1)Would you please.？请好吗？(2)I wonder if youd mind.?不知您是否介意？(3)If you dont mind，may I.?如果您不介意，我可以吗？(4)Do you mind if.？如果，你介意吗？2.点餐(Ordering food)(1)Could you offer.？请来？At your service，sir.随时为您服务，先生。(2)What do you suggest.？你建议？3.购物(Shopping)(1)Could you show me.，please？您能让我看吗？(2)What can I do for you？我能为您做点什么？(3)How come? 怎么了？即时跟踪语法填空Simon：Id like to congratulate you 1.on your wonderful performance.Susie：Thank you very much，sir.Simon：I read about you 2.in the newspaper and decided to come and hear you play.I have traveled many miles and I am very glad I made 3.the effort.You played the piano very 4.beautifully(beautiful)，and what are your next plan? Susie：At present I am giving a lot of concerts.5.Fortunately(fortunate) people want to come and hear me play，but I am getting 6.tired(tire) of traveling.Simon：Why do you have to work so hard? Susie：I am planning to start a school，so I am trying to save as much money 7.as possible.Simon：What kind of school?Susie：A music school for 8.disabled(disable) children.I think they have the right to receive education like healthy children.At the moment there are few such schools in my country.Unfortunately it costs 9.an amount of money.Simon：10.But I think a lot of people will support you and I am sure your wish will come true. 文体指导戏剧是文学体裁的一种，其基本要素包括戏剧冲突和戏剧语言。戏剧离不开冲突，戏剧语言包括人物语言和舞台说明。写好英语戏剧，应该注意以下几点：1.确定剧情、故事梗概及主题。2.确定剧中人物及其形象和性格特征(喜、怒、哀、乐、害羞、友好、慷慨、吝啬、恐惧以及勇敢等)。3.确定故事发生的时间、地点、场景。4.构思戏剧的矛盾冲突，事件的起因、发展、高潮、结局等。常用句式1.It/The story happened in/at.(地名) on/in. (日期)2.(人名) is very kind/cruel/rich/generous/mean，but.3.One fine day in spring.4.(人名) is on the way to.5.After several days.6.The play is adapted from.写作任务请根据提示写篇戏剧。亨利揣着百万英镑的票子来到理发店，经过理发店的橱窗时发现头发太长了，想理发。他进入店里，老板见他衣衫褴褛，对他态度粗鲁。亨利坐在椅子上等了好久，理发师漫不经心地给他理发，以为亨利压根付不起理发费用。当理完发，亨利拿出大票子时，和在餐馆发生的一幕如出一辙老板最后毕恭毕敬地送亨利出门，并说希望这位财神爷随时光顾小理发店。审题谋篇第一步明确要求文体要求写英文戏剧；人称应使用第三人称；时态以一般现在时为主。第二步确定段落本文可分为三部分：Part 1：背景交代Part 2：理发经过Part 3：理发后第三步词汇热身1.在理发店at the barbers (shop)2.理发have ones hair cut3.以一种粗鲁的态度in a rude manner4.和某人聊天chat with sb.5.付钱pay for6.送某人出门show sb.out第四步句式升级1.亨利站在橱窗前，他想理发。(一般表达)Henry is standing beside the window and decides to cut hair.(句式升级)Standing beside the window，Henry decides to have his hair cut.2.理发师一边给亨利理发，一边和妻子聊天并不时哈哈大笑。(一般表达)The barber is cutting Henrys hair，chats with his wife and laughs sometimes.(句式升级1)The barber is cutting Henrys hair while chatting with his wife，laughing sometimes.(句式升级2)When the barber is having Henrys hair cut，he chats with his wife，laughing sometimes.连句成篇(Henry is walking down the street when he sees a sign for a place that cuts hair.He decides to have his hair cut.)(HHenryBBarber)H：Good afternoon，Id like to have my hair cut，if I may.(The barber looks at Henrys hair and continues cutting another mans hair.)B：(in a rude manner)Wait a minute.You see Im busy now.Sit down，over there.(Henry sits in one of the chairs in the corner.The barber turns to look at him.)B：Its quite expensive here，you know！Are you sure you can pay for it?H：Yes.I think so.(The barber was cutting Henrys hair while chatting with his wife，a fat lady，laughing sometimes. After his hair is cut，the barber tells Henry how much he must pay.Henry shows the barber the bank note.)B：(looks shocked) My God!H：Sorry，I dont have a smaller one.Give my change，please.B：Oh，no.I dont think we can change the note.It is my honour to serve you，sir！Come to my small shop whenever you like.(The barber and his fat wife show Henry out with bows.) .用适当的连接词填空1.He said that they had been members of the Party since 1948.2.Could you tell me who had taken away the book already?3.This is what I am interested in.4.Im afraid hes more of a talker than a doer，which is why he never finishes anything.5.The reason why he was late was that he got up late.完成句子6.我的建议是明天早上你一早出发。My advice is that you set off early tomorrow morning.7.问题是明天我们是否去郊游。The question is whether we will go for an outing tomorrow.8.他说他过去常常放学后踢足球。He said that he would play football after school.9.你知道这个商店每天是否六点关门吗？Do you know if/whether the shop closes at six every day?10.他不知道儿子为什么那么痴迷于网络。He doesnt know why his son is so crazy about surfing the Internet.阅读理解AAs a boy，Mark Twain caused much trouble for his parents.He used to play practical jokes on all his friends and neighbors.The nature of his jokes often led to violence.He hated to go to school and he constantly ran away from home.He always went in the direction of the nearby Mississippi.He liked to sit on the bank of the river for hours at a time and just gaze at the mysterious island and the passing boats.He learned many things about the river during those days.He learned all about its history and unusual people.He later made them part of the history of America in the book Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn.Mark Twain received his genius(天才) from his mother.Obviously he didnt get it from his father.He once stated that he had never seen a smile on his fathers face.On the other hand，his mother had the ability to say humorous things.The same ability made Mark Twain an extremely humorous public speaker.11.According to the passage，Mark Twain was a boy.A.shy B.braveC.naughty D.poor答案C解析细节理解题。由第一段前四句话可知，Mark Twain小时候常惹是生非，爱开玩笑引起暴力，还逃学等，这些都说明他是个naughty boy。12.Because of the nature of his jokes when he was a child，Mark Twain would .A.run away from schoolB.cause his parents to quarrel with othersC.get into trouble with his friends and neighborsD.like to sit on the bank of the Mississippi River答案C解析细节理解题。由第一段第三句“The nature of his jokes often led to violence.”可推知，Mark Twain常让朋友邻居们陷入困境。13.It can be learned form the passage that .A.Mark Twains father was a cruel manB.Mark Twain never attended school on timeC.Mark Twain often went boating in the nearby riverD.Mark Twains mother was something of a humorist答案D解析细节理解题。由第二段尤其是“.his mother had the ability to say humorous things.”可知，他妈妈有幽默感。14.In his book Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn，Mark Twain wrote much about .A.the Mississippi and the people living on itB.his friends and neighborsC.his school lifeD.his parents答案A解析推理判断题。第一段最后一句“He later made them part of the history of America in the book.”其中them是指上文提到的its(the Mississippis) history and unusual people。BThe greatest contribution to civilization in the century may well be the airconditioning and American leads just as amazing is the speed with which this situation came to be.Airconditioning began to spread in industries as a production aid during World War.Today most Americans need to take airconditioning for granted to homes, offices, factories, theatres, shops, studios, schools，hotels，and restaurants，and we can see it almost everywhere in todays America.But not everybody is aware that high cost and easy comfort are merely two of the effects of the vast cooling of American.In fact，airconditioning has substantially altered the countrys character and customs.Many of the byproducts are so conspicuous(显而易见的) that they are scarcely noticed.To begin with，airconditioning transformed the face of America by making possible those glassy，boxy，sealedin skyscrapers.It has been indispensable，no less，to the functioning of sensitive advanced computers，whose high operating temperatures require that they be constantly cooled.It has，at will，forced families into going back into families with closed doors and shut windows to improve the effects of the airconditioning，reducing the interactions of neighborhood life.I think there is no need explaining the seriousness of this consequence(后果).It is really surprising that the publics often noted withdrawal into selfpursuit and privacy has kept in pace with the historic spread of airconditioning.Though science has little studied how habitual airconditioning affects mind and body，some medical experts suggest that，like other technical avoidance of natural changes in climate，airconditioning may damage the human capacity to adapt to stress.If so，airconditioning is only like many other greatly useful technical developments that liberate(解放) man from nature by increasing his productivity and power in some waywhile indirectly weakening him in others.15.According to this passage，which of the following played a role in the forming of the unique character of U.S.?A.Its advanced computerized civilization.B.Its excessive use of airconditioning.C.Its publics retreating into selfpursuit.D.Its greatest contribution to human civilization.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第一段的句子“Today most Americans need to take airconditioning for granted to homes，offices，factories，theatres，shops，studios，schools，hotels，and restaurants.”可知，过度使用空调在形成美国的独特特征方面发挥着作用。故选B。16.According to the author，the chief consequence brought about by the wide application of airconditioning is .A.the loss of human capacity to adapt to changes in climateB.the reduction of social communications of neighborhood lifeC.the active life style of all its usersD.the decreased human production and power答案B解析细节理解题。根据第四段的句子“It has，at will，forced families into going back into families with closed doors and shut windows to improve the effects of the airconditioning，reducing the interactions of neighborhood life.”可知，广泛使用空调带来的主要后果是邻里之间交流减少了。故选B。17.The tone of this passage reveals that airconditioning .A.has little effect on its usersB.has more effect on body than on mindC.brings only damage to its usersD.does harm as well as good to its users 答案D解析推理判断题。根据文章最后一句“If so，airconditioning is only like many other greatly useful technical developments that liberate(解放) man from nature by increasing his productivity and power in some waywhile indirectly weakening him in others.” 可知，空调给用户带来好处也有坏处。故选D。.语法填空In 1271，Marco Polo left Italy,18.where he was born，and travelled across Europe and Asia with his father.Then they arrived in Beijing and 19.were welcomed(welcome) by Kublai Khan.20.Although/Though he was very young，he could speak four languages.Therefore，Marco left a deep 21.impression(impress) on the Emperor.In 22.turn，Marco was amazed by the 23.beauty(beautiful) and the power China had.At that time，there were many inventions and developments in China，which were not available in Europe.After he served in the court for 17 years，Marco 24.returned(return) to Italy.25.Unluckily(luck)，he was caught by the enemy during a local war and put into prison.In 26.the prison，after listening to Marcos stories about China，another prisoner wrote them in a book called The Description of the World,27.which became one of the bestselling books in Europe.短文改错I will share a true story that happened a couple of days ago to you.One of my classmate bought a bag of snacks from a food store.A few roommates were then invited to enjoy snacks.Unluckily，all of them got poisoned and had a stomachache with our faces pale.They were quick sent to a nearby hospital.Doctors examine them and gave them some medicine.They were out of dangerous soon before taking the medicine.This accident should make us to realize the seriousness of the food safety.I strongly suggest that the whole society pays more attention to this problem.答案I will share a true story that happened a couple of days ago you.One of my bought a bag of snacks from a food store.A few roommates were then invited to enjoy snacks.Unluckily，all of them got poisoned and had a stomachache with faces pale.They were sent to a nearby hospital.Doctors them and gave them some medicine.They were out of soon taking the medicine.This accident should make us to realize the seriousness of the food safety.I strongly suggest that the whole society more attention to this problem.书面表达在学校组织的“感动校园人物”评选活动中，你班经过讨论，决定推荐李华。请按以下要求写一篇100词左右的英语短文。内容包括：1.推荐李华的理由；2.列举12个事例。注意：文章开头已经给出，不计入总词数。After a heated discussion，our class has decided to recommend Li Hua as the Touching Figure On Campus. 参考范文After a heated discussion，our class has decided to recommend Li Hua as the Touching Figure On Campus.We believe that he is qualified for the honour.First，Li Hua is always willing to offer us help whenever necessary.Besides，his great devotion to work as monitor makes our class a best place to study in.However，what has impressed us most is his unconditional love to poor children.Last summer vacation，he volunteered to teach English in a small village，which has inspired many other students to join in and thus helped open up a new world to those children.What he has done suggests that even small efforts can make a difference to those in need.Therefore，we strongly support Li Hua as the Touching Figure On Campus.
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