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中考专题复习（专题一：名词）1、 知识点汇总 名词名词分为普通名词和专有名词。普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。专有名词：表示特定的人、地方、专门机构或团体等名称的词，如：Tom, Beijing, University, New York, The Comunist Party of China【名词的数】一、 可数名词 一般是个体名词，如a boy(一个男孩)，集体名词a family(一个家庭)，可数名词在句子中必须有头或是有尾，头就是a，one，an或物主代词；尾就是复数形式。规则复数变化形式： 情况构成方法例词一般情况加-sbookbooksbagbagskeykeys以o结尾的表示有生命的名词加-estomatotomatoespotatopotatoes以s，sh，ch，x等结尾的名词加-esbusbuseswatchwatchesboxboxes以ce，se，ze，（d）ge等结尾的名词加-scasecasesorangeoranges以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词变y为i，再加-esfamilyfamiliespartyparties以f或fe结尾的名词变f或fe为v，再加-esknifeknivesleafleaves 不规则复数变化形式：变内部元音字母foot-feet, man-men, tooth- teeth, mouse-mice, goose-geese词尾加enChild-children, ox-oxen单复数同形fish, sheep, deer, means, Chinese特殊的复数形式:1）集体名词：集体名词不能运用具体的数字修饰，下面的集体名词，不能用a，one，two等修饰，只能在其前加the表示“全体”。the police警察(指全体警察) the French法国人(指全体法国人) 2）复合名词a woman teacherwomen teachers女教师 an EnglishmanEnglishmen英国男子a grown-upgrown-ups成人 a passer-bypassers-by过路人a brother-in-lawbrothers-in-law内兄、内弟、小叔、大伯3）某国人变复数 a Chinese-Chinese; a Japanese-Japanese; an Englishman-Englishmen; a Frenchman-Frenchmen; a German-Germans; an American-Americans; an Australian-Australians ; an Indian-Indians ； German-Germans4) 特殊形式a. 以s 结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：maths, politics, physics, newsb. 复数形式有时可表示特别意义的单词，如：woods 森林 goods 货物 waters 水域 fishes 各种鱼【练习】map brother radio photo bus day teacher box fish size baby story play potato child watch 二、不可数名词专有名词：NBA全美篮球协会 Michael Jackson 迈克杰克逊 the West Lake西湖物质名词：液体：milk water tea coffee juice oil肉类：beef chicken mutton pork天气：weather rain snow wind light 其他：news bread grass等抽象名词：fun love luck duty kindness善良happiness幸福progress进步用法：1）常用some/ any/much/a little/ little/ a lot of等来修饰。e. g.: some bread much meat 2)如果表示具体的量，需借助量词。如：a bottle of orange two bags of rice two kilos of meat a piece of bread【注意】有些不可数的物质名词有复数形式，但表达不同意义。有些词表示该物质的种类可数，表示泛指的不可数tea different kinds of teas 不同种类的茶food 食品 all kinds of foods 各种各样的食品fruit 水果 all kinds of fruits 各种各样的水果glass 玻璃 a glass 一个玻璃杯 glasses 眼镜、玻璃杯【名词作定语】1) 用复数作定语。 如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2）有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 如：goods train 货车 arms produce武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷3) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如a ten-mile walk 十里路 a five-year plan一个五年计划【职业名词】 a动词er，构成的职业名称最多，意为“家人”等。如：teach（教）teacher work（工作）workerplay（打球等）player dance（跳舞）dancer，etcb名词（多为自然学科）ist，可构成“家”等。如：art（艺术；美术）artist（艺术家；画家）chemistry（化学）（ ）化学家physics（物理）physicist（物理学家） science（科学）（ ）科学家）c名词ian，构成“家员”等。如：music（音乐；乐曲）musician library（图书馆）（ ）图书管理员d名词man或woman，构成“人员”等。如：police（警务）policemanpolicewoman business（生意）（ ）商人sports（运动）sportsman（运动员） post（邮递）（ ）邮递员）【名词的格】1)表示有生命的东西的名词所有格。一般在单数或复数名词后加s。如：Toms chair； the childrens bedroom以s结尾的复数名词后直接加“”。如：the students reading room并列名词 表示各自所属时，在两个名词之后都加s；w表示共同所属时。在最后一个名词后加s。如：Tom and Mikes father 汤姆和迈克的父亲(俩人共有的父亲) Toms and Mikes fathers 汤姆的父亲和迈克的父亲（俩人各自的父亲）表示店铺，某人的家，私人开的诊所、餐馆等，其所有格后的名词(如shop等)可以省略。如： at Toms 在汤姆家里 at the tailors在裁缝店 at a chemists在药店 2)表示无生命的东西的名词的所有格，常常用“of+名词”的形式。如：the covers of the book(s)书的封面 a photo of my family一张我家的全家福注意：表示有生命东西的名词，如果名词较长或名词的定语较长也可用“of+名词”的形式。如：the works of Lu Xun, Lao She and Mao Dun the founding of the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国的成立表示时间、距离及某些惯用语等名词，可用s。如：yesterdays newspaper昨天的报纸 five minutes drive开车五分钟的路程of短语所表示的是修饰名词的具体内容或材料。如： a map of the world 世界地图 a ring of gold 金戒指 某些习惯用法中of短语不能替换s结构。如： teachers office 教师办公室 childrens book 儿童读物3)双重所有格 : 其结构为“of+名词s”。被修饰的名词前有不定冠词，指示代词，不定代词或数词等时要用名词的双重所有格。如：an old friend of my fathers（one of my fathers friends）我爸爸的老朋友之一比较：a photo of my fathers我父亲的一张照片 a photo of my father我父亲的照片 2、 典型例题1名词的各种分类（ ）1.There is good_ for you. Ive found your lost watch.A. news B. ideas C. messages D. thoughts（ ）2.My uncle will come to my house for dinnerI want to buy some _to make a vegetable salad for himAmeat Btomatoes Capple juice（ ）3.The teacher said we needed to choose three for the school concert. A. farmers B. doctors C. drivers D. singers （ ）4.At night the koala bear gets up and eats_A1eaf B1eaves C leafs （ ）5. PLA man saved three _lives in the accidentAchildrens Bchildren Cchild Dchilds（ ）6.Come on，childrenHelp yourselves to some_ if you likeAfish and chickenBfishes and chickenCfish and chickensDfishes and chickens（ ）7.All the _teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th，because it was their own holidayAman Bmen Cwoman Dwomen2不可数名词数量的表达法。（ ）1.Mr Smith always has _to tell us Asome good pieces of newsB some pieces of good news Csome good piece of newes Dsome piece of good newes （ ）2.Would you like to have a look at some pants? They may fit you well一Well，Id like to try those blue_. Apairs Bone Cpant Dpair（ ）3.Would you like some drinks, boys? Yes, , please. A. some oranges B. two boxes of chocolates C. some cakes D. two bottles of orange（ ）4. exciting news! We will have long holiday after the exam. A. What an, a B. What, a C. How an, the D. How, the 3.名词所有格及其用法。（ ）1._fathers are both scientists AJims and Bob BJims and Bobs CJim and Bobs DJim and Bob（ ）2. exciting news! We will have long holiday after the exam. A. What an, a B. What, a C. How an, the D. How, the 4表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词所有格（ ）1.Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here? No, its about _. A. 7 minutes walk B. 7 minute walkC. 7 minutes walk D. 7 minutes walk（ ）2.Come and see me in With pleasureThats what Im expecting Atwo or three daysBtwo or three days timeCtwo or three days time（ ）3.Im going on holiday on the 12thI have to be back at work on the 26th.So Ive got two_ holidayAweeks Bweeks Cweeks Dweek课后作业（ ）1My brother hurt his _ yesterday. He cant walk now.AarmBleg Chand Deye（ ）2How many _ are there in the international village?AChinese BRussianCAmerican（ ）3My school isnt far from here. Its only _ walk.Afifteen minutesBfifteen minutesCfifteen minutes（ ）4Oh, there isnt enough _ for us in the lift. No hurry. Lets wait for the next.Afloor Bground Croom Dplace（ ）5I want to go to different places, but I dont know the _. A map is helpful, I think.Aprice Bway Ctime Dticket（ ）6At the foot of the hill you could hear nothing but the _ of the running water.Ashout Bnoise Cvoice Dsound（ ）7Whats your favorite season? _.AJuly BMorning CSpring DWednesday（ ）8. Today is September 10th. Its_ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers. A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the Teachers D. Teachers （ ）9 .He had something to write down and asked me for_, A. a paper B. some papers C some pieces papers D. a piece of paper（ ）10. The _ now is that we have lots of _ to ask, A. problem; questions B. question; problems C question; problem D. problem; question （ ）11. - Can I just have a try? -Sure. It doesnt if you give a wrong answer. A. matter B. trouble C. mind D. care （ ）12.- Could you move over a little and make some_ for me? - Sure. Please. A. place B. seat C. room D. ground （ ）13. -What would you like to drink, girls? -_, please. A. Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffees C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cup of coffees （ ）14. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs far _. A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks （ ）15. Id like something to read. Would you please pass me the _? A.pen B. box C. ruler D. book （ ）16. September 10th is _. A. Womens Day B. Childrens Day C. Mid-autumn Day D. Teachers Day （ ）17. -How do you get home from _? By bus? -No, I walk. _ isnt very far. A. school, The school B. the school, The school C. the school, School D. school, School （ ）18Brian is so kind that he often gives me a _ when Im in trouble.Areply Bseat Chand Dreason（ ）19Hello, may I speak to Tina, please?Sorry, youve got a wrong _.Aname Bway Cnumber Dtelephone（ ）20There are three _ assistants in that _ shop.Awomen，shoe Bwoman，shoe Cwoman，shoes Dwomen，shoesI cant remember when I started collecting litter. But it was when I got tired of _1_ litter nearby and realized that no one else was going to pick it up.I live _2_ a forest in Ohio, America. I can walk there _3_ three minutes. I used to love going there to play with my dog. But one day there was _4_ much litter there that I became very unhappy. I decided I had to clean up the forest. I wanted to _5_ happy going there again. I _6_ my first trip to clean the forest that afternoon. I took a big black rubbish bag with me. Ten minutes _7_ starting to pick up litter, my bag was full! It had cans, _8_, broken glass and newspapers in it. From then on, I _9_ to the forest four times a year to pick up litter. Im often there for three hours. It makes me feel _10_ to do something for the environment. After each trip, I look at all the litter_11_ Ive found. If _12_ of it is recyclable, I keep it. I _13_ understand why people drop litter. But I will keep picking it up _14_ they stop dropping it. I know I am only doing a small bit _15_ the Earth, but I still think it is important. 1. A. seeing B. throwing C. dropping D. cleaning2. A. far away from B. near C. nearly D. alone3. A. after B. for C. with D. in4. A. such B. very C. so D. too5. A. make B. feel C. look D. find6. A. went B. made C. got D. tried7. A after B. later C. before D. of8. A. juice box B. plastic bag C. bottles D. waster papers9. A. had gone B. have gone C. went D. will go10. A. tired B. sad C. interesting D. great11. A. what B. whom C. where D. that12. A. many B. some C. any D. much13. A. didnt B. mustnt C. neednt D. cant14. A. until B. after C.as soon as D. when15. A. helped B. to help C. help D. helping
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