初中被动语态讲解

被动语态一概念：英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态(The Active Voice)与被动语态（The Passive Voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。例：1. They make trains in Xian. Trains are made in Xian by them. 2. Xm beats Xx evey day. Xx is beaten by Xm every day. 二构成be + done (p.p.-及物动词的过去分词）一般现在时 amis are + v.p.p.一般过去时 waswere +v.p.p.一般将来时 will bebe going to be + v.p.p.过去将来时would be/was,were going to be + v.p.p现在进行时am/is/are being + v.p.p.过去进行时was/were being+ v.p.p.现在完成时 have/has +been+ v.p.p情态动词 aux.v. (mustcancouldmay) + be + v.p.p.三被动语态的使用1. 当我们不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时；例：1. His car was stolen last night.2. Basketball is played in most countries. 2. 动作的承受者是谈话的中心 （常由by引起）例：1. A lot of articles (that) we have learned were written by Lu Xun.四不用被动语态的情况1. 某些及物动词+ adv表主动，特别是后加副词（如well， easily等）时。主动语态有被动含义，这类动词常见的有sell，write，wear，wash，photograph, clean, cook, cut例：1. This book sells well.2. Your pen writes really well/smoothly. 3. This dress (that) my mom bought for me wears well4. She does not photograph well. 5. The cheese doesnt cut easily. Its too soft. 句子是主谓结构时，不用被动语态。常见的谓语动词有：happen, take place, (dis)appear, rise, break out, come about, come true, come out, run out, turn out例：1. A traffic accident happened just now.2. Great changes are taking place in my hometown. 3. He disappears.4. When a gay person comes out, they let people know that he is a gay. 3. 连系动词无被动：感官系动词：look、feel、sound、smell、taste “表变化的系动词”：become、grow、turn、fall、get “表保持的系动词”：keep, reamain, stay prove + 形容词，名词或不定式5 注意1. 使役动词(make, have, let) 和感官动词 (see, watch, notice, hear, find) 后跟省略了to的动词不定式, 但在被动语态中必须还原to。例：1. We noticed a stranger enter the classroom. A stranger was noticed to enter the classroom.2. We heared him sing that morning. He was heared to sing that morning.3. They found him steal a necklace from a shop. He was found to steal a necklace from.注意：这些感官动词在中考中会出现其后跟doing的备选项，其意义为“看到，听到，发现，注意到某人正在做某事）2. 含双宾语的被动语态：直接宾语（物）和间接宾语（人） 主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况： 把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍保留原位；例：1. He gave a book to me. I was given a book by him.2. He bought a gift for me. I was bought a gift by him.把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。例：1. He gave a book to me. A book was given to me by him2. He bought a gift for me. A gift was bought for me by him.3. 有些不及物动词加介词构成“及物动词短语”，变成被动语态时注意不能丢掉介词例：look after, look at, take care of, take a photo of， laugh at , be used for 1. He looks after his sister. His sister is looked after by him. 2. We must take good care of our children. Our children must be taken good care of. 3. I will take a photo of you. You will be taken a photo of by me. 现在完成时被动语态【学习目标】1.现在完成时被动语态的结构 2. 现在完成时被动语态的主要用法3使用现在完成时的被动语态需要注意的问题【课前预习】现在完成时被动语态的结构就是 现在完成时态和被动语态结构的叠合，即“ have + been + 动词过去分词”。试比较以下几组句子的谓语结构：主动：He has repaired the machine for two hours. （他修理这台机器已有两小时了）被动： The machine has been repaired for two hours. （这台机器已修了两小时了） 2. 主动句：The teacher has borrowed the books. （老师把那些书借走了） 被动句：The books have been borrowed by the teacher. （那些书被老师借走了） 【本课重点】一、现在完成时被动语态的构成 1现在完成时被动语态的肯定式：由“have has been 及物动词的过去分词”构成。例如：Two windows have been broken两个窗子被打破了。2现在完成时被动语态的否定式：由“have has notbeen 及物动词的过去分词”构成。例如：The car has not been repaired这辆汽车还没有修好。3现在完成时被动语态的一般疑问式：由“Have Has 主语been及物动词的过去分词”构成。例如：Has her work been finished？她的工作完成了吗？ Yes，it has是的，完成了。Have the cars been repaired？这些汽车修好了吗？No，they havent不，还没有。现在完成时被动语态的特殊疑问式：由“疑问词havehas主语been及物动词的过去分词”构成。例如：How long has her work been finished？她的工作完成有多久了？Who has been helped by the new computer？谁已经得到了这台新计算机的帮助？How many new words have been learned by the students？这些学生已经学会了多少单词？二、现在完成时被动语态的主要用法1表示被动的动作发生在说话之前（即现在的过去），强调对现在造成的影响和结果。例如：The door has been locked门被锁上了。（结果是现在没有人能进去）2表示一个被动的动作或状态开始于过去，持续到现在，并可能将持续下去，常与for或since引导的时间状语连用，或用于How long？句型中。例如：They have been told about it for many times有人告诉他们这事很多次了。（可能还会有人告诉他们） How long has the machine been used？这机器使用有多久了？三、使用现在完成时的被动语态需要注意的问题1现在完成时的被动语态有两个助动词，即 have has和been，两者缺一不可。2注意与一般过去时被动语态的区别。一般过去时的被动语态表示一个被动的动作发生在过去某个时候，其结果对现在没有影响；而现在完成时被动语态的动作或状态尽管发生在过去，但侧重说明该动作或状态对现在造成的影响和结果。例如：The house was built last year这房子是去年建造的。 The house has been built这房子已经建好了。3由finish，buy，start，begin，post，return，borrow， join，marry，open等词构成的现在完成时的被动语态不能与表示一段时间的状语如for four days，how long等连用，而要改换动词或时态。例如：译：这本书买了多久了？误：How long has this book been bought？ 正：How long ago was this book bought？但这类动词的否定式可表示动作的持续过程，具有延续性，因而可与since或for引导的时间段连用。例如：No books have been bought since last week自上周以来，没有人来买过书。4短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在被动结构中要保持完整性，不可省略短语动词中的介词或副词。例如：The orphan has been well looked after这位孤儿一直受到很好的照顾。【巩固练习】1. No permission has _ for anybody to enter the building.A. been given B. gave C. given D. be give2. By 2003, 28 Chinese culture relics _ on World Heritage List by UNESCO.A. be placed B. placed C. have been placed D. have placed3. A lot of money _ to protect the old temple. A. have been spent B. has spent C. have spent D. has been spent4. The Summer Palace _ by so many tourists that some of the relics are not well protected.A. has been visited B. is visited C. to be visited D. visits5. The Great Wall _ many times in history.A. is rebuilt B. has been rebuilt C. been rebuilt D. rebuilt6. The Stonehenge _ existed for more than 3,000 years. A. is B. be C. has been D.has been7.How many times _ not to play with fire?Im sorry. Ill never do that again.A. do you tell B. had you told C. are you told D. have you been told 8. The fire _ to the fifth floor. _ all the people _? A. has got; Have; been saved B. has been got; Have; saved C. has got; Do; save D. has got; Have; saved9. Old paintings _ according to the descriptions.A. are carefully recreated B. have been carefully recreatedC. have be recreated D. been carefully recreated10. The ancient kings tomb _ by thieves.A. be stolen B. stole C. stolen D. has been stolen11. More visitors _ to Beijing since the repair project _.A. have brought; was completed B. have been brought; was completedC. have been brought; completed D. have brought; completed12. It is true that many of the worlds greatest cities _ on the banks of a river.A. have been built B. have built C. are being built D. were built13. Do you know the thief _ by the police? A. has caught B. has been catching C. was caught D. has been caught()14.A big cinema _ in our town next year. A.will build B.is built C.will be built D.has built()15.This book _ by a famous writer many years ago. A. writes B. is written C. was writenD. was written()16.In China the money _ to children for good luck by their parents or other senior in Spring Festival A.givesB.is givenC.are given D.give