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友益英语学校小学毕业班总复习之语法篇前言：要学好一门外语，无非是从词、句，最后到段，词句需要积累，段由句组成，句子由词构成，因此明白词的用法很重要，但单纯的词又需要句帮助记忆，所以在讲词之前先告诉大家小学三种最常见句子结构：1.主语+谓语+宾语 例如：I like English. I see you.2.主语+谓语+副词The bus goes quickly. They walk slowly. 3.主语+be动词+形容词或名词They are students. They are young. 下面就是对小学出现的词性和语法的总结。一、名词：多用作主语和宾语。1、可数名词与不可数名词的区别 可数名词分为个体名词(如book, desk,等)和集体名词(如people,family 等)。如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的，这类名词就叫不可数名词。如meat, water, milk, homework, time等)。 2、名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下： . 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如： book books room rooms house houses day days . 以s,ss, ch,sh, x 结尾的名词，在词尾加-es 。如： bus buses glass glasses watch watches dish dishes box boxes . 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，要先将y改为i再加-es。如： city cities body bodies factory factories . 以f 或fe 结尾的名词，要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如： half halvesleaf leaves knife knives wife wives . 特例 悄悄话：特例常常考，要记住。 child children mouse miceman men woman women policeman policemen (规律:man men) tomato tomatoes potato potatoes 悄悄话： 以o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es，其余的当然加-s喽！如：photo photos foot feet tooth teeth 悄悄话：oo变成ee。 sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese单、复数同形悄悄话：变复数时词形不变。 3、不可数名词的家务事 . 不可数名词没有复数，当它作句子的主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如： The food is very fresh.食品很新鲜。 . 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词，有复数形式，但他们的意义往往发生变化。如： orange (橘汁) oranges (橘子) 。4、“行行色色”的名词所有格,名词词尾加s的所有格. . 一般情况在名词后加s。例如： That girls coat is in the room. 那个女孩的衣服在房间里。 . 在以s结尾的名词(包括以s结尾的复数名词)后面，只加。 Today is September 10th, Teachers Day.。 Childrens Day is coming, I should buy something new for my son.如果一个东西为两个人共同拥有，只在最后一个名词后面加s。例如： They are Johns and Kates rooms. How beautiful they are!He is Lily and Lucys father. 即学即练：用所给名词的适当形式填空。 1. How many_ (sheep) are there on the hill? 2. There is some_ (food) in the basket. 3. The baby has only two_ (tooth) now. 4. There are a lot of_ (Chinese) in Japan.5. There are five_ (people) in his family. 6. Lets take_ (photo), OK? 7. I have lots of_ (tomato) here. 8. The_ (leaf) on the tree turn-yellow. 9. The_ (child) are playing games on the playground now. 10. Their_ (dictionary) look new. 11. I see you have a few white_ (hair). 12. They are_ (woman) doctors. 13. Can you give me some bottles of _ (orange), please? 14. There are many_ (fox) in the picture. 15. I would like some apple_ (juice). I am very thirsty. 16.This is a man. (复数) _.17.That is an apple. (复数） _.18.There is a pen on the desk. (复数） _.19.He is a good student. (复数） _.20.She is a good teacher. （复数） _.二、冠词：定冠词（the）、不定冠词(a, an)和零冠词（即名词前不用冠词），修饰名词。1.不定冠词a, an的用法，a用在辅音音素前，an用在元音音素前。例如：a deska chair, a cup；an apple, an orange, an egg, an hour等。2.定冠词the的用法:在上面提到的人或事物之前，例如：There is a book on the desk. The book is mine. 用在乐器名词之前，例如：play the piano, play the violin等。3.不用定冠词的四项注意。今天,我们从八个方面来学习一下哪些时候不用定冠词“the”。 定冠词不能用在节日、星期、日期、月份、季节前面。例如: I go to school on the Monday. () I go to school on Monday.() 定冠词不用在三餐前，例如I want to have porridge for the supper. () I want to have porridge for supper. ()定冠词不用在球类名词前，例如I play the soccer every day. ()I play soccer every day. ()定冠词不与名词前有this, that, my, your, some, any等代词连用。例如: This the pen is mine. () This pen is mine.() 即学即练：用a, an, the或/填空。1.It is _ orange on the table.2.I have _ egg and some bread for _ breakfast.3.Tom plays _ piano every day.4.-Is this your _ book? -No, it isnt.5.There are sixty minutes in _ hour.6.-Look! Here is a pen. Is _ pen yours? -Oh, yes, it is mine. Thank you!7.School usually starts in _ September. 8.It is always hot in _ summer.9.June first is _ Childrens Day.10.My birthday is in _ May.三、动词: 用于作句子的谓语。动词分类：系动词（be动词）、情态动词、助动词、行为（实义）动词。1. 系(be)动词：到目前为止我们学到的主要是be动词，包括am, is, are, was, were五个。2. 情态动词.情态动词没有人称和数的变化，它的后面必须接动词原形。.常见情态动词：can, must, may, would.情态动词的用法及主要句型：a.-Can I help you? -Yes, please. / No, thank you.b.-Can + 主语 + 动词原形？ -Yes, 主语+can. / No, 主语+cant.c.-Can I use your pen?-Yes, of course. / Sure. Here you are.d.-May I come in?-Come in, please. e.-May I sit here?-Yes, please. / Sorry, please dont.f.-Would you like something to eat? -Yes, please. / No, thank you.g.-Would you like to go to a movie?-Yes, Id love to. /Id love to, but I am busy.3.助动词：帮助实义动词构成否定句和疑问句的词。到目前学过3个do, does和did.例如：I like English. I dont like English. / Do you like English?He wants an ice cream. He doesnt want an ice cream. / Does he want an ice cream? They went to school yesterday. They didnt go to school yesterday. / Did they go to school yesterday?特别提示：do也可以做行为动词，区别就在于do做助动词时后必须有行为动词，例如：I do my homework every day. I dont do my homework.4.行为（实义）动词：除去以上三类，其余的动词皆为行为动词，表示有实际意义的动词。如：run, work, jump, go等。即学即练：用横线划出句子中的动词并判断属于哪类动词，写在后面的括号内。A. be动词B. 情态动词C. 助动词D. 行为动词1.He is a good student in his class. ()2.What can you do?()3.I do my homework every day.()4.She likes English very much.()5.Tom does not eat anything.()6.John and I are good friends.()7.May I go to the store with you?()8.I am good at math.()9.You must wash your clothes.()10.They do not want the TV.()四、介词常见介词用法：1.at:用于表示时刻，时间的某一点或表示在某一个小地方。例如：at nine oclock, at night, at home等。2.on: 用于星期、日期、节日、具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上或在上面等；on Monday, on April first, on Childrens Day, on Sunday morning, on the desk等；3.in: 用于表示年、月、季节、上午、下午、晚上或在里面、某个大地方等。in 2012, in March, in summer, in the evening, in the bag, in China等。4.with: 表示“带有、和在一起、用工具”等。例如：I want to buy a big house with a swimming pool.I go to school with Lily.We write with a pen.即学即练：用in, on, at, with填空。1.I usually eat supper _ six thirty _ the evening.2.My father often watches TV _ night.3.I always go to swim _ Tom _ summer.4.Children always have a good time _ Childrens Day.5.Some students stay up(熬夜) _ Friday evening and _ Saturday morning they often sleep late（睡过头）。6.There is a clock _ the wall and some windows _ the wall.7.There are some apples _ the tree and a bird _ the tree.8.We have four classes _ the morning, and three _ the afternoon. 9._ school, I usually put my schoolbag _ my desk.10.If I have a lot of money, I am going to buy a big house _ a small garden for my parents.五、代词代词分类：小学出现的代词有人称代词、指示代词、不定代词和疑问代词。1.人称代词主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词Imemyminehehimhis*hissheherher*hersititits*itsyouyouyouryoursweusour*ourstheythemtheir*theirsyouyouyouryours 做主语用主格，做宾语用宾格（在动词和介词后）。例如：He is a boy. She is a girl. We like her very much. He sits in front of me. 形物主用来修饰名词，名物主已经相当于名词，后不接名词。This is his book.These are their books.That book is his.Those books are theirs. 并列人称代词语序，单数：2,3,1；复数：1,2,3.You, he and I are all good students. We, you and they dont like pink.2.指示代词：this, that, these, those this，这个，表示“近指”；that，那个，表示“远指”。Whats this in English? Whats that in English? these，这些，this复数形式；those，那些，that复数形式。This is an orange.（变复数）These are oranges.That is a desk.（变复数）Those are desks.3.不定代词some/any, many/much, a little/a few, a lot of/lots of some和any都可以修饰可数名词复数也可以修饰不可数名词，但some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句。例如：肯：I have some pencils. 疑：Do you have any pencils? 否：I dont have any pencils.特例：Would you like some porridge? many只用来修饰可数名词复数，而much只能修饰不可数名词。例如：There are many people on the playground.There is much water in the bottle. a little只用来修饰不可数名词，而a few只能修饰可数名词。例如：There is a little milk in the cup.There are a few apples in the basket.a lot of 和lots of完全同义，可以互换，既修饰可数名词复数又可以修饰不可数名词。例如：I have a lot of/lots of friends at school.There is a lot of/lots of juice in the glass.即学即练：用所给单词的适当形式填空。1.Tom is sitting here. _ (he) is waiting for Lily. 2.Miss. Li is a good teacher. Everyone in our class likes _. (she)3.This is _(I ) book. That book is _. (you)4.Your pen is new. _(my) is new, too.5.These are Lucy and Lily. _(they) are twins. _(they) father is my fathers friend.6.I have _ biscuits. Do you want _? (some/any)7.He has _ pens in his pencil case. (many/much)8.There isnt _ water in the cup. (many/much)9.I have _ time now. You can tell me about it. (a little/a few)10.There are _ boys in my class. ( a lot of/lots of)六、数词：数词分为基数词和序数词1.表示数目多少的词叫基数词，多用于修饰名词。例如：I have two pens. There are forty students in my class.基础词0-12需要特殊记忆，13-19后加-th, 整十以-ty结尾。例如：zero, thirteen, twenty记忆秘笈：基数词不难记，找清规律很容易；十二以内词名异，十三数到十九去，后加-teen莫忘记；二十、三十到九十，整十之后有-ty；要说“几十几”，中间“-”别丢弃；hundred是“一百”，请你记住莫大意。2.表示顺序和等级的词叫序数词。多用于表示日期。例如：It is June first today. Tomorrow is June second.序数词小学阶段只在日期中出现，所以需要掌握第一到第三十的序数词。除了first, second, third以及和它们一起组成的高位数词外，序数词的构成方法是在相应的基数词后加-th。背诵口诀：基变序有规律，一、二、三，特殊记，结尾字母t, d, d，th要从四算起；八去t九减e，f来把ve替，整十把y变ie，若是遇到几十几，只变个位就可以。即学即练：用所给单词的适当形似填空。1.He has _ (two) children. 2.I can count (数数)from _ (one) to one hundred.3.I live on the _ (five) floor.4.Today is March _. (three)5.There are _ (six) people in my family.6.June _ (twenty-one) is my birthday.7.I am the first one to come here. He is the _ (five) one.8.It is January nineteenth. Tomorrow is January _. (twenty)七、形容词、副词我们把描述人或事物的性质、特征和状态的词叫做形容词；把修饰动词和形容词，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等的词叫做副词。1. 形容词常修饰其它的名词或用在be动词之后，例如：a clever boy. She is beautiful.2. 副词一般是在形容词的词尾加-ly，以辅音+y结尾的把y变i-ly，例如：loudloudly, quietquietly, quickquickly, slowslowly,happyhappily等。They live happily. The bus goes quickly. The students sit quietly.3. 比较级和最高级，例如：I am taller than you. My apple is bigger than yours.Which is heavier, a ping-pong ball or a soccer ball?Which color do you like best, red, yellow or white?即学即练：用所给单词的形式填空。1. Sit _(quiet), please.2. She laughs _ (loud).3. They are _(happy). They live _ (happy).4. A bike goes _ (slow). A bus goes _ (quick).5. -Which color do you like better, blue or red? -I like blue _, (good) but I like white _(good).八、 There be 结构的用法 用法口诀：1.there be句型有特点,主语放在be后边;2.多个主语并列时, be随最近主语变; 3.变疑问很简单,把be提到there前。4.变否定也不难,be的后面not添。 5.肯定句中用some, 疑问、否定any换。 6.There be在主语前,have/has在主语后。There be表存在, have/has表所有。 口诀用法详解：1.There is a book on the desk. 此句中a book是主语2.There are two rulers and a pen in the pencil-case. 此句主语有两个two rulers 和a pen, be动词用单数还是复数取决于离be动词近的主语，此句中为two rulers，故be动词要用are.3.变一般疑问句，只需把is/are提到there前面，例如：There is an apple on the plate. Is there an apple on the plate?4. 变否定句在is/are后面加not或缩写成isnt或arent。例如：There are two oranges on the table. There arent two oranges on the table.5. 一定注意肯定句用some,否定句和用any,例如：There is some water in the cup. There isnt any water in the cup.There are some erasers in the desk. Are there any erasers in the desk?6. there be和have区分，there be表示“客观存在”用在主语前面，have表示人“拥有”，用在主语后面，千万别张冠李戴出现there have/has！例如：There is a pen on the book. ( ) I have a pen. () There has a pen. ()即学即练：翻译下列句子。1.有一本书在桌子上。_.2.有一些钢笔在我的书包里。_.3.我有一件新上衣。_.按要求改写下列句子。4.There is some milk in the cup. (变为一般疑问句)_?5.There are some toys.(改为否定句)_.6.He has a new schoolbag. (改为一般疑问句)_?7.They have a lot of friends. (改为否定句) _.圈出错误部分并把在横线上改正。8.There are some water in the bottle. _9.There has a ruler on the floor. _.10.I dont have some money. _.九、陈述句的故事。 Hello, boys and girls! 大家都知道，陈述句家族的职责是用来叙述一个事实。其特点是句末用句号.，朗读时通常用降调。 陈述句家族中有两兄弟：老大是肯定句，老二是否定句。 1.老大肯定句，对人对事都持有肯定的态度，常说的三句话是： .I am Tom. 系动词be型 .I like playing football. 实义动词型 .I can cook the meals. 情态动词型 2.老二否定句，对人对事总是持有否定的态度，和大哥肯定句唱反调。老二常把大哥的话加上不字，不信，请听： .I am not Tom. .I dont like playing football. 。 .I cant cook the meals. 即学即练：改错。 1Im is a student. _.2He is goes to school at 7:00. _.3I can playing football. _.4.They has two brothers._.十、一般疑问句 1. 概念：能用yes / no(或相当于yes / no)回答的问句叫一般疑问句。 2. 含系动词be的一般疑问句的构成 具体地说，就是当陈述句中有am /is / are时，可直接将它们提至主语前，但如遇第一人称，最好将其置换成第二人称。例如： Im in Class 2, Grade 1. -Are you in Class 2, Grade 1? -Yes, I am. /No, I am not.3. 含情态动词的一般疑问句的构成 情态动词与am / is / are一样，也可直接将它们提至主语前，例如： I can spell it. -Can you spell it? -Yes, I can. / No, I cant.4. 含实义动词的一般疑问句的构成 含实义动词的一般疑问句的构成稍微有点讲究，要在句首加do；例如：They like English.-Do they like English? -Yes, they do. / No, they dont.如逢主语为第三人称单数，谓语动词为一般现在时单数第三人称形式v-(e)s时，奉does为座上宾并要变回原形(如hashave，likeslike等)；He likes English. -Does he like English? -Yes, he does. / No, he doesnt. He has a pen. -Does he have a pen? -Yes, he does. / No, he doesnt.5. 小插曲：一般疑问句的语调 大部分的一般疑问句都应读作升调()，并落在最后一个单词身上。例如：Is it a Chinese car? 即学即练：把下列句子变成一般疑问句。1.It is a red apple._2.She is from the U.S._3.They are from the same country._4.I can jump._5.He can draw a picture._6.We would like to go to a movie._7.Tom may go to school._8.I like reading story books._9.She wants to watch TV._10.He bought a new hat yesterday._十一、选择疑问句大显神通 选择疑问句是向对方提问两种或两种以上的情况, ,不能用yes或no来回答，要求选择一种回答的问句，例如: -Is your brother tall or short? -He is tall.-Which do you like better, this one or that one?-I like this one better.即学即练：选择答句。1.Do you have brothers or sisters?A. Yes, I have a brother.B. No, I dont.C. I have a sister.D. No, I dont have any.2.Can you sing or draw?A. Yes, I can sing.B. No, I cant sing.C. I can draw.D. No, I cant draw.3.Does he like English or math?A. He likes English.B. Yes, he likes English.C. He doesnt like math.D. No, he doesnt like math.4.Did you go the zoo or the park?A. Yes, I did.B. No, I didnt.C. Yes, I went to the zoo.D. I went to the park.5.Would you like rice or noodles?A. Yes, I would.B. Id like rice.C. No, I wouldnt.D. No, I wouldnt like rice.十二、特殊疑问句 1. 定义 以特殊疑问词开头，对陈述句中的某一部分提出疑问句子叫特殊疑问句。2. 特殊疑问词全搜索 一句话： wh-开头外加能与之结伴同行的名词； how及它的形容词兄弟姐妹们，即如： What（什么），why(为什么)，who(谁)， where(哪里)， which(哪一个)， what time(什么时间)，when, how(怎么样)，how many(多少)， how old(多大)， how much(多少)等。3. 特殊疑问句的构成特殊疑问句由特殊疑问词+一般疑问句构成，例如：Where is the pen? Whats this in English? 4.特殊疑问句的语调小插件 一般说来，特殊疑问句都要读成降调()，并往往让最后一个单词承担此重任。如： What row are you in()? 你在第几排？ Where isE ()? E在哪里？5.特殊疑问句变法：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句归纳为一选二变三去四问，具体为一根据划线部分选择特殊疑问词，二把剩余部分变为一般疑问句，三去掉划线部分，四句尾加问号。例如：That is a book. 一选，就是选择疑问词，根据划线部分a book询问的是事物“什么”，故选择“what”，剩余部分变一般疑问句由于有be动词，故be动词提前变成 is that，三去掉a book, 四句尾加问号，最后归纳为特殊疑问词+一般疑问句，即What is that?即学即练：就划线部分提问。 1.My bag is under the chair. _2.Hes eleven. _3.This pencil-case is 5 yuan._4.Li Yan is not here. _5.He has two pens._6.Tom gets up at six._7.This is an eraser on the floor._8.She is going to Beijing tomorrow._十三、一般现在时自述 1.请看我的面目-构成： be动词：主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如： I am a boy. 行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。如： We study English. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要在动词后加-s或-es。如：Mary likes Chinese. 2.我的变化-否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句： be动词的变化。 否定句：主语+ be + not +其它。 例如：He is good. He is not good. 一般疑问句：Be +主语+其它? 如：He is good. Is he good? 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。My bike is here. Where is my bike? 行为动词的变化。 否定句：主语+ dont( doesnt ) +动词原形(+其它)。例如：I like bread. I dont like bread. He often plays He doesnt often play. 一般疑问句：Do( Does ) +主语+动词原形+其它。如： I often play football. Do you often play football? She goes to work by bike. Does she go to work by bike? 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：How does she go to school?3.揭开“第三人称单数”的秘密 当主语是be动词时，单数即为is；当主语是行为动词，动词三单变化规则：a. 一般情况下加-s，如：workworks, see sess等b. 以ch, sh, o, x, s结尾的加-es，如watchwatches, washwashes, gogoes等.c. 以辅音字母加y结尾的把y变i-es。 如flyflies等。即学即练：用所给单词的适当形式填空。1. Everyone _ (like) English.2. Tom usually _ (watch)TV on Friday nights.3. Tom and I always _ (brush) teeth every morning.4. Cats _ (catch) mice every night.5. He _ (not do) his homework.6. We _ (not want) to go now.7. Jenny often _ (fly) a kite on Saturdays in the park.8. Li Ming _ (is not) Lilys brother.9. What _ he _ (do) every day?10. _ they _ (wash) their clothes on Sundays?十四、“一般过去时”登台亮相 1. 一般过去时的构成。主语+was/were+其他，例如：He was at home yesterday. 主语+行为动词过去式+其他，例如：I went to a movie yesterday.动词过去式的构成： 规则动词过去式的构成有四条规则： a.一般在动词原形末尾直接加上-ed。如：look-looked。 b以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去e再加-ed。如：live-lived。 c末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读音节，双写辅音字母再加-ed。如：stop-stopped。 d末尾是辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先变y为i，然后再加-ed。如：study-studied。 eam(is)-was, are-were, go-went, come-came, take-took, have (has)-had等。 2. 一般过去时的几种句型，主要讲动词为行为动词时： 肯定句结构为：主语+动词的过去式+其它。如：He went there yesterday.否定句结构为：主语+did not (didnt)+动词原形+其它。如：He didnt go there yesterday. 一般疑问句的构成：Did+主语动词原形其它？如： -Did you go to Beijing last week? -Yes, we did. / No, we didnt. -Did you meet the businessman before? -No, I didnt. / Yes, I did. 特殊疑问句的构成：疑问词did+主语动词原形其它？如： -What did you do last night? -I did my homework. -Where did you go last week? -I went to Shanghai with my parents. 3.一般过去式的时间特征：yesterday，last+, ago等。4.一般过去时口诀 过去时态并不难，表示过去记心间。 动词要用过去式，时间状语句末站。 否定句也很简单，didnt 站在动原前，其它部分不要变。 疑问句来也好变，did放在句子前，主语、动原、其它依次站。 特殊疑问句也简单，疑问词加一般疑问句记心间。 最后一条请注意，动词过去式要牢记。 即学即练：用所给单词的适当形式填空。1Tom _ (is) at home yesterday morning.2.Tim and I _ (are) there last week.3.Lily _ (buy) a new blouse last Sunday.4.Where _ you _ (go) yesterday afternoon?5.I _ (have) an egg and some bread for breakfast this morning.6.Danny _
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