基础英语第三单元答案

基础英语第三单元课后习题答案Text comprehensionI. AII. 1. F; 2. T; 3. T; 4. T; 5. F.III. 1. See Paragraph 1. people rushing into elevators without giving those inside a chance to get off first, never saying “Thank you” when others hold a door open for them, or “Please” when they want a coworker to hand them something, never giving a wave or nod of appreciation when another motorist lets them pull out into traffic.2. See paragraph 4, example and panache. A gracious manner not only sets an excellent example for your children and grandchildren but it adds priceless panache to your image.3. See para.5, a recipe. The note was lovely enough, but even lovelier was the fact that the guest had also included a recipe for a dish Id complimented her on at an earlier gathering.4. See para.7, “Excuse me”. Just as powerful as a thank-you note is the simple phrase “Excuse me.”5. See para.9, we love the most. Thats where it counts the most because those are the people we love the most.6. See para. 11. She wishes that everyone would catch them.IV. 1. A gracious manner makes you look much more stylish, charming and admirable, contributing invaluably to your image.2. I am sure that to finish writing a thank-you note will not take my guest too much time.3. It made most of your irritation disappear.4. Being punctual has always been considered a virtue, both in the past and at present; it has not become outdated.5. You shouldnt accept the other persons presence without thinking of how much it means to you.6. Good manners are easy to catch.Structural analysis of the textI. Vocabulary AnalysisI. Phrase practice1. get away from sth. = become different from what it should be like 偏离了以往的规范2. giving a wave or nod of appreciation = displaying gratitude by waving a hand or nodding the head 招手或点头以表示感谢pull out into traffic =move out onto the main road 从路侧驶入车流3. matter very much = be of great significance4on the receiving end =who receives the thank-you remark 接收方；5. go a long way = produce a far-reaching effect 有长远的影响II.1. punctuality; 2. routine; 3. infectious; 4. bet; 5. terrific; 6. board; 7. valued; 8. count; 9. cherishes; 10. irritations.III.1.matter: to be important, or to affect what happenshappen: when something happens, there is an event, especially one that is not plannedcare: if you care about something, you feel that it is important and are concerned about itmind: to take care of someone or something2. hurry: to do something or go somewhere more quickly than usual, especially because there is not much timerush: if you rush somewhere, you go there quicklyhasten: you hasten something by acting in order to make it happen soonerquicken: to become quicker or make something quicker3. copartner: a joint partner (as in a business enterprise)coworker: your coworker is someone you work with, especially people on the same job or project as youcolleague: your colleagues are the people you work with, especially in a professional jobcooperative: a business or organization owned equally by all the people working there4. pull up: the driver stops the car, often for a short timepull out: a vehicle starts moving onto a road or onto a different part of the roadpull off: to drive a car off a road in order to stop, or to turn into a smaller roadpull down: to earn a particular amount of moneye.g. He is pulling down $5,000 a year.5. manner: the way in which people behave and talk when they are with other people, for example whether they are polite, confident or bad-temperedbehaviour: the thing that a person or animal doesact: something that you doway: the ways of a particular person or group of people are their customs or their usual behavior6.graceful: behave in a pleasant waygracious: behaving in a polite, kind, and generous way, especially to people of a lower rankgrateful: wish to thankgrand: splendid in style and appearance; attracting admiration and attention7. menu: a list of all the kinds of food that are available for a meal, especially in a restaurantcookbook: a book that contains recipes for preparing foodrecipe: a set of instructions for cooking a particular type of foodingredient: a food that is used with other foods in the preparation of a particular dish8. huge: extremely large in size, amount, or degree enormous: emphasizing the great degree or extent of somethingvast: extremely bigcolossal: used to emphasize that something is extremely largeIV.1. compliment: praise insincerely as an empty formality or self-interested gesture.a. praised; b. compliment; c. praise; d. complimented.2. appreciate: be thankful or grateful; like or value something.a. appreciated; b. enjoyed; c. enjoying; d. appreciated.3. precious: valuable, rare, important. Priceless: worth a lot of money.a. priceless; b. priceless; c. precious; d. precious.4. notice: take in a small detail.a. see; b. notice; c. see; d. noticdV. Synonym / AntonymGive synonyms or antonyms of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.1. never giving a wave or nod of appreciation when another motorist lets them pull out into traffic.Synonyms: thanks, recognition2. In our laziness we think that something like a simple “Thank you” doesnt really matter.Antonyms: activeness, liveliness, briskness, eagerness3. We cant be truly stylish without good manners.Synonyms: fashionable, graceful, elegant4. Havent you noticed that the kindest, most generous people seem to keep getting prettier?Antonyms: selfish, mean, ungenerous5. A gracious manner not only sets an excellent example for your children and grandchildren but it adds panache to your image.Synonyms: nice, courteous, polite, friendly6. I know we all have busy lives.Antonyms: leisurely, relaxed, idle, unoccupied, lazy7. But when someone does stop and turn around and genuinely apologizes, doesnt it melt awaymost if not all of the irritation you felt?Synonyms: annoyance, vexation, displeasure, dissatisfaction8. And punctuality is not a thing of the past, either.Antonyms: promptness, timekeeping, reliability4. Word derivation Fill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate form of the given capitalized word in the brackets.1.The next-door neighbours are so unfriendly that we have stopped trying to talk to them. (friend)2.Yes, I can speak a little Spanish because I spent some of my boyhood in Spain. (boy)3.The doctor dealt with the hysterical patient with understanding. (understand)4.Theres a reception at the British Embassy tonight. (receive)5.The disappearance of the money from the cash-box shows that somebody in this office is a thief. (appear)6.You must accept the decision of the committee. (decide)7.Tom and Tim are twin brothers. They look exactly alike, （动名词短语独立结构）differing only in height. (difference)8.To relieve the traffic congestion, the government has built several elevated roads in the city. (elevator).1. friend (n.) 朋友，友人，支持者friendly (adj.&adv.) 友好的，友善的friendship (n.) 友谊，友好friendliness (n.) 友好，亲切friendless (adj.) 没有朋友的，无依无靠的unfriendly (adj.) 不友好的，有敌意的2. boy (n.) 男孩， 儿子，男服务员boyish (adj.) 像男孩子的boyhood (n.) 少年时代boylish (adj.) 男孩样的，很帅气的boyishness (n.) 少年，幼稚，孩子气3. understand (v.) 理解，懂，听说，获悉understanding (n.) 了解，理解，个人见解，非正式协议understandingly (adv.) 谅解地understandable (adj.) 可理解的，能够懂的understandability (n.) 易懂性，可理解性understandableness (n.) 不可理解misunderstand (v.) 误会，误解misunderstanding (n.) 误会，误解4. receive （v.）收到，接到，受到received (adj.) 被一般承认的，公认的receiving (n.) 接收，买卖赃物receiver (n.) 接收器，收款员，接待者，听筒receivable (adj.) 可收到的，应收的receivability (n.) 可以接受，可接纳5. appear （v.）出现，显得，出版，抵达appearance (n.) 外表，外貌出场，露面，出现disappear (v.) 消失，不见disappearance (n.) 消失6. decide （v.）决定，判断decided (adj.) 确定的，坚决的decision (n.) 决定，决策decisiveness (n.) 坚决，果断decisive (adj.) 决定性的7. difference (n.) 差异，分歧，差额，不同different (adj.) 不同的，差异的differ (v.) 不同，相异，有区别differential (adj.) 差别的，特定的，微分的differentiate (v.) 识别，使差异，求导数，区分differentiation (n.) 区别，分化，变异8. elevator (n.) 电梯，飞机升降陀elevate (v.) 举起，提拔，素养提升，鼓舞elevation (n.) 海拔，提拔，提高elevatory (adj.) 向上举的，升高的II Grammar Exercise1. more than constructionYou can use “a little”, “ a lot”, “a bit”, “a great deal”, “any”, “far”, “ even” “still”, and “much” in front of more than construction.2. as ss construction as +adjective / adverb + as. You can use “just”, “almost”, “nearly” , “quite” in front of as as construction,3. the mostthree or more than three people or things are compared.The negative form of the superlative construction is the least.I.II. 1. older than;2. more interested;3. as crowded as;4. as pale as;5. more exciting than;6. as complicated as;7. easier than;8. as expensive as;9. more selective;10. nicer;11. as unlucky as;12. more difficult.III.1. stronger;2. more noisy;3. more expensive;4. more difficult;5. happier;6. younger;7. more often;8. further;9. more exciting;10. louder.IV. Use superlatives or comparatives of the adjectives given to complete the sentences.1. I prefer this chair to the other one. Its _more_comfortable_ (comfortable).2. Thats _the_funniest_ (funny) joke I have ever heard.3. Now Ive realized that giving up my job is _the_worst_ (bad) mistake I have ever made.4. more serious;5. the most popular;6. quieter;7. the most beautiful;8. healthier;9. the least honorable;10. less challenging, least challenging.V.1. elder: older;2. eldest: oldest;3. older and elder are both right;4. further and farther are both right;5. farther: further;6. more an: a more;7. better;8. right.III. Translation exercisesI. Translation from English into Chinese.1. 譬如， 我在纽约就看到这样的差别，与我20多年前刚搬来时大不相同了：人们蜂拥走进电梯，却没有让电梯里面的人先出来；别人为他们开门时，从来不说“谢谢”；需要同事给他们递东西时，从来不说“请”；当其他开车人为他们让道时，也从不挥手或点头表示谢意。2. 难道你没有注意到那些最和蔼、最慷慨的人似乎越来越漂亮吗？3. 那封短信已经够可爱的了，然而更加可爱的是这位客人还在信中附上了一道小菜的制作方法，那是在前一次聚会时我对她大加赞赏的一道菜。4. 准时赴约和他人共进午餐是向对方表示：我们珍惜自己的时间，也同样珍惜他/她的时间。IITranslation from Chinese into English.1. I am sorry I am late, but I was at a meeting and couldnt get away.2. 在音乐会上，歌手每唱完一首美妙动听的歌曲，观众便高声喝彩表示欣赏。（appreciation）At the concert, whenever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation.3. 她是个穿着时髦的人，但对饮食很少讲究。(stylish)She is always wearing stylish clothes, but seldom cares about what she eats or drinks.4. The nurse told me that the doctors had done wonders for your heart disease.5. 主席颁奖时赞美获奖者为人类做出了巨大贡献。(compliment)When awarding the prize, the chairman comlimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6This problem has bothered the experts for many years.7. The crowd of demonstrators melted away when the police arrived.8. Since punctuality is such a good habit, we should pay close attention to it and make every effort to cultivate it.9. The old man cherishes that girl, as if she were his own daughter.10. 这只是例行的体格检查，无须太紧张。(routine)It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.IV. Exercises for integrated skills1. DictationMothers Day is celebrated / on the second Sunday in May. / On this occasion, / Mother usually receives greeting cards and gifts / from her husband and children. / For most mothers, / the rarest and best gift / is a day of rest. / Often, / families honor Mother / by taking her out for dinner. / In some households / the husband and children / take over meal preparations / so that Mom can spend a whole day / away from the kitchen. / Serving her breakfast in bed / is another family ritual. / Later in the day, / parents may take their children / to visit their grandparents. / Flowers are an important part of the day. / Mothers are often given corsages / for the occasion, / particularly if they are elderly.2. ClozeFill in each blank in the passage below with ONE word you think appropriate.It is sometimes said that the English are a polite people. This can make life (1) difficult for foreigners. Suppose a foreign boy asks an English girl to go out with him and she says “(2) If I finish my work, Ill meet you in the restaurant at 7 oclock.” Is she saying “yes” or “no” to his (3) invitation?In grammatical terms she is using the conditional structure. (4) By using the conditional, speakers of English (5) avoid using a direct “yes” or “no” answer to a question. Often this is very useful. It (6) enables people to be diplomatic. If the girl didnt want to go with the boy she wont (7) turn up at the restaurant. She will let him suppose she is still working. If she wanted to go out with him, but didnt want to appear too (8) easy to catch, she has achieved that with her reply. (9) But in this case, as she used the first conditional (if + present simple + future) which indicates probability, she is quite (10) likely to turn up at the restaurant. Being polite can sometimes make life very complicated.Hints:1) difficult: Here you can use a word meaning “hard”. According to the following example, we dont know whether the girl will go the restaurant or not, so this answer is difficult to be understood. 2) if: A word leading adverbial clause is needed here.3) invitation: The boy wants to ask the girl out. This is an invitation.4) by: You need a preposition here to show that your action can enable you to achieve something.5) avoid: Here you need a word to mean that you choose not to do something (say “yes” or “no”).6) enables: Here you need a word to show that the conditional structure gives the sparkers of English the opportunity to be diplomatic.7) turn: This word collocates with “up” to mean “appear”.8) easy: It is hard to guess what the real answer is from the girl. Why does she behave like this?9) but: Here you need a word to show the change in meaning.10) likely: Here you need word meaning “probably”.V. Oral activities1. Giving a talkOn the basis of your own life experiences, give a talk on the significance of saying “Thank you” to others who have done you a favor, helped you, or cooperated with you.Probably you could begin your talk with “I am always ready to help others. As I dont care whether those I help say Thank you to me or not, I usually take it for granted that my parents, teachers, classmates, or friends should help me without expecting me to say Thanks to them. Now I have come to realize how much difference a simple Thank you can make.”Reference:1) You may use the following words or expressions in your talk:appreciation, compliment, grateful, genuinely, cherish, gracious, look good, from the bottom of ones heart, hidden beauty, in a great mood2) You may want to express the viewpoints as follows: Saying “Thank you” can sincerely show your appreciation to the person who helps you. Saying “Thank you” is a positive feedback. The person you thanked may feel rewarding. Saying “Thank you” may show your inner quality.2. Having a discussionChina is a country known for good manners, but we can still find some people being impolitein their speech and behavior. In groups of four or five exchange examples of bad manners you have seen in your daily life and discuss the importance of practicing social etiquette if we want to attain harmony in our lives.Reference:1) You may want to give some examples of bad manners as follows:using dirty words in speech, spitting everywhere, littering, graffito, defacing public property 2) You may want to express the following viewpoints: From the perspective of an individual, social etiquette is an important indication of onesinner quality. From the perspective of a country or a nation, etiquette is a significant indication of a nations social outlook, moral standards, level of civilization, characteristics of culture and qualities of its citizens.VI. Writing PracticeCoordinating Conjunctions 并列连词subject + subject, verb + verb, object+ object, and sentence + sentence. 复合成分compound elements.There are seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet: FANBOYS. F = for; A = and; N = nor; B = but; O = or; Y = yet; S = so.PracticeFill in the blanks with appropriate coordinating conjunctions.1. Make haste, _or_ youll be late.2. Be confident in your voice and _ have faith in your ideas.3. I could say NO while waiting for the perfect opportunity, _ but _ Id rather say YES to a wonderful learning experience.4. I dont want to go, nor will I.5. My net pal and I have not seen each other in the flesh, yet / but the connection is strong, constant, and sincere.6. He lied to the court not just once but on several occasions.7. There are two ways of meeting difficulties. You alter the difficulties or you alter yourself to meet them.8. Our supplies will decrease, so customers must conserve energy sensibly.9. Id like to help you but I dont understand myself.10. Man is the only animal that laughs and weeps, for he is the only animal that is struck with the difference between what things are and what they might have been.VII. Listening ExercisesGreetings Around the WorldThere are many ways to greet people.A. You are going to hear a few examples from some countries. March the greetings with the countries.1. a bow e, g a. Brazilb. Canada2. a hug a, i c. Egyptd. India3. the salaam f, j e. Japanf. Jordan4. the namaste or wai d, k g. Koreah. Mexico5. a strong, short handshake b, l i. Russiaj. Saudi Arabia6. a softer, longer handshake c, h k. Thailandl. the United StatesB. Listen again. Describe the following gestures by completing the following statements.1. People bow to show respect . When you bow in Japan, you dont look directly at the other persons eye . When you bow in Korea, its important to see the other persons face_.2. A hug is usually between good friends . It doesnt matter whether they are men or women .3. The salaam is most popular with older and more traditional people. To give a salaam, first touch your heart , then your forehead . Then your hand moves up , away from your head. When people use this greeting, they say, “ Peace be with you .”4. To give a namaste or wai, you put your hands high on the chest , and you bow slightly . It is not only a greeting, it also means “ Thank you ” and “ Im sorry .”5. Handshakes in the United States and Canada are strong and short . Handshakes in Mexico and Egypt usually last a little longer , but they are softer .TapescriptGreetings Around the WorldThere are many ways to greet people.Number 1: A bowMan: Around the world, there are many different ways to greet people. Bowing is the traditional way of greeting in Northeast Asian countries like Korea and Japan. In Japan, when you bow, you dont look directly at the other persons eyes. But in Korea its important to see the other persons face when you bow. In both countries, people bow to show respect. Traditionally, Japanese bows where the left hand covers the right hand are more polite than when the right hand covers the left. This is because, in the days when people used swords, the right hand was used for fighting. The left hand covering the right symbolizes ones stopping ones own stronger hand. Some companies such as airlines still teach their employees to bow in this way.Number 2: A hugWoman: When good frie