UI设计规范---论文

UI 设计规范 1 界面规范 1 1 总体原则 l 以用户为中心 设计由用户控制的界面 而不是界面控制用户 l 清楚一致的设计 所有界面的风格保持一致 所有具有相同含义的术语保持一致 且易于理解 l 拥有良好的直觉特征 以用户所熟悉的现实世界事务的抽象来给用户暗示和隐喻 来帮助用户能迅速学 会软件的使用 l 较快的响应速度 l 简单且美观 1 2 原则详述 1 2 1 用户控制 用户界面设计的一个重要原则是用户应该总是感觉在控制软件而不是感觉被软件所控制 l 操作上假设是用户 而不是计算机或软件 开始动作 用户扮演主动角色 而不是扮演被动角色 在需要 自动执行任务时 要以允许用户进行选择或控制它的方式来实现该自动任务 l 提供用户自定义设置 因为用户的技能和喜好各不相同 因此他们必须能够个性化界面的某些方面 Windows 为用户提供了对许多这方面的访问 您的软件应该反应不同的系统属性 例如颜色 字体或其他 选项的用户设置 l 采取交互式和易于感应的窗口 尽量避免使用模态对话框 而使用 非模式 辅助窗口 模式 是一种状 态 它排除一般的交互 或者限制用户只能进行特定的交互 当最好使用一个模式或该模式只是可替换的 设计时 例如 用于在一个绘图程序中选定一个特定感觉 请确保该模式是显然的 可见的 是一个明确的 用户选定的结果 并且容易取消 l 在后台运行长进程时 保持前台式交互 例如 当正在打印一个文档 即使该文档不能被改变 用户也 应该可以最小化该窗口 l 谅解 用户喜欢探索一个界面 并经常从尝试和错误中学习 一个有效的界面允许交互式的发现 它只 提供一组合适的选择 并在用户可能破坏系统或数据的情况时发出警告 如果可行 还应提供可逆转或可 还原的操作 即使在设计得很好得界面中 用户也可能犯错误 这些错误既可以是物理上得 偶然地指向 了错误的命令或数据 也可以是逻辑上的 对选定哪一个命令或哪些数据做出了错误的决定 有效的 设计避免很可能导致错误的情况 它还包容潜在的用户错误 并且使用户易于还原 1 2 2 清楚一致的设计 一致允许用户将已有的知识传递到新的任务中 更快地学习新事物 并将更多的注意力集中在任务上 这 是因为他们不必花时间来尝试记住交互中的不同 通过提供一种稳定的感觉 一致使得界面熟悉而又可预 测 一致在界面的所有方面都是很重要的 包括命令的名称 信息的可视表示 操作行为 以及元素在屏 幕和窗口内部的放置 l 相同含义的词使用统一的术语 比如对于仓库中存放的物料 不可同时又称为物品 货物 备品 产品 和材料等等 而统一约定一个称谓 且此称谓是用户熟悉的和易于理解的 l 使用一组一致的命令和界面来展示常见功能 例如 避免一个 复制 命令在一种情况下立刻执行一个操 作 但在另一种情况显示一个对话框要求用户键入目标然后才执行 应该使用同样的命令来执行对用户来 说相似的功能 l 操作环境内的一致 保持 Windows 提供的交互操作和界面约定之间的高度一致 用户将能很快熟悉软 件的使用 l 使用隐喻的一致性 如果一个特定的行为更多的是一个不同的事物的特征 而不是它的隐喻的含义 那 么用户可能在学习将行为和该事物相关联时遇到困难 例如 对于放在回收站中的对象而言 焚烧炉和废 纸箩代表不同的模型 l 建立项目保留字 通过建立保留字来明确和统一术语和操作命令 l 提供可视反馈 在后台运行长进程时 时间超过 1 10 秒 视具体情况而定 必须提供进度条等信息 指示 l 除非特别必要时 不要提供声音反馈 在有严重的问题发生时 可以使用声音来提示用户 但是通常应 该允许用户取消声音 l 保持文字内容清楚 信息的表达要言简意赅 易于理解而又不罗嗦 避免使用冗长的文字给用户反馈 1 2 3 有良好的直觉特征 l 用熟悉的隐喻为用户的任务提供直接而直观的界面 通过允许用户利用他们的知识和经验 隐喻使得预 测和学习基于软件的表示的行为更加容易 l 在使用隐喻时 不需要将基于计算机的实现局限在真实世界的对应物上范围之内 例如 与其基于纸张 的对应物不同 Windows 桌面上的文件夹可以被用来组织各种对象 例如打印机 计算器 以及其他文 件夹 同样 Windows 文件夹可以其真实世界对应物不可能的方式被排序 在界面中使用隐喻的目的是 提供一个认知的桥梁 隐喻并不以其自身为最终目的 l 隐喻支持用户认知而不是记忆 用户记起与一个熟悉的事物相关联的意义要比他们记起一个特定命令的 名称要容易得多 l 同常见软件保持一致性 出色的用户界面在程序中将实现同用户以前用过的其它成功软件一致的动作 1 2 4 较快的响应速度 l 保持界面能很快对用户操作作出反应 l 提供快捷键 特别对于有大量录入项的界面 能让用户不使用鼠标即可完成快速数据录入 在用户界面 中加入一些功能 这些功能可以让熟练用户在不同的区域快速的输入数据 这些功能包括重复功能 快捷 键 带有有意义的图标的按钮等等 所有这些可以使速度快的用户可以控制界面并加快数据的输入 l 除非必要 不要重绘屏幕 1 2 5 简单且美观 l 简单 界面应该很简单 不是过分单纯化 易于学习 并且易于使用 它还必须提供对应用程序的所 有功能的访问 在界面中 扩大功能和保持简单是相互矛盾的 一个有效的设计应该平衡这些目标 支持 简单性的一种方法是将信息的表示减少到进行充分交流所需的最少信息 例如 避免命令名和消息的文字 描述 不相关或冗长的句子扰乱了您的设计 使得用户难以很容易地提取重要信息 另一个设计简单而有 用的界面的方法是使用自然的映射和语意 界面元素的排列和表示影响它们的意义和关联 简单还与熟悉 相互关联 熟悉的事物通常似乎更简单 尽可能尝试建立利用用户已有的知识和经历的联系 您可以使用 渐进揭示来帮助用户管理复杂的事物 渐进揭示 涉及到仔细的信息组织 以便只在恰当的时候才显示信 息 通过隐藏向用户表达的信息 您减少了用户必须处理的信息数量 例如 您可以使用菜单来显示操作 或选择的列表 还可以使用对话框来显示一组选项 渐进揭示并不意味着对显示信息使用非传统的技术 例如需要一个修饰键作为访问基本功能的唯一方法 或者强迫用户通过一个更长的分级交互序列 这会使 用户界面更加复杂和麻烦 l 美观 可视设计是应用程序界面的重要部分 可视属性提供了非常好的印象 并传达特定对象的交互行 为的重要线索 同时 出现在屏幕上的每一个可视元素也是很重要的 它们可能竞争用户的注意 提供清 楚地促进用户对表达的信息的理解的连贯环境 图形或可视设计器的技巧对于这一方面是无价的 1 3 细节约定 1 3 1 界面风格 l 使用一致性 一致的外观将使用户界面更易于理解和使用 用户界面控件看起来应该是一致的 l 使用安排和流程 在西方文化中 包括中国 人们习惯于从左到右 从上到下进行阅读 因此 应该 将重要信息放在上面和左边 左上角最容易吸引起人们的注意力 l 使用对齐 通常 使用左对齐来使用户界面控件更易于浏览 对于数值文本 应该使用小数点对齐或右 对齐 对于非数值文本 应该避免使用右对齐或居中对齐 不必对什么都使用中间对齐 或者使它们保持 对称形式 在右边或底部保留空白区域更适合习惯 l 使用分组 将相关的用户界面控件分成组 以体现它们之间的关系 同时 还要显示相关信息 将控件 放在它所作用的对象旁 使用空格 分组框 线条和标签 或者其它分隔符对用户界面控件进行分组 l 使用强调 使用焦点 位置 分组 层次 启用 禁用 大小 颜色或者字体等 来将注意力集中在需要 首先看到的用户界面控件上 尽量以可视的方式指明用户接下来应该进行的操作 l 使用可视的提示 尽量使用近似的大小和间距来指出用户界面控件是相似的 而使用不同的大小和间距 来指出用户界面控件视是不同的 l 使用空格 使用空格来创建一个 透气室 以使窗口布局更易于理解 并且查看起来更舒服 空格的多 少要适当 不要显得太分散 但是 要避免过多地使用空格 如果可能 尽量使窗口小一些 l 警惕空洞 不要到处粘贴公司或产品的名称及徽标 虽然在启动屏或 关于 框中出现公司或产品名称及 徽标是完全可以接受的 但其他窗口中的可用空间应该出现其他内容 如果没有其他内容 那么应尽量使 窗口小一些 l 注意大小 使用用户界面控件的分辨率具有独立性 使用系统规格 使用 GetGystemMetrics API 函数 或文本规格 使用 GetTextMetrics 或 GetTextExtentPoint32 API 函数 来确定用户界面控件的大小 任 何显示文本的对象 如对话框或定义的文本文档 都应该使用文本规格 l 考虑使用资源或预定义的布局网格 资源模板或预定义的布局网格有助于您在不同的窗口之间实现一致 性 注意 下页所示图的第二个对话框 与第一个不同 它有一个紧凑 从左到右 从上到下的流程 并 且 左对齐的标签很便于浏览 通过对齐编辑框并调整其大小 使它显得更有组织 更加平衡 不合理的 平衡的对话框 1 3 2 统一术语 1 3 2 1 术语的重要性 我们用名称来区别 描述和查找事物 使用名称来分解并理解不熟悉的事物 采用统一的术语有助于 我们更好地理解和进行交流 简化并统一用户界面术语有助于用户理解和充分应用我们设计的界面 使用不同的术语描述相同的事物是最让人迷惑的 而改变人人都已经熟悉的术语也是有害的 这两种 情况都使得程序难以讨论 描述 以及归档 甚至使它难以编程 1 3 2 2 命名 下面是一些需要命名的 与界面有关的典型对象 程序本身 程序使用的文档类型 用户利用程序执行的主要操作 所有的窗口 对话框和属性表 主程序窗口中的使用区域 认为非标准的屏幕对象 命令 属性 交互 或者技术 简而言之 用户可以看到或需要与其进行交互的 显示在菜单 工具栏 窗口 对话框 状态栏 联 机帮助或文档中的任何内容都需要有一个名称 当然 您将会使用已存在的标准屏幕对象的名称 例如 您不需要命名常用的对话框 因为它们已经拥有名称 1 3 2 3 用用户的语言说话 使用软件面向的用户所熟悉的词语 除非您的软件是为了程序员设计的 否则应该避免使用计算机行话 而应用常用的单词代替 例如 对绝大多数用户来说 常用单词 separator 分隔符 就比技术术语 delimiter 定界符 要好得多 如果必须使用技术词汇 那么应采用那些用户可能知道的术语 1 3 2 4 要避免的术语 也有些术语是千万不要用在您的用户界面中的 尽管 execute 执行 kill 杀死 terminate 结束 fatal 致命的 和 abort 中止 这样的术语在程序员文献中是完全可接受的 但完全应该避免出现在 其他的文字中 关于 UI 规范的几点意见 1 UI 规范分为两个方面 a GUI 规范 指导产品 GUI 设计和 GUI 编码 b 交互设计规范 指导产品设计 着重统一团队意识 作为设计产品交互行为的最高标准 这里大家讲的主要是 GUI 规范 2 GUI 规范的制定时间可前可后 但是有两个关键点 a 必须在编码之前完成 否则就成花架子了 b GUI 规范不是一蹴而就 它和设计相互迭代 彼此补充 相互完善 3 GUI 规范的内容 70 是通用原则 涉及产品图形控件的基本属性和构建的基本参数和原则 30 是与 项目或产品特点相适应的内容 这部分内容就是在设计过程中迭代产生 4 规范制定不是问题 最大的问题在于执行 必须打破现有的开发流程和组织架构 有专人负责界面编 码和界面测试 才能保证规范能贯彻下来 让做逻辑和函数的编码工程师来执行 完全不可控 走样是自 然的 因为他不懂 也不在乎 而且他有理由逃避责任 5 规范不能直接拿出来执行 篇幅太多 操作有难度 所以必须要让规范落地 也就是说 要有具体的 设计文档作为执行的依据 设计文档按照产品设计思路分片分线组织 所有设计文档结合起来就是整合的 产品原型 所以说 GUI 设计 交互设计 设计 规范 原型 执行是一个完整的互动的概念 牵一发而动全身 原文 UI design 1 Interface Specification 1 1 The general principles l user centered Controlled by the user interface design rather than control the user interface l clear and consistent design All consistent interface style all have the same meaning in terms consistent and easy to understand l have a good intuitive features Users are familiar with the realities of world affairs to give the user hints and abstract metaphors to help users quickly learn to use the software l fast response l Simple and beautiful 1 2 The principle of detailed 1 2 1 User Control User interface design is an important principle is that the user should always feel in control of the software rather than feeling controlled by software l operating on the assumption that the user not the computer or software Start action Users play an active role rather than playing a passive role Automate tasks when needed to allow the user to select or control of its way to achieve the automated tasks l to provide user defined settings Because the user s skills and preferences vary so they must be able to personalize certain aspects of interface Windows provide users with access to many in this area Your software should reflect the different system attributes such as color font or other options for user settings l take an interactive and easy induction of the window as far as possible avoid the use of modal dialog boxes the use of non model secondary window Model is a state it excludes general interaction or restrict specific user can only interact When is best to use a model or the model is designed to replace for example a drawing program for a specific selected sense make sure the pattern is clear visible is a clear result of the user selected and easy to cancel l long process running in the background keeping the former desktop interaction For example when a document is printed even if the document can not be changed the user should be able to minimize the window l understand Users like to explore an interface and often learn from trial and error An effective interface allows interactive discovery only to provide a suitable alternative and may damage the system or the user when data warned If possible also provide reversible or restore operation Even in well designed interface too the user may make mistakes These errors can be both physically have accidentally points to the wrong command or data it can be logical to which the selected command or data which made the wrong decision Effective design to avoid the situation is likely to cause errors It is also inclusive of potential user errors and enables users to easily restore 1 2 2 A clear and consistent design Agreed to allow users to transfer existing knowledge to new tasks learn new things faster and more focus on the task This is because they do not take the time to try to remember the different interactions By providing a sense of stability consistency makes the interface familiar and predictable Consistent in all aspects of the interface is very important including the name of the command the visual information that the operation behavior and the elements within the screen and the window placement l use the same word meaning a unified terminology For example the materials stored in warehouse not at the same time as items goods spare parts products and materials etc and unified convention of a title and this appellation is familiar and easy to understand l Use a consistent set of commands and interface to display common features For example to avoid a copy command in a situation to perform an operation immediately but in other cases display a dialog box asks the user type target and then be enforced Should use the same command to perform a similar function for the user l within the same operating environment Maintain the Windows interface to provide interactive operation and a high degree of consistency between the agreement users will be able to quickly familiar with the use of the software l use of metaphor consistency If a particular behavior is more a feature of different things but not its metaphorical meaning then the user may learn to act and the things associated with difficulties For example an object placed in the Recycle Bin the incinerator and the waste paper basket on behalf of different models l establishment of the project reserved words Through the establishment of reserved words to a clear and uniform terminology and operation commands l to provide visual feedback When a long process running in the background more than 1 to 10 seconds as the case may be must provide information such as instructions progress bar l Unless necessary do not provide audible feedback In a serious problem occurs you can use sound to prompt the user but should generally allow users to cancel sound l to keep text clear The expression of information to be concise and easy to understand without wordy to avoid lengthy text to the user feedback 1 2 3 Have a good intuitive features l with a familiar metaphor for the user s task to provide direct and intuitive interface By allowing users to use their knowledge and experience metaphor and learning based on the predicted behavior of the software that much easier l the use of metaphor the need to limit the realization of computer based counterpart in the real world on the range For example instead of different paper based counterpart Windows folder on the desktop can be used to organize various objects such as printers calculators and other folders Similarly Windows folders can be their real world counterparts in ways not possible to be sorted The use of metaphor in the interface is intended to provide a cognitive bridge metaphor is not the ultimate goal of its own l metaphor to support user awareness rather than memory The user to remember with a familiar sense of things than they associated with a specific command to remember the name much easier l the same common software consistency Excellent user interface and the program will achieve the same user previously used the software in line with other successful action 1 2 4 Fast response l to keep the interface to quickly respond to user actions l to provide shortcuts Especially for a large number of input items of the interface that lets users do not use the mouse to complete the fast data entry The user interface to include some features that allow experienced users in different regions of the input data quickly These features include the repeat function shortcut keys buttons with meaningful icons etc all of which allow the user to control the speed and accelerate the data entry interface l unless absolutely necessary do not redraw the screen 1 2 5 Simple and beautiful l simple The interface should be very simple not simplistic easy to learn and easy to use It must also provide the application access to all functions In the interface expanded features and keep it simple is contradictory An effective design should balance these goals One way to support the simplicity of the information that is reduced to the minimum required for a full exchange of information For example to avoid the command name and message text description Long sentences are not relevant or disturb your design making it difficult for users to easily extract important information Another simple and useful interface design approach is to use natural mappings and semantics Interface elements that affect their arrangement and the significance and relevance Interconnected with simple familiarity Familiar things often seem to be easier As far as possible try to build using the user has the knowledge and experience of the contact You can use the progressive reveal to help users manage complex things Progressive reveal the information relating to the carefully organized so that only just at the right time to display information Expressed by hidden to the user information you reduce the amount of information users must deal with For example you can use the menu to display a list of actions or choices you can also use the dialog box to display a set of options Progressive does not mean that the display of information reveal the use of non traditional techniques such as the need of a modifier key as the only way to access basic functions or force users to interact through a longer sequence classification This makes user interface more complicated and cumbersome l beautiful Visual design is an important part of the application interface Property provides a very good visual impression and convey a specific object of the interactions important clues At the same time appears on the screen every visual element is very important they may compete user s attention Provide clear information for users on the expression of a coherent understanding of the environment Graphic designer or visual skills for this aspect is priceless 1 3 Details of the agreement 1 3 1 interface style l use the same consistent look and feel will user interface easier to understand and use User interface controls should look the same l use arrangements and processes in Western culture including Chinese they are used from left to right top to bottom reading therefore important information should be placed on the top and left side From the upper left corner of the easiest to attract attention l use the alignment usually use the left aligned to make more easy to navigate user interface controls For the numerical text you should use a decimal point aligned or right aligned For non numeric text and should avoid the use of right aligned or center aligned Do not use the middle of what are aligned or keep them symmetrical form The right or bottom of the blank area is more suitable for custom l use of the relevant group user interface controls are divided into groups to reflect the relationships between them At the same time but also display relevant information To control its effect on the target side Spaces group boxes lines and tags or other separators to group of user interface controls l used to use stress focus location group level enable disable size color or font etc to focus on the need to first see the user interface control Visual way as far as possible should be specified by the user following the operation l use to make use of visual prompts approximate the size and spacing to that user interface controls are similar but different in size and spacing to that user interface controls as is different l use the spaces use spaces to create a breathable room to make easier to understand the window layout and more comfortable view How many spaces should be appropriate and not too dispersed However to avoid the excessive use of space If possible try to make the window smaller l do not guard against empty paste around the company or product name and logo Although the start screen or the About box appears company or product names and logos are perfectly acceptable but the other windows in the available space should be no other content If nothing else it should try to make the window smaller l Note that the size of user interface controls resolution independent Using the system specification using GetGystemMetrics API function or text size using GetTextMetrics or GetTextExtentPoint32 API function to determine the size of the user interface controls Any display of text objects such as the definition of the dialog box or text document should use the text size l consider the use of resources or a predefined grid layout resources predefined layout template or grid will help you to achieve consistency between different windows Note as shown in Figure next page the second dialog box with the first difference it has a compact from left to right top to bottom in the process and left aligned labels are easy to navigate by Alignment edit box and adjust its size it seems more organized more balanced Irrational Balance of the dialog box 1 3 2 uniform terminology 1 3 2 1 The importance of terms We use names to distinguish describe and find things use the name to decompose and understand unfamiliar things Unified terminology will help us better understand and communicate to simplify and harmonize terminology helps users to understand user interface and full application of our interface design use different terminology to describe the same thing is confusing but to change and everyone is familiar with the term harmful Both of which makes the program difficult to discuss describe and archive Even make it difficult to program 1 3 2 2 Named Here are some need to named and the interface of the typical object Process itself Program uses the document type Users to process the implementation of the main operation All of the windows dialog boxes and property sheets The use of the main program window area That the non standard screen objects order property interaction or technology In short the user can see or need to interact with and display the menu toolbar windows dialog boxes status bar the online help or documentation in any of the content needs to have a name Of course you will use the existing standard screen name of the object For example you do not need to name the common dialog box because they already have names 1 3 2 3 To speak with the user s language Use the software for users familiar words unless your software is designed for programmers or computer jargon should be avoided but application of common words to replace For example the vast majority of users often used the word separator separator than the technical term delimiter delimiter are much better If you must use technical terms it should adopt the terminology that the user may know 1 3 2 4 To avoid the term Also some terminology is never used in your user interface Although the execute the implementation kill kill terminate end fatal fatal and abort stop this term in the literature in the programmer is completely acceptable but should be avoided completely in the other text Some comments on UI specification 1 UI specification is divided into two areas a GUI standards to guide product design and GUI GUI code b interaction design to guide product design focusing on unified team awareness interaction design products as the highest standards of conduct Here we are mainly talking about GUI specification 2 GUI specification before the development time can be later but there are two key points a must be completed before the code otherwise we become superfluous and the b GUI specification is not done overnight between it and the design iterations each added another perfect 3 GUI specification 70 of general principles involving the basic properties of product graphics and building control basic parameters and principles 30 of projects or products with features suited to the content This part of the design process is iterative produce 4 standard formulation is not a problem the biggest problem is enforcement Must break the existing development process and organizational structure with dedicated staff to interface code and interface testing to ensure that norms can put down L