2022年考博英语-重庆大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解50

2022年考博英语-重庆大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 填空题THE IRON BRIDGEThe Iron Bridge was the first of as kind in Europe and is universally recognized as a symbol of the Industrial Revolution.A: The Iron Bridge crosses the River Severn in Coalbrookdale, in the west of England. It was the first cast-iron bridge to be successfully erected, and the first large cast-iron structure of the industrial age in Europe, although the Chinese were expert iron-casters many centuries earlier.B: Rivers used to the equivalent of todays motorways, in that they were extensively used for transportation. The River Severn, which starts its life on the Welsh mountains and eventually enters the sea between Cardiff and Bristol, is the longest navigable river in Britain. It was ideal for transportation purpose, and special boats were built to navigate the waters. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the Severn was one of the busiest rivers in Europe. Local goods, including coal, iron products, wool, grain and cider, were sent by river. Among the goods coming upstream were luxuries such as sugar, tea, coffee and wine. In places, the riverbanks were lined with wharves and the river was often crowded with boats loading or unloading.C: In 1638, Basil Brooke patented a steel-making process and built a furnace at Coalbrookdale. This later became the property of Abraham Darby (referred to as Abraham Darby Ito distinguish him from his son and grandson of the same name.) After serving an apprenticeship in Birmingham, Darby had started a business in Bristol, but he moved to Coalbrookdale in 1710 with an idea that coke derived from coal could provide a more economical alternative to charcoal as a fuel for iron making. This led to cheaper, more efficient iron making from the abundant supplies of coal, iron and limestone in the area.D: His son, Abraham Darby II, pioneered the manufacture of cast iron, and had the idea of building a bridge over the Severn, as ferrying stores of all kinds across the river, particularly the large quantities of fuel for the furnaces at Coalbrookdale and other surrounding ironworks, involved considerable expense and delay. However, it was his son Abraham Darby III (born in 1750) who, in 1775, organized a meeting to plan the building of a bridge. This was designed by a local architect, Thomas Pritchard, who had the idea of constructing it of iron.E: Sections were cast during the winter of 1778-9 for a 7-metre-wide bridge with a span of 31 metres, 12 metres above the river. Construction took three months during the summer of 1779, and remarkably, nobody was injured during the construction process- a feat almost unheard of even in modern major civil engineering projects. Work on the approach roads continued for another two years, and the bridge was opened to traffic in 1781 Abraham Darby funded the bridge by commissioning paintings and engravings, but he lost a lot on the project, which had cost nearly double the estimate, and he died leaving massive larger debts in 1789, aged only 39. The district did not flourish for much 1onger, and during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries factories closed down. Since 1934 the bridge has been open only to pedestrians. Universally recognized as the symbol of the Industrial Revolution, the Iron Bridge now stands at the heart of the Iron Bridge Gorge World Heritage Site.F: It has always been a mystery how the bridge was built. Despite its pioneering technology no eye-witness accounts are known which describe the iron bridge being erected and certainly no plans have survived. However, recent discoveries, research and experiments have shed new light on exactly how it was built, challenging the assumptions of recent decades. In 1997 a small water colour sketch by Elias Martin came to light in the Swedish capital, Stockholm. Although there is a wealth of early views of the bridge by numerous artists, this is the only one which actually shows it under construction.G: Up until recently it had been assumed that the bridge had been built from both banks, with the inner supports tilted across the river. This would have allowed river traffic to continue unimpeded during construction. But the picture clearly shows sections of the bridge being raised from a barge in the river. It contradicted everything historians had assumed about the bridge, and it was even considered that the picture could have been a fake as no other had come to light. So in 2001 a half-scale model of the bridge was built, in order to see if it could have been constructed in the way depicted in the water colour. Meanwhile, a detailed archaeological, historical and photographic survey was done by the Iron bridge Gorge Museum Trust, along with a 3D CAD (computeraided design) model by English Heritage.H: The results tell us a lot more about how the bridge was built. We now know that all the large castings were made individually as they are all slightly different. The bridge wasnt welded or bolted together as metal bridges are these days. Instead it was fitted together using a complex system of joints normally used for wood but this was the traditional way in which iron structures were joined at the time. The construction of the model proved that the painting shows a very realistic method of constructing the bridge that could work and was in all probability the method used.I: Now only one mystery remains in the Iron Bridge story. The Swedish water colour sketch had apparently been torn from a book which would have contained similar sketches, it had been drawn by a Swedish artist who lived in London for 12 years and travelled Britain drawing what he saw. Nobody knows what has happened to the rest of the book, but perhaps the other sketches still exist somewhere. If they are ever found they could provide further valuable evidence of how the Iron Bridge was constructed.1.When was the furnace bought by Darby originally constructed?2.When were the roads leading to the bridge completed?3.When was the bridge closed to traffic?4.When was a model of the bridge built?【答案】1.16382.17813.19344.2001【解析】1.根据文章C段，“In 1638, Basil Brooke patented a steel-making process and built a furnace at Coalbrookdale.”，1638年，Basil Brooke申请了炼钢工艺专利，并在科尔布鲁代尔建造了一座熔炉。可知这个熔炉是在1638年建成的。2.根据文章E段，“Work on the approach roads continued for another two years, and the bridge was opened to traffic in 1781”，修路工作又持续了两年，大桥于1781年通车。持续两年是在1779年大桥开始施工的基础上计算的。可判断出通往那座桥的路是1781年修完的，才能使大桥在1781年通车。3.根据文章E段，“Since 1934 the bridge has been open only to pedestrians.”，自1934年以来，这座桥只对行人开放。可判断出大桥从1934年开始不通车。4.根据文章G段，“So in 2001 a half-scale model of the bridge was built, in order to see if it could have been constructed in the way depicted in the water colour.”，2001年，这座桥的半尺度模型建成，以判断它是否能够按照水彩画中的方式建造。可判断出2001年建成了这座桥的模型。2. 单选题Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories. Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brains memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object. When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized. Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is a parallel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one. Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation. Other psychologists have proposed that internal representation features are matched serially with an objects features. Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.1.The author is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.According to the passage, Gestalt psychologists make which of the following suppositions about visual recognition?I. A retinal image is in exactly the same forms as its internal representation.II. An object is recognized as a whole without any need for analysis into component parts.III. The matching of an object with its internal representation occurs in only one step.3.It can be inferred from the passage that the matching process in visual recognition is（ ）.问题1选项A.explaining how the brain receives imagesB.synthesizing hypotheses of visual recognitionC.examining the evidence supporting the serial recognition hypothesisD.discussing visual recognition and some hypotheses proposed to explain it问题2选项A.II onlyB.III onlyC.I and III onlyD.II and III only问题3选项A.not a neural activityB.not possible when an object is viewed for the very first timeC.not possible if a feature of a familiar object is changed in some wayD.now fully understood as a combination of the serial and parallel processes【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一句为整段的中心句，根据文章第一句，“Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories.”，可知本文的话题为视觉识别。下文对视觉识别的过程和原理通过一系列的假设进行具体的阐释。可判断出作者在本文涉及到的主要问题是讨论视觉识别，并提出一些假设来解释它。选项D符合题意。2.判断推理题。根据文章第五句，“Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation.”，格式塔学派的心理学家认为，物体是通过一个并行的过程被识别为一个整体的：内部表征与视网膜图像是在一个单独的操作中匹配的。可判断出“一个物体作为一个整体被识别，不需要拆解成组成部分”和“物体与其内部图像的匹配只需要一步”都是格式塔学派心理学家对视觉识别做出的假设。选项D符合题意。3.判断推理题。根据文章第二、三句，“Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brains memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object. When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized.”，视觉识别的过程为：由眼睛触发的神经活动在大脑的记忆系统中形成一个图像，这个图像构成了被观察物体的内部表象。当这个物体再次被看到时，物体与它内部的表象进行匹配，从而识别该对象。可判断出根据本文，视觉识别中的匹配过程是不可能发生在一个物体第一次被看到时。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers. However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find. In most Japanese preschools, surprisingly, little emphasis is put on academic instruction. In one investigation, 300 Japanese and 210 American preschool teachers, child development specialists, and parents were asked about various aspects of early childhood education. Only 2 percent of the Japanese respondents （答问卷者） listed “to give children a good start academically” as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. In contrast, over half the American respondents chose this as one of their top three choices. To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group. The vast majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents.In the recent comparison of Japanese and American preschool education, 91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. Sixty-two percent of the more individually oriented （强调个性发展的），Americans listed group experience as one of their top three choices. An emphasis on the importance of the group seen in Japanese early childhood education continues into elementary school education.Like in America, there is diversity in Japanese early childhood education. Some Japanese kindergartens have specific aims, such as early musical training or potential development. In large cities, some kindergartens are attached to universities that have elementary and secondary school.Some Japanese parents believe that if their young children attend a university-based program, it will increase the childrens chances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities. Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese kindergartens.1.We learn from the first paragraph that many American believe（ ）.2.Most American surveyed believe that preschools should also attach importance to（ ）.3.In Japans preschool education, the focus is on（ ）.4.Free play has been introduced in some Japanese kindergartens in order to（ ）.5.Why do some Japanese parents send their children to university-based kindergartens?问题1选项A.Japanese parents are more involved in preschool education than American parents.B.Japans economic success is a result or its scientific achievements.C.Japanese preschool education emphasizes academic instruction.D.Japans higher education is superior to theirs.问题2选项A.problem solvingB.group experienceC.parental guidanceD.individuallyoriented development问题3选项A.preparing children academicallyB.developing childrens artistic interestsC.lapping childrens potentialD.shaping childrens character问题4选项A.broaden childrens horizonB.cultivate childrens creativityC.lighten childrens study loadD.enrich childrens knowledge问题5选项A.They can do better in their future studies.B.They can accumulate more group experience there.C.They can be individually oriented when they grow up.D.They can have better chances of getting a first-rate education.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.事实细节题。根据文章第一段，“However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find. In most Japanese preschools, surprisingly, little emphasis is put on academic instruction.”，可知日本的学前教育提供的答案并不是美国人所期望的。令人惊讶的是，在大多数日本学前教育中，很少强调学术教育指导。可判断出美国人相信日本的学前教育强调学术指导。相信C符合题意。2.事实细节题。根据文章第二段，“91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. Sixty-two percent of the more individually oriented，Americans listed group experience as one of their top three choices.”，可知91%的日本受访者认为，让孩子们有团体经历是日本社会让孩子接受学前教育的三大理由之一，62%的美国受访者将团队经历列为他们的三大选择之一。可判断出大多数接受调查的美国人认为学龄前儿童也应该重视团队经验。相信B符合题意。3.事实细节题。根据文章第一段，“Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group.”，可知日本的学校不教授阅读、写作和数学等学业知识，而是教授诸如坚持、专注和团队意识等能力。可判断出在日本的学前教育中，关注的重点在于塑造孩子的性格。选项D符合题意。4.判断推理题。根据文章最后一句，“Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese kindergartens.”，可知一些更先进的项目引入了自由游戏，作为一些日本幼儿园摆脱沉重的课业负担的方法。可判断出日本的学前教育引入了自由玩耍的项目，目的是为了减轻孩子的学习负担。选项C符合题意。5.事实细节题。根据文章最后一段，“Some Japanese parents believe that if their young children attend a university-based program, it will increase the childrens chances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities.”，可知一些日本父母认为，如果他们的孩子参加一个大学的项目，这将使孩子未来更有可能被一流学校和大学录取。可判断出一些日本父母把孩子送到大学附属的幼儿园，原因在于这能增加他们上一流大学的机会，从而接受最好的教育。选项D符合题意。4. 翻译题When youre fed up with self-obsessed twenty-somethings, try to remember that theyll be 33 one day. For thats the age when they lose the “all about me” attitude, research suggests. By then, youthful selfishness subsides and people begin to consider others feelings more often, researchers say. When we reach 33, we are also more likely to make an effort with parents and grandparents and take a positive attitude towards ending feuds with family or friends. The older we get, the more selfless we are in almost all areas of life with the exception of volunteering in the community, the report suggests. Most people agree that having children is the turning point in changing our attitudes towards other people. This is when we apparently find ourselves worrying more about others and doing things for them, such as checking how they are getting home, offering to help with childcare and doing airport runs. And we are more likely to keep an eye out for neighbors, as well as give up seats to elderly people on public transport. We will probably also be more involved in the community and willing to donate money to good causes. Those under 33 are most likely to admit to being very selfish with 40 percent saying that they put themselves first in all circumstances. However, 40 percent of this age group regularly volunteer for charity or their community higher than any other age group. The age at which we are most selfish is our teenage years, researchers found with people saying that just growing up made them more likely to consider others. Others cite meeting their partner or buying a house as the point at which they started being more compassionate and putting others first. Researchers at Make-A-Wish Foundation UK came to their conclusion after studying the attitudes of 2,000 adults aged from 20 to 60.【答案】当你受够了20多岁的自恋的年轻人，试着记住他们终有会到33岁的一天。研究表明，在这个年龄，人们会彻底改变“一切围绕自我”的态度。研究者表明，到那时，年轻人的自私心理会消失，人们开始更多地考虑他人的感受。当我们33岁时，我们也有可能更多地与父母和祖父母在一起，并以积极的态度去解决与家人或朋友的不和睦关系。报告显示，随着年龄的增长，我们在生活的几乎所有方面都变得更加无私，在社区做义工除外。大多数人认为拥有孩子是我们对其他人态度转变的一个转折点。当我们有了孩子之后，我们会明显地发现自己更加为别人担心，并且为他们做事和付出，比如询问他们如何回家，主动提出帮忙照顾孩子或者去机场接机。而且我们可能更加关心邻居，并且在公共交通中给老年人让座。我们可能也会更多地参与社区活动，更加愿意为公益事业捐款。那些33岁以下的人可能也承认自己非常自私40%的人说任何情况下他们都把自己放在第一位。研究者发现，我们最自私的年龄是青少年时期。人们说，仅仅是成长就会让他们更倾向于为他人考虑。另一些人则表示，在遇到伴侣或买房时，他们开始变得更有同情心，并把他人放在首位。英国许愿基金会的研究人员在调查了2000名年龄在20岁至60岁之间的成年人的态度后得出了上述结论。5. 单选题Section AEvery health system in an economically developed society is faced with the need to decide (either formally or informally) what proportion of the communitys total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportioned; what diseases and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority; which members of the community are to be given special consideration in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective.Section BWhat is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook about the finitude of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in particular, as well as more specific changes regarding the clientele of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those resources. Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite. In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were “limits to growth”. The new consciousness that there were also severe limits to health-care resources was part of this general revelation of the obvious. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the “invisible hand” of economic progress would provide.Section CHowever, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life. Like education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human beings. People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, o