资源描述
专题5 阅读理解：推理判断题【构建知识体系】推理判断题考点1 细节判断题考点2文章来源题考点3读者对象题考点4观点态度题考点5预测推断题2014-2016年全国高考卷本专题考查分布明细统计年份章节素材话题体裁考点分布主旨大意细节理解推理判断词义猜测2014第一节剑桥科技节的活动通知应用文1662旅鸽在美国逐渐减少直至灭绝的过程记叙文向驯兽师学习如何集中注意应对选择障碍议论文学者对濒危语种进行记录拯救记叙文第二节如何帮助孩子为未来职业做准备说明文信息匹配2015第一节关于伦敦运河博物馆每月专题讲座安排的海报应用文0951作者离开寒冷的纽约去美国南部度假的感受记叙文介绍了在巴黎皮蓬杜艺术中心举办西班牙著名艺术家萨尔瓦多达利艺术展的情况记叙文法国咖啡馆在现代社会中彰显心理沟通的社会功能，产生了积极的意义。议论文第二节重建人际关系中的信任的意义与措施说明文信息匹配2016第一节主要介绍了四位著名的女性的基本情况。说明文1941主要介绍了社会上很多老年人搬到离子女近的地方居住的一种趋势，同时也建议老人们要做出适合自己的选择。说明文文章主要讲述了作者在一次运送造血干细胞途中的一段经历，表现了人们之间的友爱。记叙文主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同含义。说明文第二节主要介绍了密码的设置方法和破解方法。说明文信息匹配2014-2016年全国高考卷本专题考查分布明细统计年份章节素材话题体裁考点分布主旨大意细节理解推理判断词义猜测2014A以一个妻子的口吻讲述了发生在自己丈夫身上的故事。在丈夫丢失了自己所有东西后，陌生人无私的帮助使他们重拾了对他人的信任。记叙文1932B以1970年地球日为突破口，讲述了人类对于地球环境的认识由无知到保护。借专家之口讲述了美国40年来对环境保护做出的突出贡献。科普说明文C美国普遍存在的一种社会现象对于“aupair（住家保姆） from China”。透过现象揭示了本质“Learing Chinese is becoming in Amercia”，暗示中国雄狮已经苏醒。社会文化类D地铁提示信息，包括时间、价格、失物招领等，同时也提到了老年人和残疾人需要注意的问题广告应用类2015A我的彩电给我带来的头疼事：花的钱比广告上的多，而且机子是过时的，质量也有问题，最后只能花钱修。记叙文1581B减肥除了少吃之外，还和房间有关系：房子要明亮；勇冷色系会减少食欲；放一些舒缓的音乐就餐；用校的碗碟科普说明文C越来越多即将上大学的学生选择“间隔年”。有人认为是好事，因为经过一年的锻炼，学生将会变得更加成熟、更有责任感。但也有人指出这种做法存在弊端，有些学生会因为负担不起大学学费而被迫利用这一年去打工。社会现象议论类D从价格到参观的内容介绍了四个英国的旅游胜地。广告应用类比2016A主要介绍了几个广告的具体内容，涉及音乐、喜剧表演和歌曲等活动的具体安排，如时间、地点等。应用文1932B主要讲述了作者在上课的时候通过让学生们拼装玩具，从而发现并鼓励学生们的创造性思维的故事。记叙文C主要介绍了网站BookCrossing.com建立的目的以及它是如何促进人们分享图书的。说明文D主要介绍了Frank用图片使一次失败的南极航海活动重新进入人们的视野，让人们能够了解这次航海的许多信息。记叙文2016年全国高考III卷本专题考查分布明细统计年份章节素材话题体裁考点分布主旨大意细节理解推理判断词义猜测2016A本文通过广告的形式介绍了几家举行音乐演出的剧场的信息。应用文11022B文章通过作家Welty一次与朋友在外面吃饭的经历，讲述了小说中的人物大多都是来自现实生活。记叙文C介绍了苹果节的一些情况。说明文D讨论了新闻传播的规则，以及读者喜欢分享什么样的文章。议论文【考纲解读】考试大纲要求考纲解读要求考生阅读4篇短文，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容。体裁多样，以记叙文、议论文、说明文为主。考查主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、篇章结构等题型。主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。【剖析全国高考真题】预测高考命题方向2016全国卷 AYou probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?Jane Addams(18601935)Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community(社区) by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Rachel Carson(19071964)If it werent for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the worlds lakes and oceans. Sandra Day OConnor(1930present)When Sandra Day OConnor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator(参议员) and, in 1981, the first woman to join the US Supreme Court. OConnor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court. Rosa Parks(19132005)On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civilrights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in，” said Parks.24. What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?AThey are highly educated. BThey are truly creative. CThey are pioneers. DThey are peacelovers.【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。作者主要介绍了四位著名的女性的基本情况。24C推理判断题。根据文章对这几个人物的介绍可知，这些女性都是在各自的领域为社会做出贡献的先驱。故选C。2016全国卷 BFive years ago, when I taught art at a school in Seattle, I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students. I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student, and said：“Make something out of the Tinkertoys. You have 45 minutes todayand 45 minutes each day for the rest of the week.”A few students hesitated to start. They waited to see what the rest of the class would do. Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided. Another group built something out of their own imaginations. Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students. Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But Im just not creative.”“Do you dream at night when youre asleep？”“Oh, sure.”“So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.” The student would tell something wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads. “Thats pretty creative. Who does that for you？”“Nobody. I do it.”“Reallyat night, when youre asleep？”“Sure.”“Try doing it in the daytime, in class, okay？”5. The teacher used Tinkertoys in class in order to _A. know more about the students B. make the lessons more exciting C. raise the students interest in art D. teach the students about toy design6. What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph 3?A. He liked to help his teacher. B. He preferred to study alone. C. He was active in class. D. He was imaginative. 6D推理判断题。根据第三段的第一句“Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time.”可知，这个男孩是利用空闲时间拼装这些玩具的，并且根据本段的“Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work.”可知，这个男孩是一个很有想象力和创造力的孩子，因此选D。2016全国卷 DBad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking peoples emails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories. “The if it bleeds rule works for mass media，” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. “They want your eyeballs and dont care how youre feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You dont want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”Researchers analyzing wordofmouth communicationemails, Web posts and reviews, facetoface conversationsfound that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didnt necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most emailed” list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than nonscience articles. He found that science amazed Times readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr Berger explains in his new book, Contagious: Why Things Catch On.13. What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?A. Theyre socially inactive. B. Theyre good at telling stories. C. Theyre inconsiderate of others. D. Theyre careful with their words. 【文章大意】 这是一篇议论文，讨论了新闻传播的规则，以及读者喜欢分享什么样的文章。【高考预测】纵观近几年全国高考试题，预测2017年全国高考试题还会卷在选材上继续保持知识性和趣味性，语篇长度适中，题材与体裁广泛，彰显文化特色，重点考查考生快速获取、处理、分析信息的能力。细节理解题占总量的60%左右，难度与上年持平，预计难度系数0.7。卷文章体裁继续延续记叙文和说明文占主体的局面，另有一篇议论文和一篇广告类说明文。题型以细节理解题为主，推理判断题略有所增加，词义猜测题1题左右。【精讲研法】课堂讲解突破核心考点考点一 细节判断题【例1】Conflict is on the menu tonight at the caf La Chope. This evening, as on every Thursday night, psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of Frances favorite pastimes, coffee drinking and the “talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isnt always easy. They customers - some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 (plus drinks) per session - care quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论)，slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to say one feels, or people think,” Lehane told them. “Say I think, Think me.”A caf society where no intellectualizing is allowed? It couldnt seem more un-French. But Lehannes psychology caf is about more than knowing oneself: Its trying to help the citys troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle - longer working hours, a fast food boom and a younger generations desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening. The citys psychology cafes, which offer great comfort, are among the most popular places. Middle-aged homemakers, retirees, and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love, anger, and dreams with a psychologist. And they come to Lehannes group just to learn to say what they feel. “Theres a strong need in Paris for communication,” says Maurice Frisch, a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church. “People have few real friends. And they need to open up.” Lehanne says shed like to see psychology cafes all over France. “If people had normal lives, these cafes wouldnt exist”, she says, “If life werent a battle, people wouldnt need a special place just to speak.” But them, it wouldnt be France. (2015全国卷，D)34. What are theme cafes expected to do?A. Create more jobs.B. Supply better drinks.C. Save the cafe business.D. Serve the neighborhood.35. Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?A. They bring people true friendship.B. They give people spiritual support.C. They help people realize their dreams.D. They offer a platform for business links.【答案】34. C 35. B 规律方法1： 如何解决细节判断题？细节判断题属于深层理解题，要求根据语篇内容，推断具体细节。做此类题目关键是要正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，要忠实于原文，千万不能主观臆断，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。此类题目的题干一般包括六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，assume(假定，设想)和conclude(推断，做出结论)。【变式精练】B【安徽师范大学附属中学2017届高三上学期期中】“Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.” -Albert Einstein If you have a kid with special needs in the school system, chances are you have come across that saying hanging on a classroom wall. My five-year-old daughter Syona has cerebral palsy (a medical condition affecting someones control over their movement ) and it means ,combined with her communication challenges and sight problems , that standard assessments (and by “standard”, I mean the ones used to assess kids with special needs ) arent always an accurate measure of her abilities. By now you have probably heard about Chris Ulmer, the 26-year-old teacher in Jacksonville , Florida ,who starts his special education class by calling up each student individually to give them much admiration and a high-five (a gesture of greeting or congratulation ). I couldnt help but be reminded of Syonas teacher and how she supports each kid in a very similar way. Ulmer recently shared a video of his teaching experience. “I have seen their confidence and self-worth increase rapidly, ” he said . All I could think was: How lucky these students are to have such inspirational teachers. Syonas teacher has an attitude that can best be summarized in one word: awesome. Her teacher doesnt focus on what cant be doneshe focuses on what can be done. Over the past several months, my husband Dilip and I have seen Syonas confidence increase tenfold. She uses words she wouldnt have thought of using before. She recently told me about her classmates trip to Ecuador and was very proud when I understood her on the first try. I actually wonder what the influence would be if we did something similar to what Ulmer does with his students in our home .Weve recently started our day by reminding each other of the good qualities we all possess. If we are reminded of our strengths on a regular basis, we will become increasingly confident about progress and success. Ulmers reach as a teacher goes far beyond the walls of his classroom. In fact , he teaches all of us to take a moment and truly appreciate the strengths of an important person in our lives.24. What does the author think of Einsteins quote?A. Funny B. True C. Strange D. Confusing26. Syona felt very pleased because_.A. she has developed a cool attitude B. her progress was appreciated by her parentsC. her mother knew what she expressed D. she had been to Ecuador with her classmate【名师点睛】推理判断题的解题方法 ：推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂文章中的每个句子的意思还要推理它们之间的关系，结合自己的生活常识和经验，再通过逻辑推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。下面介绍一些词义猜测题的解题技巧。1.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：It will be very hard but also very brittlethat is, it will break easily.从后面that is(也就是说)的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。2.根据同位关系进行猜测阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：The “Chunnel”, a tunnel(隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.此句中a tunnel connecting England and France是Chunnel的同位语。因此，The “Chunnel”就是英法之间的海底隧道。3.根据构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)进行猜测在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10,” Anaclerio said, “and theyre very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”文中interactive是由前缀inter-(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)而构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。4.根据转折或对比关系进行猜测根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.从前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun肯定是近乎相反的意义。所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难，麻烦”。考点二 文章来源题【例2】The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital.She is quiet but alert(警觉)Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it.She stares at it carefully.A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another，this time with the spots differently spaced.As the cards change from one to the other，her gaze(凝视) starts to lose its focusuntil a third，with three black spots，is presented.Her gaze returns：she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card.Can she tell that the number two is different from three，just 24 hours after coming into the world?Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer？The same experiment，but with three spots shown before two，shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes.Perhaps it is just the newness？When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb，a key，an orange and so on)，changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves.Could it be the pattern that two things make，as opposed to three？No again.Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three，or three to two.The effect even crosses between senses.Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two；likewise(同样地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.(2013新课标全国，B)63Where does this text probably come from?AScience fiction. BChildrens literature.CAn advertisement. DA science report.【答案】D规律方法2：如何解决文章来源题?做此类题目要求读者具备一定的常识，这样文章的内容才能与读者本身已具备的常识结合起来。做此类题目应从文章的内容和结构来判断其出处。如果来源于报纸，前面一般会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称；如果是广告，其格式很容易辨认；产品说明和药品说明也很容易辨认。【变式精练】D【重庆市第十一中学2017届高三9月月考】 Professional footballers have worryingly poor teeth that could be affecting their performance on the football ground, say dentists. Their study on players at eight clubs in England and Wales, in the British Journal o f Sports Medicine, showed nearly 4 out of 10 had cavities （蛀牙) and that athletes often had worse teeth than the general population. Regularly taking sugary foods is one possible explanation. The dentists, from the International Centre for Evidence-Based Oral Health at University College London, examined 187 players sets of teeth. They found 53% had dental erosion (腐蚀), 45% were bothered by the state of their teeth and 7% said it affected their ability to train or play. Around 40% had cavities, compared with 30% of people of a similar age in the general population. Prof Ian Needleman, one of the researchers, said: These are individuals who otherwise invest so much in themselves so its a surprising finding. There are two main groups - some have a catastrophic effect, they have very serious disease that stops them in their tracks and they cannot play or train. Therell be others experiencing pain affecting sleep or sensitivity every time they take a drink. At this level of athlete, even small differences can be quite telling. Nutrition is one of the primary suspects with having too many sugary or acidic foods during training potentially accounting for cavities and erosion. A lot of air in the mouth during exercise can also dry it out so there is less protection.While these findings are worrying, clubs are attaching greater importance to dental health and educating their players. According to Stijin Vandenbroucke, head of medicine and sports science at West Ham United, oral health is an area where many athletes have greater problems than the general population and there are clear benefits of oral disease prevention for athletes and clubs.4. This passage is most probably taken from_. A. a dentists diary B. a sports newspaper C. a medicine magazine D. a science report考点三 读者对象题【例3】A MENTORING(导师制) program is giving life changing opportunities to Banbury youth.Young Inspirations was founded two years ago to provide mentoring sessions for students and unemployed young adults aged 11 to 21.Alex Goldberg，the programs founder，said：“We set up Young Inspirations because we wanted to give young people experiences which will potentially be life changing and broaden their outlook.”“We try to create work experience opportunities that will really make a difference to our youth.For example，weve secured internships(实习) with worldfamous firms such as Honda.”“At a time of funding cutbacks where schools are finding it more and more difficult to offer this kind of mentoring，it is extremely important that these opportunities are available both to help youth with their school work and grades and to give them opportunities which may help shape their futures.” Kieran Hepburn,14，is one of a group of Banbury youth who has benefited from the program so far.In October the Banbury
展开阅读全文