高三英语复习 并列句讲义

并列句连词分为并列连词（连接并列句）和从属连词（连接复合句）。参考5+3 P100 考点一1. He didnt attend the party because he was ill.（复合句）=He was ill, so he didnt attend the party. (并列句)2. Although it rained heavily, they went on walking.(复合句)=It rained heavily, but they went on walking.(并列句)3. They entered the room and (they) laughed and talked. (并列句)= They entered the room, laughing and talking.句子的分类补充：有时并列句中的分句通过一定的标点符号如逗号、分号等来表现这种并列关系。例如： Stand up; it is your turn to speak now.站起来；现在轮到你发言了。because, as, since 不与so 连用;(al)though 不与but 连用 “；”相当于并列连词and, but, so等常见的并列句补充：并列连词and，or 1）并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。 2）但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点： There is no air or water in the moon. There is no air and no water on the moon.（在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。） 判断改错： （错）We will die without air and water. （错）We cant live without air or water. （对）We will die without air or water. （对）We cant live without air and water. and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or也有此用法）例如：Make up your mind, and youll get the chance. = If you make up your mind, youll get the chance.One more effort, and youll succeed. = If you make one more effort, youll succeed. Give him an inch and he will take a yard. 得寸进尺。 Get out of the house or I will beat you. 并列连词not only（merely）.but also/butas well可连接两个并列成分，其中包括并列的句子，但侧重点在后一个并列句上，not only 放句首时它引导的句子要部分倒装。Not only is he himself interested in computer but also his son is beginning to show an interest in it.= He himself is not only interested in computer but his son is beginning to show an interest in it as well/ too.并列连词neithenor 既不也不连接主语时，谓语动词采用就近原则; 放句首要部分倒装。Neither you nor he is to blame. 你和他都不该受指责。Neither was John clever, nor Mary pretty.并列连词notnor/neither可连接两个并列的句子，后一个句子要倒装。Mr. Black doesnt smoke, nor does his son. Jane wont join us for dinner tonight, neither will Tom (=Tom wont either). 并列连词notbut意思为不是而是 连接主语时，谓语动词就近一致原则。They were not the bones of an animal, but（the bones）of a human being. Not that I care what they think, but(that) its you Im worrying about.他们怎么想我可不管，我担心的是你。边际并列连词as well as, rather than, more than：介乎并列连词与从属连词或介词之间的结构，有时象并列连词，有时意义未变却又象从属连词或介词。We have an army for fighting as well as an army for labor./ As well as printing the books, he publishes them.Joe prefers to skate rather than ski. 表示转折的并列连词：Jack is clever, while/whereas his brother is stupid.It is very good, but(still/yet) it can be better./ =and yet it can be better. 表示选择的并列连词：eitheror或者或者。连接主语时，谓语动词采用就近原则。Either you or I am right. =Either you are right, or I am. (对比：whetheror “不管还是”从属连词) I dont mind whether you or he attends the meeting. or, otherwiseHurry up, or youll be late for class./ =or else youll be late for class./ =otherwise youll be late for class.表示因果关系的并列连词for, so (for是并列连词，表示附加或推断的理由、原因。不位于句首。)判断改错： （错） For he is ill, he is absent today. （对） He is absent today, for he is ill.状语从句(Adverbial Clauses)一.状语从句的语法意义和分类1.意义: 在句中起状语作用,修饰主句的谓语动词,形容词,副词或整个句子. 状语从句通常由从属连词引导,与主句相连. 放在句首时,常在后面加上逗号; 若放在后面,其前一般不加逗号.2.九种状从: 时间，地点和原因；目的，结果加条件；方式，让步与比较。二.状语从句的用法:1.时间状语从句 一when/while/as参照5+3P100-104 考点二 1）while引导的从句谓语是延续性动词，侧重对比。2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 3）从句表示随着连词只能用as，不用when 或while。As the day went on, the weather got worse. 4) when=since, considering that 既然,考虑到,引导原因状语从句。*It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes.二关于”一就”的连词整理 参照5+3 P101 考点二(二)*Hardly/Scarcely/Barely had they seen the movie star when/before the fans cried.*I had hardly / scarcely/barely got home when/before it began to rain. 刚回家，就下起雨来了。* I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，主句必须用部分倒装，并注意主从句时态。 三. till, until和not until 参照P101 （三）1）until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。例如：Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 2）until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。例如：-Until when are you staying?你呆到什么时候？- Until next Monday.呆到下周一。3）注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。a)Not until在句首，主句用部分倒装。Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. b)It is not until that It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted. 四. before和since 参照P101(四)It is/was that（强调句）It is/was +时间when从句 当的时候It is/has been +时间since从句 自从有多久It will be long before 要过很久才 It will not be long before 不久就五. 关于“每当; 每次; 下次” 参照清单二 P102 (五)补：He sat there quietly all the time she sang.区别the first time 和for the first timethe first time是名词短语，用来引导时间状语从句*The first time I climbed onto the wall, I felt nervous.for the first time是介词短语，在句中做状语*When I climbed onto the wall for the first time, I felt nervous.2.地点状语从句参照P102 （一）注意区分where引导的定语从句与状语从句：Where引导的定从前面有地点的先行词。Where本身在定语从句和状语从句中都充当状语。3原因状语从句参照P102 (二)由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因为他病了。 He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。除了状语从句以外，一些介词短语同样可以表示原因:because of, thanks to, due to, owing to , on account of, as a result of, by reason of, in consequence of, in that, seeing that, considering that, by reason that, in view of等另外，分词短语引出原因句。Being sick, he failed to attend the party.= In view of the fact that he was sick,=By reason that he was sick,=Due to his sickness,=The reason why he failed to attend the party was that he was ill.=The reason for his failing to attend the party was that he was ill.4. 目的状语从句 参照P102四（一）for fear that=in order to avoid sth.引导的目的状语从句中根据句意用wouldshouldcouldmight do.in case=if sth happens（条件状语从句）如果in case引导虚拟语气的条件状语，从句中用should do，should一般不省略。lest引导的从句中用(should) do, should 可以省略。*He wrote the name down for fear that（lest） he should forget it. 5. 结果状语从句 参照P103五此外，that也可以直接表示结果 *We did well in the exams that we were praised by him.6. 条件状语从句和方式状语从句 参照P103 六方式状语从句通常由as, （just） asso, as if, as though引导。1）as, （just） asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在（just） asso结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是正如，就像，多用于正式文体。As water is to fish, so air is to man. = Water is to fish what air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2）as if, as though多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛似的，好像似的。 说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。7. 让步状语从句 参照P103 七1）while也可做”尽管,虽然”讲, 一般置于句首, 等于although(不用倒装)*While he was still a young man, he was elected chairman of the committee.2）as在状语从句中可以引导时间状语从句，原因状语从句，比较状语从句，方式状语从句及让步状语从句，但是在引导前四种状语从句的时候都不用倒装，只有引导让步状语从句的时候才需要倒装。3）“疑问词+ever”既可以引导让步状语从句，又可以引导名词性从句“no matter +疑问词”只引导让步状语从句，不能引导名词性从句。8. 比较状语从句 参照P104状语从句的紧缩现象1.时间状语从句和条件状语从句中常见的紧缩现象*Dont speak until spoken to.*While in Beijing, I paid a visit to the Birds Nest.*He often makes mistakes when speaking English.*The girl never gave in unless wrong.*Come tomorrow if possible.*Unless repaired, the machine is of no use.状语从句紧缩现象一般应满足下两个条件：(1.)从句的主语和主句的主语一致或者是it (2.)从句中有be 2. 方式状语从句中常见的紧缩现象*Some flowers shut up at night as if to sleep.*She stood at the gate as if waiting for someone.*The woman teacher left the classroom silently as though angry.*The inspector looked around, as if in search of something.3.其它状语从句中的紧缩现象*Though cold, he still wore a shirt.*Being blind, he couldnt see anything.*Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary.