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句子成分MembersofaSentence,*句子成分由词或词组充当,英语的基本成分有七种：_和_,主语(subject)、,谓语(predicate)、,表语(predicative)、,宾语(object)、,定语(attribute)、,状语(adverbial),补语(complement),英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。,掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,一:(主谓)二:(主系表)三:(主谓宾)四:(主谓间宾直宾)五:(主谓宾宾补),基本句型一:(主谓),主语:可以作主语的成分有名词,主格代词,动词不定式,动名词等等。主语一般在句首。,谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构。,如:Wecome.,(不及物动词),1.Thesunrose.2.Whocares?3.Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.4.Theytalkedforhalfanhour.5.Thepenwritessmoothly,此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,基本句型二:(主系表),此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。,系动词分两类:be,look,keep,seem等,表情况;get,grow,become,turn等属另一类,表变化。be本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。,感官动词多可用作连系动词:lookwell/面色好,soundnice/听起来不错,feelgood/感觉好,smellbad/难闻,(是系动词)(表语),1.ThisisanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2.Thedinnersmellsgood.3.Hefellinlove.4.Everythinglooksdifferent.5.Heisgrowingtallandstrong.6.Ourwellhasgonedry.7.Hisfaceturnedred.,*Therebe结构:Therebe表示存在有。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词there那里混淆。此结构后跟名词,表示“(存在)有某事物”。,试比较:Thereisaboythere.(那儿有一个男孩)前一个there无实意,后一个there为副词那里。,基本句型三:(主谓宾),此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。,(及物动词)(宾语),1.Whoknowstheanswer?2.Hehasrefusedtohelpthem.3.Heenjoysreading.4.Hesaid“Goodmorning.”5.Headmitsthathewasmistaken.,基本句型四:(主谓间宾直宾),有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,e.g.give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语);一个指物(直接宾语)。,-Givemeacupofteaplease.-ShowthishousetoMr.Smith.-Bringittome,please.,(及物)(多指人)(多指物),Sheorderedherselfanewdress.2.Hebroughtyouadictionary.3.Ishowedhimmypictures.4.Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.5.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.,基本句型五:(主谓宾宾补),此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。,宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词,形容词,不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语等。,Thewarmadehimasoldier.Newmethodsmakethejobeasy.Ioftenfindhimatwork.Theteacheraskthestudentstoclosethewindows.Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad.,名词/代词宾格+n./adj./介词短语/动词不定式/分词,(及物)(宾语)(宾补),1.Theypaintedthedoorgreen.2.Thissetthemthinking.3.Theyfoundthehousedeserted.4.Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.5.Isawthemgettingonthebus.,a.b.c.d.e.,1.Pleastellusastory._2.Shesmiled._3.Ihavealotworktodo._4.Hisjobistotrainswimmers._5.Henoticedamanentertheroom._6.Pleaselookatthepicture._,d,a,e,b,e,c,但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,除了基本句型的成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词(adj./adv./num.数词)短语(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。我们称之为:定语、状语Thelittleboyneedsabluepen.,一、定语：,定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,译为的。,定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。复合不定代词(something/nothing)之后；不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后；副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。,Twoboysneedtwopens.HisnameisTom.TheboyinblueisTom.Theboythereneedsapen.Theboyneedsaballpen.Thereisnothingtodotoday.ThepenboughtbyherismadeinChina.TheboyyouwillknowisTom.,二、状语：,状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。,-Theboyneedsapennow.-Theboyneedsapenverymuch.,可用作状语的有副词,不定式,分词,介词短语,从句等。,Intheclassroom,theboyneedsapen.在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语)Beforehismother,Tomisalwaysaboy.在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子。(条件状语)OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.星期天,教室里没有学生。(时间状语),介词短语作状语：,分词(短语)作状语：,Hesitsthere,askingforapen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态)Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen.因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语)Frightened,hesitstheresoundlessly.(因为)受了惊吓,他无声地坐在那儿。(原因状语),Theboyneedsapentodohishomework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语)Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness.为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.,不定式作状语：,状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句,-Wechattedaswewalkedalong.-Evenifshelaughsathim,headoresher.,三、同位语：,同位语当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分,这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。Westudentsshouldstudyhard.(students是we的同位语,都是指同一批“学生”)Weallarestudents.(all是we的同位语,都指同样的“我们”),四、独立成分：,与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分。感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词:yes否定词:no称呼语:称呼人的用语。插入语:一些句中插入的Ithink,Ibelieve,等。如:Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend.我相信,这个故事还远没结束.,(一)挑出下列句中的宾语Mybrotherhasntdonehishomework.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.,(二)挑出下列句中的表语-Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.-Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.-SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.,(三)挑出下列句中的定语1.Whatisyourgivenname?2.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.3.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.4.Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!,(四)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.Shefounditdifficulttodothework.TheycallmeLilysometimes.IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.,(五)挑出下列句中的状语Therewasabigsmileonherface.Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.Themanonthemotorbikewastravelingtoofast.,Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.Iamafraidthatifyouvelostit,youmustpayforit.ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.,划分句子成分,Youwilltellyourfriendthatyouvegottoschool.2.Butasthemoongavefartoomuchlight,Ididntdareopenawindow.3.Anothertimefivemonthsago,Ihappenedtobeupstairsatduskwhenthewindowwasopen.4.Thedark,rainyevening,thewind,thethunderingcloudsheldmeentirelyintheirpower.,1.Youwilltell(your)friendthatyouvegottoschool.2.Butasthemoongavefartoomuchlight,Ididntdareopenawindow.3.Anothertimefivemonthsago,IhappenedtobeUpstairsatdusk(whenthewindowwasopen).4.The(dark,rainy)evening,thewind,thethunderingCloudsheldmeentirelyintheirpower.,主语,谓语,间宾,定语,直接宾语,原因状语,主语,谓语,宾语,
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