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CollegeEnglishGrammar:GrammarandWriting,ByZhuXiangjun,Unit2,Basicpartsofasentence(II)Grammar:1.Objectandcomplement2BasicsentencestructuresWriting:Correcting:Run-onSentenceRewriting:Theimportanceofthesubject,Objectandcomplement,Generally,verbscanbeputintotwo:linkingverbsandactionverbs.Bothofthemrequireawordtocompletetheirmeaning.Wecancallsuchawordcomplement.Thecomplementofalinkingverbiscalledapredicativeorasubjectcomplement,whichdescribesorrenamesthesubject.Forexample:MyfavoriteplaywrightisWilliamShakespeare.MarkTwainbecameapilotonasteamboat.Shefeltuneasyinthecrowd.,Thecomplementofanactionverbiscalledanobject.Subjectisthedoeroftheaction,andtheobjectisthereceiveroftheaction.Theoldmancaughtabigfish.Herhusbandfrequentlybeather.Myuncleeventuallygaveupsmoking.,Sometimesactionverbshavetwodifferentobjects:directobjectandindirectobject.Directobjectisthereceiveroftheactionwhileanindirectobjectisthereceiverofthedirectobject.Forinstance：Harryboughthissonanewschool-bag.Usually,apreposition“to”or“for”canbeputinfrontoftheindirectobject.Forexample,1.Theoldmanlefthisdaughteralargehouse.(Theoldmanleftalargehouseforhisdaughter.)2.Jimpresentedhisgirlfriendabunchofflowers.(Jimpresentedabunchofflowerstohisgirlfriend.),Adverbialsindicatestime,place,manner,andreasons.Theyanswerquestionssuchaswhen,where,howandwhy.Adverbialscanbeadverbs,prepositionalphrases,oradverbialclauses.Asarule,alongadverbialareplacedattheendofasentence,whileshortadverbialsareflexibletolocate:atthebeginning,inthemiddleorattheendmaybeallright.Forinstance1.Thetrainwillarrivenextmorning.2.Hecarefullydrovehiscartothestation.3.Verysoon,sheknewthefullstory.,Exercises1:Combinethesentencesineachsetintoasingleclearsentence.Omitwordsthatareneedlesslyrepeated,butdontleaveoutanyimportantdetails.Keepinmindthatmanycombinationsarepossible,andtheresnosinglecorrectone.,Themanhandedaphotoofagirl.Thephotowastome.Hedidthatsilently.Themanwasold.Thegirlwaspretty.Theoldmansilentlyhandedaphotoofaprettygirltome.Itwasthefirsttimeinhislife.Hebecameaboss.Hewasproud.Heownedabook-store.Heproudlybecameabossofabook-storeforthefirsttimeinhislife.,Wehavemovedintoahouse.WedidthatrecentlyThehousewasnew.Ithadsingle-storied.Wehavemovedintoanewsingle-storiedhouserecently.4.Itoccurredashortwhileago.Mybrotherhelpedme.Wecarriedabookcaseupthestairs.Thebookcasewasveryheavy.Ashortwhileago,mybrotherhelpedmecarryaveryheavybookcaseupthestairs.5.Thefiremenhaveputoutaforestfire.Thefiremendidthatatlast.Thefirewasbig.ThefirebrokeoutinCalifornia.AtlastthefiremenhaveputoutabigforestfireinCalifornia.,Basicsentencestructures,Structure1:S-PTheS-Psentencestructureismadeupofanoun,pronoun,orothernominalasthesubjectofthesentenceandanintransitiveverborverbphraseasthepredicate.Deaddogdontbite.Moneytalks.Structure2:S-IV-CThewordsactingasapredicativemaybeaprepositionalphrasetoshowtheplaceofthesubject,oranountoidentifyorrenamethesubject,oranadjectivetoindicatethestateofthesubject.Speechisthepictureofmind.Thefiremenareinsidethebuilding.,Structure3:S-P-OTheverbactingasapredicateintheS-P-Osentencestructureisatransitiveverb,whichmaytakeadirectobjectorbothadirectobjectandanindirectobject.Povertytriesfriends.TheLiberianhandedmeaSpanishdictionary.Structure4:S-P-O-AThewordsactingasanadverbialcanbeadverbs,prepositionalphrases,oradverbialclauses,providinginformationabouttime,place,manner,andreasons.Younevermissthewatertillthewellrunsdry.Nomancanmakeagoodcoatwithbadcloth.Structure5:S-P-O-OCDifferentfromanindirectobjectwhichisthereceiverofthedirectobject,anobjectcomplementistocompletethemeaningofthedirectobject.Thewordsactingasanobjectcomplementcanbenouns,adjectivesorprepositionalphrases.Thevillagersfoundtheirbedroomsankle-deepinwater.Thefriendlymoodmakesuscomfortable.,Exercises2:Combinethesentences,IfeltpleasedwithmybargainMypleasurewasespecial.Mybargainwaswonderful.Ifeltespeciallypleasedwithmywonderfulbargain.Peoplefindthissortofjoke.Thesepeopleareforeign.Thissortofjokearedistasteful.Foreignpeoplefindthissortofjokedistasteful.Advertisingexertsaninfluence.Theinfluenceissubtle.Theinfluenceisonchildren.Advertisingexertsasubtleinfluenceonchildren.,Iwasbeingtested.Thetestwasforadrivinglicense.Itwasthethirdtime.Iwasbeingtestedforadrivinglicenceforthethirdtime.Amurdercrossedtheroad.Theroadwasinfrontofme.Hedidthatwithasudden.Amurdersuddenlycrossedtheroadinfrontofme.Thescientistsetuphiscamp.Hedidthatsuccessfully.Hiscampwasveryclosetothevolcano.Thevolcanowasactive.Thescientistsetuphiscampveryclosetotheactivevolcanosuccessfully.,Run-onSentence,Arun-onsentenceistwoormorecompletesentenceswrittenasthoughtheywereonesentence.1.CommaspliceThemostcommonkindofrun-onsentenceisperhapsacommasplice,whichoccurswhentwomainclausesareseparatedbyacommaratherthanbyasemicolonoraperiod.Forinstance:Tomisamanager,heisworkingforabigcompany.Foursolutionsareavailable:1)Replacethecommawithaperiodandbeginthenewsentencewithacapitalletter.Tomisamanager.Heisworkingforabigcompany.2)Turnoneofthesentencesintoaphrase.Asamanager,Tomisworkingforabigcompany.Tomisamanager,workingforabigcompany.,Twomoresolutionsareavailable:Theairportwasbuiltyearsago,forsomereason,itcouldnotbeusedthen.3)Placeasemicolonbetweenthetwomainclauses.Theairportwasbuiltyearsago;forsomereason,itcouldnotbeusedthen.4)Addacoordinatingconjunctionafterthecomma.Theairportwasbuiltyearsago,butforsomereason,itcouldnotbeusedthen.,2.Twomainclauseswithnopunctuationbetweenthem.ItwaswarmlastSundayIwentandsatontheriverbankasusual.Threesolutionsareavailable:1)Separatethesentenceswithaperiodandbeginthesecondsentencewithacapitalletter.ItwaswarmlastSunday.Iwentandsatontheriverbankasusual.2)Separatethesentenceswithasemicolon.ItwaswarmlastSunday;Iwentandsatontheriverbankasusual.3)Addacommaandacoordinatingconjunctionbetweenthesentences.ItwaswarmlastSunday,soIwentandsatontheriverbankasusual.,Exercises:Correctthefollowingrun-ons.,1.Shedroppedtheletterinthebox,thensheregrettedmailingit.2.Mybrotherhasneverbeenabroadbefore,heisfindingthistripveryexciting.3.Lateraneighbortoldmeabouther,hernameisJaneEarl.4.Wewaitedandwaited,atthesametime,nothinghappened.5.Iamanartstudent,usuallyIpaintalotofpictures.6.Ididnotknowthewaytomyhotel,thenIaskedapoliceman.7.Shethrewthebottleintothesea,thensheneverthoughtofitagain8.Theairportwasbuiltyearsago,forsomereason,itcouldnotbeusedthen.9.Somefishermendontcatchfish,instead,theycatcholdbootsandrubbish.10.Irepeatedmyquestionseveraltimes,atlastheunderstood.,Correcting:,1.Shedroppedtheletterinthebox,andthensheregrettedmailingit.2.Mybrotherhasneverbeenabroadbefore,soheisfindingthistripveryexciting.3.Lateraneighbourtoldmeabouther.HernameisJaneEarl.4.Wewaitedandwaited.Atthesametime,nothinghappened.5.Iamanartstudent,andusuallyIpaintalotofpictures.6.Ididnotknowthewaytomyhotel,andthenIaskedapoliceman.7.Shethrewthebottleintothesea,andthensheneverthoughtofitagain8.Theairportwasbuiltyearsago,butforsomereason,itcouldnotbeusedthen.9.Somefishermendontcatchfish.Instead,theycatcholdbootsandrubbish.10.Irepeatedmyquestionseveraltimes.Atlastheunderstood.,Theexerciseinthissectionistocreateeffectivepassagesbycombiningtheshortsentenceswhichyouthinkisrelatedintolonger,morecomplexones.Iftherearesomemistakes,correctthem.,Passage1(AdaptedfromLesson16,NewConceptEnglishbyL.G.Alexander)Yourcarisparkedbyyouinthewrongplace.Itwillsoonbefoundbyatrafficpoliceman.Youareletgobyhim.Aticketisnotgiventoyoubyhim.Youwillbeverylucky.Thisdoesnotalwayshappen.Trafficpolicearesometimesverypolite.IwasinaholidayinSweden.Thisnotewasfoundbymeonmycar:sir,wewelcomeyoutoourcity.ThisisaNoParkingarea.Youpayattentiontoourstreetsigns.Youwillenjoyyourstayhere.Thisnoteisonlyareminder.Asuchkindofrequestisreceivedbyyou.Youcanobeyit!,Passage2(AdaptedfromLesson18,NewConceptEnglishbyL.G.Alexander)Ihadlunchatavillagepub.AfterthatIlookedformybag.Ihadleftitonachair.Thechairwasbesidethedoor.Nowitwasntthere!Ilookedforit.Thelandlordcamein.HeaskedDidyouhaveagoodmeal?.IansweredYes,thankyou.Icantpaythebill.Ihaventgotmybag.Thelandlordsmiled.Heimmediatelywentout.Inafewminuteshereturned.Hehadmybaginhishand.Hegaveitbacktome.HesaidImverysorry.Mydoghadtakeninintothegarden.Heoftendoesthis!,
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