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GuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries,英语国家概况,英语国家概况,TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,Chapter3GovernmentandtheCommonwealth,TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,英语国家概况,Whatis“constitutionalmonarchy”Whatis“divinerightofkings”,PoliticalParties,Constitution,Government,Election,TheCommonwealth,CONTENT,Constitutionalmonarchy,Britainisaconstitutionalmonarchy,thatis,amonarchyinwhichthesovereignhasmainlyadvisoryandceremonialresponsibilities.Theothermajorformofmonarchyistheabsolutemonarchy,inwhichthemonarchyisalsotheruler.Theconstitutionalpositionissummedupinthefamousphrase“TheQueenreignsbutdoesnotrule”,DivinerightofKings(P38),Thepowerofthemonarchywaslargelyderivedfromtheancientdoctrineofthe“divinerightofkings”.ItisheldthatthesovereignderivedhisauthorityfromGod,notfromhissubjects.Becauseofthisdivineright,theactualexistenceofthemonarchyhasseldombeenquestioned.Clue:MonarchytheGreatCharterParliamentcabinet,TheGreatCharta(MagnaCarta),KingJohn(1199-1216)thebadreputation(RobinHood)Johnascendedthethronein1199.Hedemandedfeudaltaxesandarmyservice/badrelationshipwiththepope.In1215,KingJohnwasforcedbyagroupoffeudalbaronsandtheChurchtograntthemacharteroflibertyandpoliticalright.Significance:influenceonlegalsystemandhumanrightsmerchantsandcraftsmenforthefirsttimeasanewpoliticalforcetownspeoplefreedomoftradeandself-governmentpartoftheBritishConstitutiontoday,BeginningofParliament,theGreatCouncil(大议会）CommonersappearedinthemeetingtheHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons（existtodayandcollectivelywecallthemtheParliament)ThePuritansandCavaliers(thePuritans:freefarmers,tradesmen,artisans/theCavaliers:Catholicsandfeudallords)TheCivilWarreason:thedisputeoverthepowerofthekingvis-vis(P39),Thecivilwarbrokeout(16421649)BetweentheRoyalists(theCavalier保王党人)andParliamentarians(Roundheads圆颅党人)Result:themonarchywasabolishedin1949Englandwasdeclaredacommonwealth,i.e.arepublic,TheCivilWar,TheCommonwealth(16491660)(Cromwell统治之下的英伦三岛共和国）Cromwell,theheadoftheCommonwealthConservativeinsocialreformsandprotectedpropertyownershipIn1660,ParliamenthadCharlesIIaskingofEngland.ThisputanendtotheCommonwealth.,TheCivilWar,RestorationandtheGloriousRevolution,Restoration:(复辟)1661,CharlesII:torestoretheoldsocialorder1685,JamesII:toreestablishCatholicism,GloriousRevolution1688:jointsovereignofWilliamandMary1689:BillofRights(limitedthepowerofthemonarchandguaranteedtheauthorityofParliament)removedtherulingmonarchandestablishedConstitutionalMonarchy,Constitution(P41),I,GreatBritain(UK)isaparliamentarydemocracywithaconstitutionalmonarchastheheadofstateBritishConstitutionismadeupof:StatutoryLaw(成文法)CommonLaw(判例法)Conventions(习惯法),1.1StatutoryLawpassedbyParliamentexampletheMagnaCharta(1215)petitionofRights(1627)HabeasCorpusAct(1679)theBillofRights(1689)ActofSettlement(1701)theReformAct(1832)theEuropeanCommunitiesAct(1972)theEuropeanCommunities(Amendment)Act(1986),Constitution,1.2Commonlawdeducedfromcustomorlegalprecedentsandinterpretedincourtcasesbyjudges1.3Conventionsrulesandpracticeswhichdonotexistlegally,butareregardedasvitaltotheworkingofgovernment,1.Constitution,Government,2.1TheLegislature,2.2TheExecutive,2.3TheJudiciary,2.1TheLegislature,BasicStructureofUKCentralGovernment,Monarch(non-political),LegislatureParliament,Executive,Judiciary(non-political),HouseofCommons(political),HouseofLords(semi-political),PrimeMinisterLady+ChristianName+FamilyName(Husbandsfamilynameinsteadofherownaftermarriage)Knight(non-peerage)Sir(500),TheHouseofCommons,Oftenreferredtoas“theLowerHouse”(centerofparliamentarypower)Threemajorfunctionstopasslaws,billsandactsofParliamenttoscrutinize,criticizeandrestraintheactionsofthegovernmenttoinfluencethefuturegovernmentpolicy,646MembersofParliament,knownas“MPs”forshort,whorepresentthe646geographicalareas/constituencies,2.1.4TheHouseofCommons,ThePrimeMinisterpowerfulleaderheadofthegovernmenttheleaderofthemajoritypartyinParliamentcontrolstheParliamentTheCabinetsupremedecision-makingbodyintheBritishgovernmentCabinetmembersarechosenbythePrimeMinisterfrommembersofhisownpartyinParliament.,TheExecutive,TheCabinetworksontheprincipleofcollectiveresponsibilityandindividualministerialresponsibilityMinistersresponsiblefortheirparticulardepartment(mostseniormembersaretheDeputyPrimeMinister,ForeignSecretary,ChancelloroftheExchequerandHomeSecretary)Collectiveresponsibilityorresignation,TheExecutive,PrivyCouncil(枢密院）abodyofadvisors(450members)currentandformerCabinetmembersandimportantpublicfiguresItsmaindutyistogiveadvice,TheExecutive,TheJudiciary,ProceedingsAllcriminaltrialsareheldinopencourtbecausethecriminallawpresumestheinnocenceoftheaccuseduntilhehasbeenapprovedguiltybeyondreasonabledoubtIncriminaltrialsbyjury,thejudgepassessentencebutthejurydecidestheissueofguiltandinnocence.,TwobranchesoflawCivillawdefinesandenforcesthedutiesorobligationsofpersonstooneanotherCriminallawbycontrast,definesandenforcestheobligationsofpersonstosocietyasawhole,EnglishJudges,TheJudiciary,TheCourtSystem,Civilbranch民事,Criminalbranch刑事,2.3TheJudiciary,ThankYou!,英语国家概况,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