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教材练习答案及听力原文 Unit 1WARMING UP?Answers:1 Archimedes, Ancient Greek (287-212 BC) He was a mathematician. He found that if you put an object into water the water pushes the object up. It rises and partly floats. The force of the water pushing it up is the same as the weight of the object.2 Charles Darwin, British (1808-1882) The Origin of Species was published in 1859. It explained how plants and animals had changed over time to fit in with a changing environment. At the time it was published it was very controversial. Many people believed the Bible when it said that God made the first two people (Adam and Eve) and that all other people came from these two. Darwins book showed that people had developed from apes instead. So this caused a lot of argument between religious and scientific people. However Darwins idea became very influential and is still accepted today.3 Thomas Newcomen, British (1663-1729) He improved the first steam pump built by Thomas Savery in 1698 and turned it into a steam engine for taking water out of mines in 1712. James Watt improved it still further in the 1770s turning it into the first modern steam engine used on the railways.4 Gregor Mendel, Czech (1822-1884) He grew pea plants and developed ideas on heredity and inherited characteristics. He concentrated on cross-fertilising pea plants and analyzing the results. Between 1856-1863 he grew 28,000 pea plants. He examined seven kinds of seed and plant characteristics and developed some laws of inheritance. The first is that inheritance factors do not combine but are passed to the next generation intact. Second, he found that each partner gives half the inherited factors to the young. Third, some of these factors show up in the offspring (and so are dominant). The other factors are masked by the dominant ones (and so are recessive).5 Marie Curie, Polish and French (1867-1934) She was born in Poland and came to study in France in 1891 and she lived there for the rest of her life. In 1898 she discovered radium. She received two Nobel prizes, one (with Pierre Curie) for physics (1903) and one for chemistry (1911). She is the only person to have been so honoured. On the death of her husband she took over his job at the Sorbonne in Paris. Her work on radioactivity and the discovery of radium meant that she began a new scientific area of research. She was the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize and the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne.6 Thomas Edison, American (1847-1931) He was already an inventor of other electrical devices (phonograph, electric light bulb) when in 1882 he designed a system for providing New York with electricity from a central power station. This was a tremendous achievement, which had previously been thought impossible.7 Leonardo da Vinci, Italian (1452-1519) He was a famous artist whose skill for showing human skin tones made his paintings seem to come alive. He used to study dead people in order to make his paintings as accurate as possibile. Some of his famous paintings include “The Adoration of the Magi” and the “The Last Supper”. Later in his life he lived in France where he designed a submarine and a flying machine.8 Sir Humphry Davy, British (1778-1829) He did research into different gases and discovered the medicinal value of nitrous oxide (or laughing gas) as an anaesthetic. In 1815 he developed a safety lamp for miners. Previously there had been many accidents when candles on the miners helmets had exploded when it came into contact with underground gas from the coal the miners were digging. The safety helmet made working underground very much safer.9 Zhang Heng, Chinese (78-139) He invented the first seismograph to indicate in the direction of an earthquake. It was in the shape of a cylinder with eight dragon heads round the top, each with a ball in its mouth. Around the bottom were eight frogs directly under a dragons head. When an earthquake occurred, a ball fell out of the dragons mouth, making a noise.10 Stephen Hawking, British (1942-) He has worked in astronomy and studied black holes in space. He has shown that black holes do not only absorb everything around them but, from time to time, throw out matter as well. This may mark the beginning of new galaxies. This is an advance on the old theory which said that black holes “eat” everything they come across.COMPREHENDING?Answer key for Exercise 1:1 An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854.2 John Snow began to test two theories.3 John Snow investigated two streets where the outbreak was very severe.4 John Snow marked the deaths on a map.5 He found that most of the deaths were near a water pump.6 He had the handle removed from the water pump.7 He announced that the water carried the disease.8 King Cholera was defeated.?Answer key for Exercise 2:1 John Snow finally proved his idea because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera, collected information and was able to tie cases outside the area to the polluted water.2 No. The map helped John Snow organize his ideas. He was able to identify those households that had had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits. He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits. The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause.3 Three diseases, which are similar today, are SARS, AIDS and bird flu, because they are serious, have an unknown cause and need public health care to solve them.?Sample summary for Exercise 3:John Snow wanted to find the cause of cholera. He believed that people became ill after eating infected food. He used the next outbreak of cholera to test his idea. He studied a small area of houses which got their water from the same pump. Many people in the area died. John Snow showed that this was because the water in the pump was infected. He showed that cholera could be defeated if people drank clean water.LEARNING ABOUT LANGUAGEDiscovering useful words and expressions?Suggested answers to Exercise 1:1 victim2 physician 3 analyse4 defeat5 challenge 6 enquiry7 pump8 blame 9 absorb10 link.to?Answer key for Exercise 2:1 severe2 suspected 3 exposed4 experts5 cure 6 foresaw7 concluded8 announced 9 attended?Answer key for Exercise 3:make a suggestion make a decisionmake a plan make a contributionmake a speech make a noisemake a change make a descriptionmake an investigation?Some possible examples for Exercise 4:1 The teacher asked us not to make faces in class.2 I tried to make friends with my neighbour but he was too old and did not want to talk to me.3 The best way to make money is to study hard and gain good qualifications.4 I didnt like them to collect me in their car so I made my way to the restaurant on foot by myself.5 Im too tired to make dinner, so I decide to eat out.6 Before you pay for that new car make sure it has a guarantee, which will protect you against any problems during the first year.7 Dont make up your mind about buying that house till you have seen a few more.8 When you leave your flat in the morning, it looks tidier if you make the bed before you go.9 I have tried to make room for her on that course but there are just too many people already attending it.Discovering useful structures?Some possible answers for Exercise 1:1 .when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.(attribute)2 He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump.(attribute)3 He became interested in two theories.(pre-dicative)4 Neither its cause, nor its cure was under-stood.(predicative)? Answer key for Exercise 2:Past Participle as the Attribute (1)Past Participle as the Attribute (2)1 terrified people1 people terrified of (cholera)2 reserved seats2 seats reserved by.3 polluted water3 water polluted by.4 a crowded room4 a room crowded with.5 a pleased winner5 a winner pleased with.6 astonished children6 children astonished at/by.7 a broken vase7 a vase broken by.8 a closed door8 a door closed by.9 the tired audience9 the audience tired of.10 a trapped animal10 an animal trapped in/by.?Answer key for Exercise 3:1 blamed/upset2 tired3 disappointed4 shocked/depressed5 excited6 infectedUSING LANGUAGELISTENING TEXTA GREAT CHINESE SCIENTISTFather of the Chinese space programmeYu Ping (YP) is talking to her friend Steve Smith (SS) about Qian Xuesen and his work as a rocket scientist.Part 1YP: What do you want to be when you grow up, Steve?SS:I want to be an astronomer and visits stars. I wish to visit Mars one day.YP:I think Id like to work in the space industry too. Id like to be a rocket scientist like Qian Xuesen.SS:What did he have to do to become a rocket scientist?YP:Well, he first studied at university to be an engineer. Later he went to America to study for his doctors degree. It was then he began to work on rockets.SS:So it was lucky for our space programme that he came back to China.YP:Very much so. There was no work on space rockets in China before he began his institute to design and build rockets to go into space.Part 2SS:Do you think he wanted to travel into space in one of his rockets?YP:I have no idea but I believe he looked forward to the first space flight by a Chinese astronaut.SS:Yes. Now that China has sent satellites into space. I hope well be the first to land on Mars. That would really be something special and if I were that astronaut I would put Qian Xuesens picture on Mars to show how much we admire his work.YP:Indeed. He is rightfully called the father of the Chinese space programme. He is my hero and he is why I want to be a rocket scientist.SS:Well, wed better get on with our homework. We need good grades to get into university.YP:Right you are. See you, then.SS:See you.?Answer key for Exercise 1:Students will give their own answers.?Answer key for Exercise 2:Main Idea: It is about the role of Qian Xuesen in the development of space technology in China.?Answer key for Exercise 3:1 Qian Xuesen first studied to be an engineer.2 In America he began to work on space rockets so that he was able to develop a space programme when he came back to China.3 When Qian Xuesen returned to China he set up a space institute to begin training people in how to design and build rockets.?Answer key for Exercise 4:Chinas achievement-sin spaceSteve Smiths ambi-tions1 Chinese astronauts in space2 Chinese satellites in space1 become a rocket scientist2 be the first to land on Mars and put Qian Xuesens picture there?Answer key for Exercise 3:Students give their own answers.Students can show that they understand what is involved by making a realistic dialogue of their own.Sample conversation:MIKE: What do you want to do when you grow up?LI RU:I want to build robots. I will have to do a physics and mathematics degree in China. After that I hope to go abroad to Reading University in England where you can study all about robots. There is a special cybernetics department there.MIKE:What personality will be needed for that job?LI RU:I think I need to be patient for my ideas which will take a long time to develop. I also need to be creative enough to have good ideas.MIKE:What experience will be most useful to you?LI RU:I think technology and engineering projects. I hope to work in a factory in my holidays.MIKE:What kind of person makes a good inventor?LI RU:I think someone who is happy to persevere at something and learns from his mistakes.MIKE:Thank you. I think designing robots sounds fun.Reading and writing?Answer key for Exercise 1:Before ShowingCopernicus theory Copernicus theoryA diagram showing the solar system with the earth at its centreA diagram showing the solar system with the sun at its centre?Answer key for Exercise 2:Students give their own answers.Sample writing:Dear Nicolaus Copernicus,I am a student studying astronomy and I would very much like to read your new theory about the solar system. I hope you will publish it for several reasons.I understand the problems with the present theory. The way the planets move is not what you would expect if the earth was the centre of the universe. It is also odd that the brightness of some stars seems to change. So I agree with you that we need a new theory.I know your observations have been very carefully carried out over many years. Now you must have the courage to publish them. Science can never advance unless people have the courage of their beliefs. I know you worry about what will happen if you publish your new theory. No matter how people oppose it, time will show whether your ideas are right or wrong.So I hope you will feel you can publish your new theory.Yours sincerely,(your name)Unit 2WARMING UP?Answers:1 C 2 B (direct flight) 3 B 4 A 5 BQuestion 1: The United Kingdom consists of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. More about this appears in the first reading passage.Question 2: It takes ten hours to fly from Beijing to London Heathrow Airport if you take a direct flight.Question 3: It may appear to an outsider that the Queen has an important role in ruling the country. However, this is not so. Her position is ceremonial: opening Parliament, welcoming Heads from other countries, going on tours to other countries to encourage trade with Britain, etc. The Prime Minister together with his most important ministers (called the Cabinet) and his Members of Parliament (each from a different part of the country) make the important political decisions and the laws.Question 4: The counties of Britain are much smaller than provinces in China. They have local government powers for their area. Counties have several Members of Parliament depending on the size of their population. Large towns such as Reading have two MPs and the largest city in England outside London, which is Birming-ham, has ten MPs.Question 5: The Rivers Thames and Severn are very similar in length but the River Thames is slightly longer. The River Thames is 338 km and the River Severn is 290 km. The River Avon is much shorter.COMPREHENDING? Answer key for Exercise 1:1 England, Wales and Scotland2 England and Wales3 England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland4 Republic of Southern Ireland5 England/Great Britain/the UK?Answer key for Exercise 2:1 The country left out is Wales. It is usually assumed to be part of England.2 England, Scotland and Wales. 3 The Vikings did not influence London.? Answer key for Exercise 3:North: Leeds, York, Sheffield, ManchesterMidlands: Coventry, BirminghamSouth: Reading, London, Brighton, Plymouth?Answer key for Exercise 4:Para 1, 2&3: what England includes; about Great Britain; the UK.Para 4:the geographical division of England into zones; their similarities and differences.Para 5&6:the cultural importance of London.Possible summary: The writer examines how the UK developed as an administrative unit. It shows how England is also divided into three zones. It explains why London became the cultural capital of England. LEARNING ABOUT LANGUAGE Discovering useful words and expressions?Answer key for Exercise 1:1 unwilling2 countryside3 conveniences4 clarify5 constructing6 Kingdom7 administration8 accomplish9 enjoyable? Suggested answers to Exercise 2:1 currency2 The Union Jack3 United; consist of4 broke away5 institutions6 conflicts7 provinces? Answer key for Exercise 3:1 asked2 whispered 3 screamed4 begged5 agreed 6 answered7 shouted8 complained 9 suggestedDiscovering useful structures? Answer key for Exercise 1:1 .to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way.2 You find most of the population settled in the south, .3 It has the oldest port built by the Romans.?Suggested answers to Exercise 2:1 have got the house mended2 Have you had your hair cut?3 have the dictionary delivered4 havent had the film developed6 found it closed6 get it repaired7 got all their money stolen8 have it divided9 had some of his points clarified10 had/got some flowers sent; had it announced; had it organized?Answer key for Exercise 3:Answers will vary. USING LANGUAGEReading?Suggested answers:Day 1CommentsDay 2Day 31 Tower of London2 St Pauls Cathedral3 Westminster Abbey4 Big Ben1 delight, fancy2 splendid and interesting3 interesting, full of statues of poets and writers4 famous and very loud1 Greenwich with ships2 clock (GMT)3 longitude line1 Karl Marxs statue“strange he lived and died in London”2 British Museum“thrilled to see Chinese pottery” ListeningLISTENING TEXTCAN A ROYAL PALACE ALSO BE A PRISON?Zhang Pingyu (ZP) is trying to find out more about the history of the Tower of London from a guide (G).Part 1G:The Tower was the home of the King but also a prison. Many important people were kept there.ZP:I beg your pardon? Can you speak more slowly, please?G:Of course. Have you heard of “The Princes in the Tower”?ZP:No, Im afraid not.G:These two princes were brothers, called Edward and Richard and they lived six hundred years ago. They came to London, for the older boy to become Edward , after his father, King Edward , died.ZP:I see. How old was he?G:He was only thirteen years old. His cruel uncle, also called Richard, was supposed to look after them both, but instead he had them killed while they were asleep.ZP:What do you mean? He killed them himself?G:No. He sent his men to kill them because he wanted to become King Richard . There is a story that on a dark night you can sometimes hear those princes crying.ZP:You can hear them crying? Really? I thought you said they were killed many years ago.G:Yes, but its only a story!Part 2ZP:Who else came to the Tower as a prisoner?G:A future queen. In the 1550s Queen Mary sent her sister, Princess Elizabeth, to the Tower as a prisoner.ZP:Strange! Why did she do that?G:She thought Elizabeth was a traitor. So she sent Elizabeth through a special gate called “Traitors Gate”. That only happen-ed to very bad people.ZP:Im sorry I dont understand. How did Elizabeth become Queen if she was a prisoner?G:Easy. Her brother and sister both died without children so Elizabeth became Queen Elizabeth . She tried not to be unfair to others when she was queen.ZP:Im glad to hear that.? Answer key for Exercise 1:1 Elizabeth later Queen Elizabeth .2 King Henry .3 Richard .4 Edward and Richard.? Answer key for Exercise 2:Ticks for brothers Edward and Richard (sons of King Edward ); King Edward ;Richard (later King Richard ); Queen Mary; Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth );? Answer key for Exercise 3:1 Prince Edward (later Edward ) was one of the princes murdered in the Tower. We know because:? both were princes? both were young boys? their uncle was Richard who later became King Richard .2 King Richard killed the princes because he wanted to become king.? Answer key for Exercise 4:came, future, Mary, Princess, Tower, Strange, thought, through, Traitors, happenedSpeaking and writingSample dialogue:S1: Excuse me. Are you a guide?S2:Yes, I am. Can I help you?S1:Can I ask you a question about the Temple of Heaven?S2:Of course. What do you want to know?S1:Whats this Temple for?S2:The Emperor came to pray for good crops and a good harvest for the country. He made offerings to the God and asked him for help.S1:Please can you speak more slowly? Im afraid I cant follow you.S2:Im sorry. Ill speak more slowly. This is the Hall where the Emperor made his sacrifices t
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