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时态与语态一 一般现在时，表示现在经常性、习惯性的动作和状态，常见的时间状语包括sometimes, often, usually, always，occasionally, now and then,on weekends,on Sundays,every week/month/year等She always takes a walk in the evening. He often does his homework in his study.1. 一般现在时表示客观真理、科学事实及自然现象和谚语格言中，此用法即使出现在过去语境中，也用一般现在时。The moon goes around the earth.Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败He said the earth is round. 2.主句是一般将来时,由when，after, before, as soon as, the minute,whenever等引导的时间状语和由if, unless, so long as, once等引导的条件状语和however,even if等引导的让步状语从句中一般用一般现在时表示将来。如：lll go there after I finish my work. If it rains tomorrow,I wont go there. I will tell her when she comes tomorrow. Even if it rains tomorrow, the sports meeting will take place.3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动 作。例如：There goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。4. But for the fact that从句中，that 从句的谓语动词时态要根据句子谓语所表示的时间而定。 But for the fact that he is busy now, he would be here. But for the fact that you were ill, I would have had you print the papers. 二、一般过去时 表示过去的经常性、习惯性的动作或状态或者某个人过去的经历，与现在无关，常用的 时间状语有yesterday， the day before yesterday, an hour ago, the other day, last month/year, just now, in 1982, in the old days, in the past, when I was young, when I was in London,when I was a child等I received two letters last week.The Olympic Games were held in Beijing in 2008.When I was in Beijing, I often went to Beijing university. 1.表示某人过去的经历 1) - Have you graduated from the university? - Yes, I learned English for 4 years in the university. 2) - Have you finished your homework ? - Yes, I _(finish) it within hald an hour. 3) I _(be) in London for 10 years, but I have never regretted returning to China. 2. intend, wonder, think, realize等用过去时，表示说话人原来没有料到，打算，想到等 I thought you were a student. I didnt think /realize you failed again. I didnt intend to hurt you. 3. used to do sth/ would do sth 过去常常做某事 We used to spend our vacation in the mountains 4.句型 1）.It is (high) time sb did sth/ It is time that sb should do sth.某人该干某事了。 It is time you went to bed. 2) .Would rather sb did sth 宁愿某人做某事，用于对现在和将来时间的虚拟。 I would rather you came tomorrow/now. 3). Would/ should/ ought to/ could/ might/ neednt/ would like to have done sth, but句型中，but 后面的谓语动词需用一般过去时或过去进行时。a. He should have turned up but he had an unexpected visitor. b. - Did you attend the party?- I would have(attended the party) but I was busy. = I was busy otherwise/or I would have attended the party. = I had planned to attend the party but I was busy. = I was going to attend the party, but I was busy. 4). Would you mind if sb did sth? 如果干某事， 你介意吗？ Would you mind if I opened the door?三一般将来时/过去将来时 一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况。常见的时间状语有next, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in+时间段，before+ 时间点，in the future等.1. will/shall do sth 1） 表示事物的固有属性或者必然的趋势； Fish will die without water.2) will 表示将来，有时含偶然性和临时性决定的意思。 - Do you know Mr. Smith has come to our town? - No, I will go and visit him right now. 2. be going to do sth 1） 表示事先考虑过，计划打算做某事，注意区分一下will 表示临时性决定的用法。He is going to speak on Tv this evening.2） 表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain. 注意：was going to 表示过去本打算做某事，但未做 -Tom, you didnt come to the party last night? - I was going to, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do. 3. be doing sth 有些动词如come, go, arrive,leave,begin, start, return等，其现在进行时表示按计划、安排近期将要发生的动作。Im leaving for Beijing next month. 4. be about to do sth/ be on the point of doing sth (when) “即将干某事(这是突然)”该结构不与具体的时间状语连用，但可以和并列连词when连用。The train is about to start.The plan is on the point of taking off. 5. 某些动词的一般现在时可以表示计划、安排将要做的事情，此种用法常常用于火车时刻、飞机时刻、电影开演、作息安排等时刻表上。 We must hurry up. The first class begins at 8 oclock. The train leaves at 5 and arrives at 8.6. be to do sth 1).表示按计划或安排要做的事She is to get married next month. 注意：were/was to have done sth 表示未曾实现的计划。 We were to have told you, but you were not in. 2) 表示“应该”，相当于should, ought to. You are to report it to the police. 3) 表示“想，打算”, 相当于intend, want. If we are to be there before ten, well have to go now.四现在进行时am/is /are doing sth 表示说话时正在发生的动作，有时也表示一段时间内持续进行的动作，常见的时间状语为: now, at present, these days等 I am writing a novel these days. Im doing a word puzzle in this newspaper.1) 与always, constantly, continually, forever, all the time 等连用，带有厌恶、批评、不喜欢、赞扬等感情色彩。You are always putting your things around.He is always helping others. 2) 下列四类动词一般不用现在进行时 感觉类：look, smell, feel, sound, taste,see, hear等 The soup tastes good. 情感类：like,love, prefer, admire, hate, fear, adore等 I love my dad and mum. 心态类：wish. Hope, want, need, believe, understand, agree, know, remember, forget 等 I dont believe my eyes. 存在状态类：appear, lie, remain, belong, have 等 Those books belong to Mr. Li. 3) 延续性动作用进行体，短暂性动作用一般体，一个延续性动作为背景，被一个短暂性动作打断 My brother fell while he was riding his bike and hurt himself. As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep.五过去进行时 was/were doing sth 表示过去某一时间或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。1. - Is there anything Wrong Bob? You look sad.- Oh, nothing much. In fact I was just thinking of my friend back home. 2. - Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on. - Where was I? - You were saying you didnt like your fathers job. 3. - Hey, look where you are going? - Oh, Im terribly sorry. I wasnt noticing. 六将来进行时 will be doing sth 表示将来某时正在进行的动作或者存在的状态。 1). Doctor Wang will be giving another talk on this subject at the same time next week. 2). This time tomorrow I will be watching you play on TV. 3). Dont telephone me after 8- I will be having a meeting. 七现在完成时 have/has done sth 表示过去某个动作已经完成，或者过去开始的动作一直延续到现在，强调对现在的影响，常见的时间状语有for, since+过去时间，since then, ever since, so far, by now/ until now/ up to now, lately/recently, in the past/last (ten years), 还有already,just, yet,never ever,still等常跟现在完成时连用。 In the past few years, great changes have taken place in my hometown. He has written 8 books so far. I have already seen the film.They have worked here since they left college.By now/Until now/ Up to now, I has remembered 3000 English words. 1). 在“最高级+名词”的句子中用用现在完成时 This is the best tea( that) I have ever drunk. This is the best film I have ever seen. 2). It/This is the first/secondtime(that) sb have done sth 某人第几次做某事This is the first time (that) I have come here. 3) It+ has been/is +一段时间 + since sb did sth 表示动作从终止已经多久了。 It has been five years since he lived here. 他不在这工作已经5年了。 It has been five years since he began to work here. 他在这工作已经五年了。 It has been 3 years since he smoked. 他不吸烟已经三年了。 4). have/has gone to到某地去了,还未回来have/has been to曾经到过某地,人已回来Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai.She has been there.5).非延续性动词连用，即瞬间动词，join, lose, buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, finish, complete, begin, start, break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如他参军已经三年了可采用:1）“ago法”：He joined the army three years ago.2）“延续法”：He has served in the army for three years. He has been a soldier for 3 years. He has been in the army for 3 years.3）“since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army.翻译：他和玛丽结婚已经三年了延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换：结婚 marry- be married 借 borrow -keep;买buy- have 离开leave -be away死亡die - be dead; 结束 finish end stop-be over生病fall ill -be ill； 起床 get up - be up； 感冒catch get a cold- have a cold； 来/去come/go here -be here/there； 成为become - be； 回来come back- be back； 睡着fall asleep - be asleep； 到达get to/ arrive/reach - be (in)； 认识get to know - know； 出去 go (get) out -be out； 穿 put on - wear； 去国外 go abroad - be abroad; 醒 wake up - be awake 关闭 turn off - be off 打开 turn on - be on 动身 leave for- be off for 睡觉 go to sleep - be asleep 打开/关闭open/close sth -keep sth open/closed；参加join - be in+组织机构或be a member of+组织机构；上学go to school - be in schoolbe a student;交朋友make friends with -be friends with丢失lose -be lost be missing be gone; 失业lose ones job work-be out of work a job等 八过去完成时 had done sth 表示“过去的过去”，必须找过去的时间作为参照点，常见的时间状语有 before，by+过去时间, by the end of + 过去时间， by the time + 过去时间, by then, until then等。He had learned some English before she came to the institute.He said that he had been abroad for 3 years. By 1998，he had studied French for 2 years. By the end of last year, I had remembered 5000 words.By then he had learned English for 3 years.Until then he had known nothing about it yet. By the time he arrived home, his mother had cooked supper for him. By the time he was 12 years old, he had built a lab for himself. 1). 表示愿望、打算的词 如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, wish, suppose 等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai. I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at that moment.2) . Hardly/ Scarcely/ Barely had sb done sth when.; No sooner had sb done sth than.一 就 Hardly had I gone out when it began to rain.3) It was the first time( that) sb had done sth 这是某人第几次干某事 It was the first time he had been to the Great Wall. 九. 现在完成进行时 have/has been doing sth (过去现在将来) 用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（或今后还要继续一去）的动作。例如： He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00. It has been raining for two days.十将来完成时 will have done sth By + 现在时间 have/has done sth By + 过去时间 had done sth By+ 将来时间 will have done 1). By the year of 2019, we will have entered the university.2). By the time my father comes back, I will have finished the work.比较：By the time my father came back, I had finished the work. By now, I have finished 5000 English words. 十一.易混时态的区别1. 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别问题这两个时态的动作都发生在过去，但现在完成时着重说明的是这个过去发生的动作同现在的关系、对现在产生的结果或影响等，所以，它不能和表示过去时间的状语连用；而一般过去时只着重说明这个动作是在过去某时发生的，并不表示这个过去的动作同现在的关系，更谈不上什么结果和影响，所以，它可以和表示过去时间的状语连用。例如：(1) I lived in Beijing for five years between 1991 and 1996. (2) I have lived in Beijing for 5 years so far. 典型例题1 - Nice to see you back! How long _ you _ in Russia? - 4 months. A. did; stay B. have; stayed C. have; been staying D. do; stay典型例题2 - Have you graduated from Beijing University? - Yes. I _ there for 4 years. A. have studied B. studied C. had studied D. have been studying 参考答案：AB2. 一般过去时与过去完成时的区别问题这两个时态都和现在没有关系，都表示过去的动作。但一般过去时只涉及一个纯过去的动作；而过去完成时指的是相对于过去的某一特定时间，更早发生的动作。即过去完成时至少涉及两个动作。以下几个例句均是过去完成时的典型句例。When I got to the party, many of them had left for home. When he was ready to hand in his test paper, the teacher had left. The tickets for the fashion show had been sold out before I heard about it.典型例题1 - Was Tom there when you arrived? - Yes, but he _ home soon afterwards. A. had gone B. has gone C. is going D. went 典型例题2 The traffic accident wouldnt have happened yesterday, but the driver _ really careless. A. had been B. is C. were D. was 典型例题3 - The returned Chinese scholar has become one of the top experts in this field. - Yes. I know him very well. He _ in Africa with wild animals for eight years. A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. has been working 参考答案：DDC 3. 一般现在时与现在进行时的区别问题 尽管两个时态所表示的动作都发生在现在，但是一般现在时强调的是一种“常态”，一种没有时间阶段特征的、稳定的状态。而现在进行时则表示的是现在所处的状态，不能保证过去是否这样，也不能保证以后怎样，有明显的阶段性。例如： I work in New York. 我在纽约工作。（表示我的固定工作地点就是纽约。）I am working in New York. 我正在纽约工作。（表示这一段时间，我在纽约上班。可能听话人知道说话人以前并不在那里工作。而说话人本人对以后的工作地点也没有把握。）典型例题1 I _ ping-pang quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year. A. played B. will play C. have played D. play 典型例题2 - Your son looks too thin for his age. - He could have gained more weight. But he _ much. A. isnt eating B. doesnt eat C. havent eaten D. hadnt eaten 参考答案：DB4.一般过去时与过去进行时的区别问题尽管二者所表示的动作都发生在过去，但一般过去时着重强调汇报过去做过什么事情，是有结果的。而过去进行时仅表示过去某一点时间上，一个动作正在进行，有什么样的结果不得而知。例如：Tyson wrote three letters last night. (表示太森写了三封信，暗指都已写完。)Tyson was writing a letter last night. (表示我只是见他写信来着，其他就不知道了。)典型例题1 The reporter said that the UFO _ east to west when he saw it. A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel 典型例题2 - Has your brother finished with that book? - I have no idea. He _ it last night. A. read B. was reading C. have read D. had been read 参考答案：AB 5.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别问题have done与have been doing看起来差不多，其实，他们的侧重点不一样。现在完成时侧重指已有的结果或已有的影响；而现在完成进行时则强调过程。例如：I have repaired your car.（强调你的车修好了，你可以开走了。）I have been repairing your car.(强调我一直在给你修车，所以很累或没做其他事。)典型例题- You havent finished your homework yet, havent you? - No, I _ it the whole morning. A. have been doing B. have done C. had done D. did参考答案：A 6. 过去完成时与现在完成时的区别这两种时态都常与表示一段时间的状语连用，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作（句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语），而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作（句中可有表示过去特定时间的状语）。比较下面的说法：She had been ill for a week before she came back.(“回来”发生在过去某一时间，“生病”发生在这一时间之前，即过去的过去。)She has been ill for a week.(现在仍然病着)十二. 动词时态的呼应1. 主句是一般将来时,由when，after, before, as soon as, the minute, whenever等引导的时间状语和由if, unless, so long as, once等引导的条件状语和however, even if等引导的让步状语从句中一般用一般现在时(现在完成时)表示将来。Whatever you say, I will not change my mind. I will go with you as soon as I have finished my book. 2. 含宾语从句的时态一致的问题 1）如果主句的谓语为现在时或者将来时，宾语从句的谓语从句的谓语可以不受影响。 He says his father is/was/will be a teacher. They will tell you that they are living/lived/ will live/ have lived in Shanghai. 2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词一般需用过去的某种时态，即一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去完成进行时，过去将来时，过去将来进行时等。 I was sure he was in bed. He thought he was working for the people. I wondered if she had got well. He wanted to know what she had been doing. I hoped I would find a job soon. I thought she would be going by bus. 语态一被动语态的构成 现在 过去 将来 过去将来一般am/is /are done Was/were done Will/shall be done Would/should be done 进行am/is /are being doneWas/were being done -完成have/has been doneHad been done Will/shall have been done Would/should have been done 完成进行have/has been being done had been being done -2.被动语态的用法1）不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没必要指明谁是动作的执行者。 - The window is dirty. - I know. It hasnt been cleaned for weeks.2) 需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身，如;All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.3) 在文章标题、广告、新闻中Girls wanted! 找女工！Five-year-old Boy Kidnapped!五岁的男童遭到绑架。4）当动作的执行者不是人时。 The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded to eat more fruit and vegetables. 注意：1) 被动结构中切不可丢掉后面的介词或者副词。 That old man was often laughed at . Bad habits have been done away with. The plan will be given up. 2) “get+过去分词”可以表示被动 She got married last week. The patient got treated once a week. He fell off the car and got killed. 3.主动形式表被动意义：1). 表示状态特征的系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, prove, appear构成的系表结构。例如：Your excuse sounds good but it cant be true. Jack proved (to be) a good tour guide during the long journey. The soup smells perfect but tastes terrible. 2). 表示主语某种属性、特征的动词如read, write, sell, act, wash, clean, wear, open, lock, shut, dry等, 常与well 和 easily连用。例如： Shakespeares books sell well. 莎士比亚的书卖的很不错。 This kind of material washes easily, so it saves much water. 这种布料很容易洗，所以能节约不少水。 Dont waste your time. The door doesnt lock at all. 别浪费时间了，这门根本锁不上。 This coat dries easily. 这件外套容易干。 Nylon cleans easily. 尼龙容易洗干净。 Your speech reads well. 你的演讲讲得很好。 This material has worn thin. 这个材料已经磨薄了。 The match wont catch.这根火柴擦不着。 The plan worked out wonderfully. 这项计划进展得很好。3). Sth need/want/require doing to be done. Your desk needs tidying. 你的课桌该整理了。 This kind of flowers requires watering every morning. 这种花需要每天早晨浇。4). be (well) worthdoing表示被动意义。例如： This movie is well worth seeing a second time. 这部电影很值得再看一遍。 Your proposal is worth considering. 你的提议值得考虑。5).不定式在某些形容词之后，且与主语有动宾关系，要用不定式的主动式表被动。常见形容词有：hard/difficult, easy, light, heavy, pleasant, dangerous, comfortable, convenient, impossible等，例如： I have lots of work to do this week. Have you got anything to say at the meeting? This question is easy to work out. English is hard to learn. The river is dangerous to swim in. The chair is comfortable to sit on. 6). 有两个特殊的单词，be to blame for (应该为负责), to let（待出租），它们两个经常用主动表被动形式。例如：Your husband is to blame for your spoiled child. 你们的孩子被宠坏了，你丈夫难辞其咎。 The house is to let not for sale. 这房子是出租的，不卖。7）“介词in, on, under 等名词”构成介词短语表示被动意义。 under control 受控制 under treatment 在治疗中 under repair 在修理中 under discussion 在讨论中 under construction 在施工中 beyond belief 令人难以置信 beyond ones reach 够不着 beyond ones control 无法控制 for sale 待售 for rent 出租 in print 已出版 in sight 在视野范围之内 on sale 出售 on show/display/exhibition 展出 on trial 受审 out of control 控制不了 out of sight 超出视线之外 out of ones reach够不着 out of fashion/out of date/ out of style 不流行 8）英语中有些不及物动词和短语永远没有被动，只可以用主谓结构 如： last 持续 arise（问题困难的）出现 happen/ occur/take place/ come about 发生 run out 用光 break out 爆发 date back to 追溯到 belong to 属于 exist存在 The rain lasts three days. Use this money when the need arises. Great changes have happened/ taken place in China in the past ten years. My money has run out. A fire breaks out during the night. This dress dates back to the 19th century. The car belonging to me is made in Germany. Many strange phenomena exist in the world. 做题的方法：1. 看时间是发生在现在还是过去2.看动作是完成还是没有完成3.看语态是主动还是被动 12
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