英语句子成分讲解

句子结构成份讲解及练习题主语：就是一个句子陈述的对象，或是动作的执行者。它回答的是“谁”“什么”的问题。如：我看书。谁看书？“我”。“我”就是这句子的主语。主语由名词或相当于名词的词充当。（如动词不定式，动名词，代词都可作主语，主语从句）主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）谓语：说明主语是什么，干什么，怎么样。它回答的是主语“干什么，是什么”的问题。如上句中主语“我”干什么？“看书”。“看书”就是谓语。 一个句子，一般都可分成主、谓两大部分（祈使句是省主句）。再细分又可分成谓语（动词）、宾语，表语，补语（包括宾补和主补），定语，状语，同位语等。 如第一例中谓语部分可划分成谓语（看）和宾语（书）。 谓语部分中心词一定要是一个动词，要么是行为动词，要么是系动词，不同的动词构成不同的句子类型。 句子的各种时态、人称和数的变化都在谓语动词上变。谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。We study English. He is asleep. 宾语：指谓语动词所涉及的对象，由名、代、数，宾语从句等相当于名词的词句充当，但人称代词要用宾格。如：还说上例。谓语动词是“看”，看什么？看“书”，“书”是动词“看”所涉及的对象，是“看”的宾语。 需要说明的是：只有及物动词和介词或相当于及物动词和介词的短语才可带宾语。宾语：1）动作的承受者-动宾I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句） 2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3） 双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.表语：是和系动词紧密相连的。在陈述句中系动词后面的就是表语，这就是“主系表”结构。作表语的也是名词性的词，也可以是从句。表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say “Im poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） . It sounds a good idea. It sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.定语：修饰限定名词、代词的词，说明所修饰词的性质、特征等，如 a tall boy 中，tall修饰boy,tall是boy的定语。可作定语的有形容词、名词、副词、定语从句、分词等。不定代词的定语一律后置。定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）状语：修饰动词、副词、形容词甚至整句，说明谓语动作发生的时间、地点、方式、伴随状况、目的等等。如：他在灯下看书。“在灯下”是状语。 补语：补充说明主语或宾语的成份,补充说明主语的叫主语补足语，补充宾语叫宾语补足语。如：他把我逗笑了。He made me laugh.主语：he;谓语：made;宾语：me;宾补：laugh.补语和它补充说明的成份之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，这可以把它和其它成份区分开。如：上句宾语me和宾补laugh之间，laugh的动作是me来做的。这就是一种逻辑上的主谓关系。把这两部分单拿出来可以成一句完整的话，即I laughed, 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 ) Please make yourself at home. 介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词） Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词） 主补：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. www.rr365.com语法是句子的框架，学语法应该说是学习语言的一个捷径。相对而言，句子的灵魂是词汇，学习是个长期积累过程，词汇积累更是如此。学习也要讲究方法，活学活用，在运用中记忆，不能死记硬背。另外，语言都有些相通的地方，结合母语对照学习也很有效。 I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meetingroom.The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. 简单句的五个基本句型主语 不及物动词 She came/ My head aches. 主语 及物动词 宾语 She likes English.主语 系动词 主语补语 She is happy主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry The teacher asked me to read the passage.（ There +be There lies a book on the desk. ）Exercises 分析下列句子成分 1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city7. -I love you more than her，child 8. Tees turn green when spring comes.9. They pushed the door open. 10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 12.All the students think highly of his teaching.13. We need a place twice larger than this one. 14. He asked us to sing an English song. 15. Dont get nervous，help yourself to what you like16.We will make our school more beautiful.17. He didnt comeThat is why he didnt know 18. She showed us her many of her pictures. 19. The old man lives a lonely life. 翻 译 练 习：主谓结构 （ 主语 不及物动词 ）1你应当努力学习。 2她昨天回家很晚。 3那天早上我们谈了很多。 4会议将持续两个小时。 5在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 主谓宾结构 （主语 及物动词 宾语 ）1昨晚我写了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3这本书他读过多次了。 4他们成功地完成了计划。 5你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 主系表结构 （主语 系动词表语 ）1我的兄弟都是大学生。 2冬季白天短，夜晚长。 3布朗夫人看起来很健康。 4十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 5孩子们，请保持安静。 双宾语结构 （主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 ）1 Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。 4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 5. 他把车票给列车员看。 复合宾语结构 （主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 ）1我们叫她Alice. 2他的父母给他取名为John. 3我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 4他们把门推开了。 5他们把小偷释放了。 There be 句型1今晚没有会。 2这个村子过去只有一口井。 3这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。 4客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。 5天气预报说下午有大风。 句子成分练习题答案分析下列句子成分1. 主语 系动词 表语 2. 主语 系动词 表语 3. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 4. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 5. 主语 及物动词 宾语 6. 主语 动词 形式宾语 it 宾语补足语+宾语7. 主语 及物动词 宾语 8. 主语 系动词 表语 9. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 10. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 11. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 12 主语 及物动词 宾语13. 主语 及物动词 宾语 14. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 15. 主语 系动词 表语 16. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 17. 主语 系动词 表语 18. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语19. 主语 不及物动词 20. 主语 不及物动词 21. 主语 系动词 表语 22. 主语 系动词 表语 23. 主语 及物动词 宾语 24. 主语 不及物动词25. 主语 及物动词 宾语 26. 主语 不及物动词 27. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 28. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 29. 主语 及物动词 宾语 30. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语翻 译 练 习：主谓结构 （ 主语 不及物动词 ）1You should study hard. 2 She went home very late yesterday evening. 3That morning we talked a great deal. 4The meeting will last two hours. 5Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. 6Things of that sort are happening all over the world every day. 7The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919. 8Classes begin at eight every day. 9This box weighs five kilos. 10 I lived in Beijing five years ago.主谓宾结构 （主语 及物动词 宾语 ） 1.I wrote a letter last night. 2.I want to talk with you this afternoon. 3.He has read this book many times. www.rr365.com 4.They have carried out the plan successfully. 5.You must finish reading these books in two weeks. 6.That gentlemen can speak three languages fluently. 7.I received a letter from my pen friend in Australia. 8.Jim cannot dress himself. 9.All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.10.He did not know what to say.主系表结构 （主语 系动词 主语补语 ）1My brothers are all college students. 2In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. 3 Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 4At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist. 5 Children, keep quiet please. 6 This book is about the history of the United States. 7Her job is to look after the children in the nursery. 8He is out of work. 9The leaves have turned yellow. 10The report sounds interesting. 双宾语结构 （主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 ）1Mr Johnson taught us German last year. 2Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 3Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster. 4Would you please pass me the dictionary? 5He showed the ticket to the conductor. 6This term I have written three letters to my parents. 7My father has bought me a new bike. 8Robinson Crusoe made himself a boat. 9Will you please get me a new copy? 10 Shall I call you a taxi? 复合宾语结构 （主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语 ）1We call her Alice. 2His parents named him John. 3All of us considered him honest. 4They pushed the door open. 5They have set the thief free. 6We will make our school more beautiful. 7He asked us to join in the game. 8I want you to tell me the truth.9The guards ordered us to leave at once. 10Tomorrow Ill have someone repair the machine. 11Every morning we hear him read English aloud. 12The pain made him cry out. 13We wont let her go out at night. 14He has his hair cut once a month. 15Ill get my recorder mended. 16The terrible sound made the children frightened. 17She is listening to someone telling stories. 18he boys were watching the soldiers drilling. 19I have never seen the word used that way before. 20He felt it very difficult to talk with you. 21I think it more comfortable to go there by ship. 22I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way. 23The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins. 24I thought it no use talking with that manThere be 句型1There isnt going to be a meeting tonight.2There was only a well in the village. 3There is (are) a teacher of music and a teacher of art in the school. 4Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen. 5The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. 66The light is on. There must be someone ion the office. 7There used to be a cinema here before the war. 8There happened to be nobody in the room. 9Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. 10There comes the bus. 11There remained just twenty-eight dollars. 12In front of the cave, there stands(grows) a tall pine tree. 13There goes the bell. 14There are twenty-eight days in February 7