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StructuresofthePulmonarySystem,Threestepsintheexchangeofgases气体交换的三步骤ventilation(通气)2.diffusion(扩散)3.perfusion(灌注),(Para.1),ventilation(通气)diffusion(扩散)thepulmonarysystemperfusion(灌注)thecardiovascularsystem,Howdotheyfunction,TwolungsAirwaysBloodvesselsChestwall(thoraciccage)LungslobessegmentsandlobulesSpacebetweenlungs,heart,greatvessels,andesophagusMediastinum,StructuresofthePulmonarySystem,LobesofLung,LeftUpperLobeLeftLowerLobeRightUpperLobeRightMiddleLobeRightLowerLobe,Apassage(forthemovementofairintoandoutofthegas-exchangeportionsofthelung).Theupperairway(naopharynx,oropharynx)1.belinedwithciliatedmucosa(纤毛黏膜)2.function:warmsandhumidifiesinspiredairremovesforeignparticlesThemouthandoropharynxarealsousedforventilation,Conductingairways传导气道,UpperAirways,LowerAirways,Larynx(喉)-connectstheupperandlowerairwaysendolarynx喉内部cartilaginousstructure软骨结构endolarynx喉内部thefalsevocalcordsthetruevocalcordsglottis(声门)-theslit-shapedspace(裂缝形成的空间),Conductingairways传导气道,Larynx,TheGlottisandVocalCordsTheendolarynx,1.Glottis2.TrueCords3.FalseCords4.Epiglottis5.BaseofTongue,Larynxgealbox(喉咙结构)cartilagestheepiglottis,thyroid,cricoidthearytenoid,corniculate,cuneiformligamentsFunction:(L.48-53),Conductingairways传导气道,Thetrachea气管-connectsthelarynxtothebronchiTwomainairways(bronchi)TherightmainbronchusTheleftmainbronchusHili(肺门)-rootofthelung,wheretherightandleftbronchienterthelungs.,Conductingairways传导气道,Trachea,Therightmainbronchusextendsfromthetracheamorevertically,Lobarbronchi,main,hili(root),theconductingairwaysHili(Mainbronchi)LobarbronchiSegmentalbronchiSubsegmentalbronchiTerminalbronchioles,Conductingairways传导气道,Main,Lobar,Segmental,Subsegmental,Terminal,Thebronchialwalls(支气管壁)ThreelayersEpithelialliningSmoothmusclelayerConnectivetissuelayerTheconnectivetissuelayercontainscartilage(软骨).Theepithelialliningcontainssingle-celledexocrinegland(外分泌腺).,Conductingairways传导气道,exocrinegland(外分泌腺).gobletcells(杯状细胞)ciliatedcells(绒毛细胞)Whatsthefunctionoftheciliatedcells?,Conductingairways传导气道,Highcolumnarpseudostratifiedepithelium(假复层高柱状上皮)columnarcuboidalepithelium(骰形柱状上皮)submucosalglands(黏膜下腺)Mucusblanket(黏液屏障),Conductingairways传导气道,L.75-77未被黏膜纤毛清除和咳出的杂质和微生物会受到炎症反应的细胞和分泌免疫系统抗体的袭击。L.78-80早先生化炎症介质的释放也参与抗体介导过敏性反应,比如哮喘,因为这样会刺激支气管平滑肌和血管收缩。,Conductingairways传导气道,Gas-ExchangeAirwaysRespiratorybronchioles(呼吸性细支气管）Alveolarducts（肺泡管）Alveoli（肺泡）Acinus(肺腺泡）,Gas-ExchangeAirways换气道,Main,Lobar,Segmental,Subsegmental,Terminal,Therespiratorybronchiolesendinalveolarducts,whichleadtoalveolarsacsmadeupofnumerousalveoli.呼吸性细支气管止于肺泡管，肺泡管连通有无数肺泡组成的肺泡囊。,Gas-ExchangeAirways换气道,L.112-114被称作肺泡间孔的的小通道使得空气从肺泡到肺泡穿过间隔。在截面，肺泡看似普通的海绵。,Gas-ExchangeAirways换气道,Alveolarsepta(肺泡隔）epitheliallayer(上皮层）basementmembrane(基膜）TwomajortypesofepithelialcellsinthealveolusTypeIalveolarcellsTypeIIalveolarcells,Gas-ExchangeAirways换气道,气管左右主支气管叶支气管段支气管小支气管细支气管终末细支气管tracheatheleftandrightmainbronchilobarbronchithesegmentalandsubsegmentalbronchismallbronchusbronchiolesterminalbronchioles,Conductingairways传导气道,呼吸细支气管肺泡管肺泡囊肺泡Respiratorybronchiolesalveolarductsalveolarsacsalveoli,Conductingairways传导气道,Describethemainfunctionofthepulmonarycirculation,PulmonaryandBronchialCirculation肺循环与支气管循环,Themainfunctionofthepulmonarycirculationistofacilitategasexchange.Itsotherfunctionsaretodelivernutrientstolungtissues,actasareservoirfortheleftventricle,andserveasafilteringsystemthatremovesclots,air,andotherdebrisfromthecirculation.,PulmonaryandBronchialCirculation肺循环与支气管循环,Thepulmonarycirculationhasalowerpressureandresistancethanthesystemiccirculation.Perfusion(灌注）Functionoftheaccompanyingarterioleregulatebloodflow,PulmonaryandBronchialCirculation肺循环与支气管循环,Describethemainfunctionofthechestwall,PulmonaryandBronchialCirculation肺循环与支气管循环,Thechestwall(thoraciccage)protectsthelungsfrominjury,anditsmuscles,inconjunctionwiththediaphragm,performthemuscularworkofbreathing.,PulmonaryandBronchialCirculation肺循环与支气管循环,
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