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Part I Read and KnowIn this part, you will read some questions about your abilities or personalities. Read as fast as you can and choose the answer that you think best describes yourself.Are You Charismatic?Charisma is the magnetic power that attracts people to you. It wont affect the quality of your work or provide you with wonderful original ideas, but it remains one of the most vital talents if you want to make it big in life. If people who dont even understand what youre talking about believe that you are a genius, you will have made it. The following test will decide whether youve got what it takes.1) Do people find themselves attracted to you?A. Yes, it can be embarrassing sometimes.B. No, no more than other people.C. I suppose they do a bit.2) Do you find that people agree with you regardless of the quality of your arguments?A. No, never.B. Not that often.C. All the time.3) Would you find it easy to attract followers?A. No, not at all.B. Not very easy.C. Yes, its really no problem.4) Do you find casual acquaintances open up and tell you their life stories in intimate detail?A. Occasionally.B. Never.C. Happens all the time. Sometimes I just cant get away.Part II Read and ReasonIn this part, you will read texts of different forms and genres. Read the instructions carefully and answer the questions based on your comprehension, analysis and inferences of the texts.1. Among the four statements below, one statement is the main point, and the other three are specific support for the point. Identify the main point with P and the specific support with S._A. Hungry bears searching for food often threaten hikers._B. Hiking on that mountain trail can be very dangerous._C. Severe weather develops quickly, leaving hikers exposed to storms and cold._D. When it rains, the trail, which is very steep at some points, becomes slippery.2. Read the following cartoon. Put a tick by the three statements that are most logically based on the information suggested by the cartoon. _A. Lucy has just criticized the boy, Linus. _B. Linus feels Lucys criticism is valid. _C. Lucy feels very guilty that Linus has taken her criticism badly. _D. Lucy doesnt seem to realize that people may accept constructive criticism but reject destructive criticism. _E. The cartoonist believes we should never criticize others. _F. The cartoonist believes its best to criticize others in a constructive way.3. Read an extract of an advertisement. Choose the answer which you think fits each question best according to the text.Young Environmental Journalist CompetitionHow to Enter:If youre aged 16-25, were looking for original articles of 1,000 words (or less) with an environmental or conservation theme. The closing date for entries is 30 December, 2015.Your article should show proof of investigative research, rather than relying solely on information from the Internet and phone interviews. You dont have to go far. A report on pollution in a local stream would be as valid as a piece about the remotest rain forest.Your article should show you are passionate and knowledgeable about environmental issues. It should also be objective and accurate, while being creative enough to hold the readers interest. We are not looking for “think pieces” or opinion columns.Your aim should be to advance understanding and awareness of environmental issues. You should be able to convey complex ideas of readers of this general interest magazine in an engaging and authoritative manner. Facts or information contained in short-listed articles will be checked.Read the rules carefully.1) Before entering for the competition, young people must have_.A.conducted some relevant research in their local areaB.gained a qualification in experimental researchC.uncovered some of the evidence in the research by themselvesD.consulted a number of specialists on the subject under research2) The articles submitted must_.A.focus on straightforward conceptsB.include a range of viewsC.be accessible to non-specialistD.reveal the writers standpoint4. Read the passage below. Then choose the best answer to each question that follows(1) Johnny Appleseed, one of the gentlest and most beloved of American folk heroes, was born in 1774 in Leominster, Massachusetts. (2) His real name was John Chapman. (3) Chapmans early life was full of misfortune. (4) First, his father left home to fight in the Revolutionary War. (5) Then Johns mother and baby brother died before Johns second birthday. (6) However, Johns fortunes improved when his father returned and remarried, and by the time John was in his teens, he had ten brothers and sisters.(7) As a young man, John began traveling west on foot, stopping to clear land and plant the apple seeds he always carried with him. (8) Settlers who followed Johns path were delighted to find young apple orchards dotting the landscape.(9) John was a friendly fellow who often stopped to visit with families along his way, entertaining them with stories of his travels. (10) Tales of his exploits followed him through Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. (11) Many of the stories were true. (12) For instance, John really did travel barefoot through the snow, lived on the friendliest of terms with Indian tribes, and refused to shoot any animal. (13) Other tales about John, however, were exaggerations. (14) Settlers said, for example, that he slept in the treetops and talked to the birds or that he had once been carried off by a giant eagle. (15) Johnny Appleseed never stopped traveling until his death in Fort Wayne, Indiana, in 1845.1) Sentence 1 is a statement of_. A. fact B. opinion C. fact and opinion2) The details in sentences 4 and 5 support the point or points in _. A. sentence 1 B. sentence 2 C. sentence 3 D. sentence 63) The relationship between sentences 3 and 6 is one of _. A. contrast B. addition C. cause and effect D. comparison4) We can conclude that Johnny Appleseed _. A. provided apples for numerous settlers B. was quickly forgotten by the settlers C. grew wealthy by selling his apple trees D. left home because of problems with his family5) The passage suggests that Johnny Appleseed _. A. grew weary of traveling B. had great respect for other people and animals C. lived a very short but rich life D. planted many trees other than apple trees6) The tone of the passage is _. A. pessimistic B. bitter and impassioned C. amused and excited D. straightforward with a touch of admiration7) Which is the most appropriate title for this selection? A. The Planting of American Apple Orchards B. Folk Heroes of America C. Settlers Recall Johnny Appleseed D. The Life and Legend of John Chapman5. Read the passage below. Then choose the best answer to each question that follows.(1) Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is disseminated, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizens patterns of response to politics. (2) By giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television diminished the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates. (3) By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television accelerated the citizens focus on character rather than issues.(4) Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. (5) The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were. (6) The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 11/2 to 2 hours, which characterized nineteenth-century political discourse, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10-second “sound bite” in broadcast news. (7) Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a snippet of the speech on the news.(8) In these abbreviated forms, much of what constituted the traditional political discourse of earlier ages has been lost. (9) In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. (10) In snippets, politicians assert but do not argue.(11) Because television is an intimate medium, speaking through it requires a changed political style that was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech. (12) Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. (13) Schools teach us to analyze words and print. (14) However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.(15) Recognizing the power of televisions pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events, called pseudo-event, designed to attract media coverage. (16) Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. (17) Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.1) What is the main idea of the passage? A. Citizens in the United States are now more informed about political issue because of television coverage. B. Citizens in the United States prefer to see politicians on television instead of in person. C. Politics in the United States has become substantially more controversial since the introduction of television. D. Politics in the United States has been significantly changed by television.2) The word “disseminated” in sentence 1 is closest in meaning to_. A. analyzed B. discussed C. spread D. stored3) It can be inferred that before the introduction of television, political parties _. A. had more influence over the selection of political candidates B. spent more money to promote their political candidates C. attracted more members D. received more money4) The author mentions the “stump speech” in sentence 6 as an example of _. A. an event created by politicians to attract media attention B. an interactive discussion between two politicians C. a kind of political presentation typical of the nineteenth century D. a style of speech common to televised political events5) The word “that” in sentence 7 refers to _. A. audience B. broadcast news C. politician D. advertisement6) According to the passage, as compared with televised speeches, traditional political discourse was more successful at _. A. allowing news coverage of political candidates B. placing political issues within a historical context C. making politics seem more intimate to citizens D. providing detailed information about a candidates private behavior7) The author states that “politicians assert but do not argue” in sentence 9 in order to suggest that politicians _. A. make claims without providing reasons for the claims B. take stronger positions on issues than in the past C. enjoy explaining the issue to broadcasters D. dislike having to explain their own positions on issues to citizens8) The purpose of paragraph 4 is to suggest that_. A. politicians will need to learn to become more personal when meeting citizens B. politicians who are considered very attractive are favored by citizens over politicians who are less attractive C. citizens tend to favor a politician who analyzed the issue over one who did not D. citizens will need to learn how to evaluate visual political images in order to become better informed9) Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? A. Political presentations today are more like advertisements than in the past. B. Politicians today tend to be more familiar with the views of citizens than in the past. C. Citizens today are less informed about a politicians character than in the past. D. Political speeches today focus more on details about issues than in the past.Part III Read and QuestionIn this part, you will read about related or contradictory views on a variety of issues. You will be required to identify the writers position and evaluate the effectiveness of the writers arguments.Read the following two passages and answer the questions.Passage AWhile On the origin of Species created a great stir when it was published in 1859, Darwinian thought was almost completely out of vogue by the turn of the twentieth century. It took Ronald Fishers “Great Synthesis” of the 1920s, which combined the genetic work of Gregor Mendel with Darwins ideas about natural selection, and Theodosius Dobzhanskys “Modern Synthesis” of the 1930s, which was built upon Fishers work with genetics within a species by focusing on how genetic variation could cause the origin of a new species, to begin to rehabilitate Darwin.Yet, what is remarkable is how very prescient Darwin, working without knowledge of the mechanisms of heredity, proved to be. As prominent biologist Ernst Mayr notes, what made Darwinian theory so remarkable was his emphasis on “population thinking”. This contrasts to Jean-Baptiste Lamarcks theory of evolution, popular throughout the nineteenth century, which posited that individuals changed personal actions and will. Lamarckian theory is often exemplified by a giraffe constantly reaching up to eat leaves off high branches and passing on its lengthened neck to its children.Such explanations bore a strong resemblance to childrens fables (and indeed Rudyard Kiplings late-nineteenth-century Just So Stories was built upon Lamarckian theories). Where Darwin differed was his insistence that significant variation was not based within one particular individual, but rather in the breeding population as a whole. Natural selection was not based on the actions or goals of one individual, but variations in the average character of the species.Passage BAs Peter Bowler points out in his aptly named The Non-Darwinian Revolution: Reinterpreting a Historical Myth, nineteenth-century Darwinism was quite different from the Darwinism of today. Thomas Huxley, “Darwins Bulldog”, so called because of his tireless public campaigning for Darwinian thought, exemplifies this difference. As a result of his advocacy, by the end of the nineteenth century Huxley was the vehicle for Darwinian thought. Noted science fiction writer H. G. Wells, for instance, garnered all of his information about natural selection and evolution through Huxleys lectures. Yet Huxleys theory varied significantly from that of Darwin, focusing on the will of humankind.In the preface to Evolution and Ethics, Huxley wrote that “We cannot do without our inheritance from the forefathers who were the puppets of the cosmic process; the society which renounces it must be destroyed from without. Still less can we do with too much of it; the society in which it dominates must be destroyed from within.” According to Huxley, humankind has moved past physical evolution to the realm of self-directed moral evolution. Huxley, then, acknowledges that humankind has evolved under the pressure of natural selection and must remain aware of the fact or be “destroyed from without”, but he argues that a society that continues in the path that Nature has placed it will be “destroyed from within” because it will no longer be adapted to itself.1) Based on the information in the passage, Rudyard Kipling most likely wrote stories _. A. dedicated to enlightening humans by using animals as positive examples of proper behavior B. based on futuristic worlds which were populated by evolved subjects C. featuring individuals developing variation through the power of their desires D. seeking to exhibit the effects of population thinking in breeding populations E. portraying the effects of parental inheritance through examining the lives of children2) Which of the following best represents Huxleys beliefs? A. Focusing on physical evolution leaves man as nothing more than a “puppet” of forces beyond his control; to succeed in life it is necessary to reject physical evolution in favor of moral change. B. The ideas of Charles Darwin needed to be carefully delineated through lectures so that his ideas about individual variation could be fully understood. C. By exerting personal will, humankind will be able to enact significant, lasting variation which will be demonstrated through the bodies of the children of those who seek change. D. While humankind is inescapably linked to its physical past and the material conditions of its evolution, it must be wary of being too attached to the path dictated by natural selection. E. Certain elements of Darwins theory about evolution had to be discarded so that the public would be willing to accept the thrust of the theory as a whole.3) Which of the following would the authors of Passage A and Passage B mostly likely agree to be most closely aligned in their thinking? A. Lamarck and Huxley. B. Kipling and Wells. C. Mayr and Bowler. D. Mendel and Huxley. E. Dobzhansky and Wells.4) Which of the following statements about Darwin is supported by both passages? A. Darwin differed significantly from other theorists of evolution because he focused on breeding populations as a whole. B. The modern understanding of Darwin varies significantly from nineteenth-century beliefs about his theories. C. It was not until the early twentieth century that Darwinism as we know it began to emerge. D. Fiction writers were particularly interested in disseminating ideas about Darwin. E. Delineating the specific inheritance of the child is crucial to understanding how natural selection proceeds.5) Which of the following best represents the difference between the two passages? A. The first passage begins with current understandings of Darwinism and moves back in time, while the second passage begins with older understanding and moves forward in time. B. While the first passage focuses on the difference between two theories of evolution, the second paragraph traces differences between two individual interpreters of evolution. C. The first passage introduces a general theory, offers specific evidence, and then considers the ramifications of that theory, while the second passage does not consider the ramifications of the evidence it represents. D. The first passage is concerned with demonstrating a way in which Darwin is closely linked with modern thinkers, while the second passage is focused on how he differed from one of his contemporaries. E. The first passage provides a historical retrospective of the primary interpreters of Darwin, and the second passage centers on one particular interpreter.6) Based on the information in Passage B, which of the following claims in Passage A would Thomas Huxley be most likely to object to? A. It is impossible to truly understand natural selection without the benefit of modern genetic theory. B. It is likely that the giraffe developed a long neck due to the fact that it constantly stretched it to gain access to food. C. There are different ways to understand how evolution functions to change individuals. D. Variations in the average character of a population are the most crucial factor in the proper evolution of man. E. Allowing natural sele
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