2022-2023年考博英语-中国科学院模拟考试题（含答案解析）第35期

2022-2023年考博英语-中国科学院模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题You could argue that many artists have become more（ ）happiness because modern times have seen so much misery.问题1选项A.confident inB.skeptical ofC.realistic aboutD.incapable of【答案】B【解析】考察形容词短语辨析。confident in “对有信心”；skeptical of “对怀疑”；realistic about “对现实”；incapable of “没有能力做”。句意：你可能会认为艺术家们越来越怀疑快乐了，因为现代社会经历了如此多的不幸。选项B符合句意。2. 单选题Exciting developments came from the world of marketing this month with the introduction of a (an) _ new product designed to repair the reputation of American business.问题1选项A.staggeringB.intriguingC.shockingD.irritating【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. staggering 惊人的，令人难以相信的 B. intriguing 有趣的，迷人的C. shocking 令人震惊的，骇人听闻的 D. irritating 刺激的，恼人的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】空格处作定语修饰下文的“new product（新产品）”，该产品的目的为“旨在修复美国企业声誉（repair the reputation of American business）”。with在句中引导原因状语，和主句“本月的市场获得了令人振奋的进展（Exciting developments）”之间存在因果逻辑关系，因为推出了这款新产品，所以市场得到了进展，说明该产品应该是与众不同、能吸引消费者的。intriguing指因不寻常而非常有趣，因此B选项intriguing“有趣的，迷人的”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项staggering“惊人的，令人难以相信的”指事物的程度、数量等令人震惊到难以置信，不能和“新产品（new product）”进行搭配，也无法体现其吸引人的特点；C选项shocking“令人震惊的，骇人听闻的”指因感到气愤憎恶或不道德而震惊，带有消极含义，不能和“令人振奋的进展（Exciting developments）”相对应；D选项irritating“刺激的，恼人的”指对身体部位有刺激性或因某事不断发生而生气恼怒，带有消极含义，不能和“令人振奋的进展（Exciting developments）”相对应。【句意】随着一款旨在修复美国企业声誉的有趣新产品的推出，本月的市场获得了令人振奋的进展。3. 单选题He was a molecular biologist with good hands, impressive ingenuity, and（ ） capacities.问题1选项A.intuitiveB.accidentalC.fragileD.diligent【答案】A【解析】考察形容词辨析。 “intuitive”直觉的； “accidental” 偶然的； “ fragile” 易碎的； “diligent” 勤奋的；句意：他是一名分子生物学家，有灵巧的双手、令人钦佩的创造力和直觉判断力。选项A符合句意。4. 单选题Explosions. Radiation. Evacuations. More than 30 years after Three Mile Island, the （1） crisis in Fukushima, Japan, has brought back some of the worst（2）surrounding nuclear powerand restarted a major debate about the merits and the（3）of this energy source. Does nuclear energy offer a path away from carbon-based fuels? Or are nuclear power plants too big a threat? Its time to（4） myth from reality.One myth is that the biggest problem with nuclear energy is safety. Safety is certainly a critical issue,（5）the tragedy in Japan is making clear. But for years, the biggest challenge to sustainable nuclear energy hasnt been safety,（6）cost.In the United States, new nuclear construction was already slowing down even before the partial meltdown at Three Mile Island in 1979. The disaster（7）sealed its fate. The last nuclear power plant to come online started（8）power in 1996but its construction began in 1972. Today, nuclear power remains（9）more expensive than coal- or gas-fired electricity,（10）because nuclear plants are so expensive to build.（11）are slippery, but a plant can cost $5 billion. A 2009 MIT study estimated that the cost of producing nuclear energy was about 30 percent higher than（12）of coal or gas.Of course, cost and safety arent（13）Concerns about safety lead to extensive regulatory approval processes and add uncertainty to plant developers, calculations, both of（14） boost the price of financing new nuclear plants. Its not clear how much these construction costs would（15） if safety fears subsided and the financing became cheaperand after the Fukushima catastrophe, were unlikely to find out.问题1选项A.unfoldingB.unyieldingC.unwillingD.underlying问题2选项A.spiritsB.crimesC.nightmaresD.intentions问题3选项A.faultsB.obstaclesC.objectionsD.drawbacks问题4选项A.separateB.removeC.exchangeD.prevent问题5选项A.ifB.asC.yetD.although问题6选项A.onlyB.norC.butD.or问题7选项A.regularlyB.severelyC.invariablyD.merely问题8选项A.transcendingB.dispatchingC.deliveringD.saving问题9选项A.exclusivelyB.considerablyC.deliberatelyD.conversely问题10选项A.interestinglyB.roughlyC.mainlyD.surprisingly问题11选项A.SurplusesB.ConsumptionsC.DeficitsD.Estimates问题12选项A.thoseB.thatC.bothD.either问题13选项A.unreleasedB.unmatchedC.unrelatedD.unmarked问题14选项A.whichB.themC.thatD.whom问题15选项A.remainB.fallC.flowD.sway【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B第6题:C第7题:D第8题:C第9题:B第10题:C第11题:D第12题:B第13题:C第14题:A第15题:B【解析】（1）考察分词辨析。unfolding “正在上演的”；unyielding “不屈的，坚强的”；unwilling “不愿意的”；underlying “潜在的”。 句意：正在上演的，正在发生的核电站危机。选项A符合句意。（2）考察名词辨析。spirits精神； crimes罪行； nightmares 噩梦；intentions意图。句意：正在上演的日本福岛核电站危机又将围绕核能的噩梦带回人们的生活当中。选项C符合句意。（3）考察名词辨析。faults错误； obstacles阻碍；objections反对； drawbacks缺点；句意：重启关于这种能源优缺点的辩论。选项D符合句意。（4）考察动词辨析。separate 隔离； remove 消除；exchange 交换； prevent防止。句意：现在有必要将人们的误解与现实区分开来。选项A符合句意。（5）考察连词辨析。if如果；yet 但是；although 尽管；as“正如同一样”，句意：核能源的安全性确实是个问题，正如日本福岛的核泄漏灾难表明的很清楚一样。选项B符合句意。（6）考察连词辨析。only 仅仅；nor 不是；or或者，否则；notbut “不是而是”;句意：能源持续发展所遭遇的最大挑战不是安全性问题，而是成本问题。选项C符合句意。（7）考察副词辨析。regularly “有规律地”；severely “严重地；严格地”；invariably “总是，不变地”；merely “仅仅，只不过”。句意：三里岛核电站发生的部分熔断事件更是注定了美国核电站的命运。选项D符合句意。（8）考察动名词辨析。transcending “超越”；dispatching “派遣”；delivering “输送”；saving “储存”。句意：但到1996年才开始首次输送电能。选项C符合句意。（9）考察副词辨析。exclusively “唯一地，专门地”；considerably “相当地”；deliberately “故意地”；conversely “相反地”。句意：相比较燃煤发电和天然气发电，核电依然是相当贵。选项B符合句意。（10）考察副词辨析。interestingly “有趣地”；roughly “粗糙地”；mainly “主要地”；surprisingly“吃惊地”。句意：其主要原因在于建设一座核电站耗资巨大。选项C符合句意。（11）考察名词辨析。surpluses “剩余额”；consumptions “消耗”；deficits “负债”；estimates “预算”。句意：建设一座核电站需要多少预算很难有个准确数字，但可以花到50亿美元。选项D符合句意。（12）考察代词辨析。句意：根据MIT2009年的一个研究估算，核能产生电能所需花费要比煤或者天然气发电的花费高30%。空格处单词指代的是前面提及的cost,为单数，选项B符合要求。（13）考察形容词辨析。unreleased 未释放的； unmatched 无与伦比的；unrelated不相关的；unmarked没有标记的；句意：安全性与成本并不是毫无关系。选项C符合句意。（14）考察关系词辨析。本句为一个非限制性定语从句，which引导非限制性定语从句。空格处单词做of的宾语，指代前面提及的两点，选项中A符合语法要求。（15）考察动词辨析。remain 保持； fall 降落；flow 流动； sway摇摆。句意：如果人们的恐惧消退并且融资比以前价格低，人们不知道建设核电站的费用会下降多少。选项B符合句意。5. 单选题Wright，a computer scientist, is plotting an experiment with a humanoid robot called Nao. He and his colleagues plan to introduce this cute robot to people on the street and elsewherewhere it will deliberately invade their privacy. Upon meeting strangers, for example, Nao may use face-recognition software to dig up some detailed information online about them. Or, it may tap into their mobile phones location tracking history, learn where they ate lunch yesterday, and ask what they thought of the soup.Wright is one of a number of researchers wondering whether we can trust the robots that are poised to enter our lives. Scientists and scholars argue that if robots become ubiquitous, theyll be able to constantly watch and record us. One of the greatest threats, it seems, is to our privacy.Robots have already been working in factories for decades. Some are now in our homes, cleaning our floors, while others may soon keep a watchful eye on us as security guards or help take care of the elderly. In the last year alone, Google, which is already developing self-driving cars, bought eight robot companies.Yet despite advances in technology and in artificial intelligence, were still a long way from intelligent robots. What will empower them, however, is the cloud: the distributed, networked computing in which the Internet lives. By connecting to the Internet, robots can retrieve information and ask for help as they navigate the world, for example.It would be the next step in a technological evolution already underway. “What were increasingly seeing now is the existence of computers and sensing devices as part of the infrastructure that surrounds us, says Wright, based at the Oxford Internet Institute at the University of Oxford. With smartphones, the rise of wearable technologies like Google Glass, and the availability of wirelessInternet almost everywhere, the Internet is embedding itself deeper into our environment.“Ultimately, what a robot is or what a robot represents is an increasing presence of computers as more physical objects that we interact with,” Wright says. “Those interactions are going to be very rich,” he adds. “Its going to be physical and pervasive. ”Perhaps thats part of the reason why some of the major web technology firms, such as Google, have been embracing robotics. Some researchers and privacy advocates are concerned that robots could act as physical extensions of these companies, giving them tremendous access into your life.1.What is true about the humanoid robot Nao?2.What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” (Paragraph 2) most probably mean?3.Google is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to（ ）.4.Which of the following statements is true about the cloud?5.Some major web technology firms embrace robotics because（ ）.6.What is the best title of the passage?问题1选项A.It is used to intrude into peoples privacy.B.It has a lot of detailed information in its software.C.It can track where people put their mobile phones.D.It can help people order in a restaurant.问题2选项A.Unique.B.Ridiculous.C.Commonplace.D.Powerful.问题3选项A.show the latest development of robotsB.illustrate its contribution to the robotic industryC.explain the application of robots on the InternetD.demonstrate the widespread use of robots问题4选项A.It is the latest development in artificial intelligence.B.It can help develop intelligent robots.C.It is a network of Internet-connected computers.D.It is a navigation tool for world travelers.问题5选项A.robots make human interactions with the Internet more prevalentB.robots could advance technological revolutionC.robots can improve the natural environmentD.robots can protect the business secrets of companies问题6选项A.What is the Underlying Power of Robots?B.Robots: Can We Trust Them with Our Privacy?C.The Evolution of Robotic Technology.D.The Future of Robotic Technology.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A第6题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干关键词 “the humanoid robot Nao”，可将信息点定位至原文第一段第二句。根据 “He and his colleagues plan to introduce this cute robot to people on the street and elsewherewhere it will deliberately invade their privacy.( 他和他的同事们计划把这个可爱的机器人介绍给大街上的人和其他地方的人它会故意侵犯他们的隐私。)”,即可得出本题答案。2.词义推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第二段。根据 “if robots become ubiquitous, theyll be able to constantly watch and record us(如果机器人变得无处不在，它们将能够不断地观察和记录我们)”,即可得出本题答案。3.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第三段。根据 “been working in factories for decades(在工厂工作了几十年)” “Google, which is already developing self-driving cars, bought eight robot companies.( 谷歌公司也运用机器人，开发了无人驾驶车，并已经购买了8个机器人公司。)”,即可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。4.细节判断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第四段。根据 “were still a long way from intelligent robots. What will empower them, however, is the cloud(尽管目前我们离智能机器人还很遥远，但是云(cloud)是可以用来开发机器人技术的。)”即可得出本题答案。5.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文倒数第二段。根据 “Those interactions are going to be very rich,” he adds. “Its going to be physical and pervasive. ”(“这些互动将非常丰富，”他补充道。“它将是物理的和普遍的。”)”,即可得出本题答案。6.主旨大意题。根据 “researchers wondering whether we can trust the robots that are poised to enter our lives(研究人员想知道，我们是否能信任即将进入我们生活的机器人)” “concerned that robots could act as physical extensions of these companies, giving them tremendous access into your life(担心机器人会成为这些公司的实体延伸，让它们大量进入你的生活)” ,可概括出，文章主要围绕机器人技术的开发会不会威胁人们的隐私这一问题展开。从而得出本题答案。6. 单选题The results of the various lab analyses now _ are eagerly awaited and will be reported in a slew of scientific papers.问题1选项A.under negotiationB.under constructionC.under wayD.under attack【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. under negotiation 在谈判中 B. under construction 在建设中C. under way 在进行中 D. under attack 受到攻击【考查点】词组辨析。【解题思路】空格处作后置定语修饰上文的“The results of the various lab analyses（各项实验分析结果）”，表示这是一些什么样的实验结果。由“awaited（等待）”和“will be reported（将做出报告）”可知，这些实验还在分析中，没有得出最终的结果。under way是固定搭配，指正在进行或发生的，因此C选项under way“进行中的”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项under negotiation“在谈判中”；B选项under construction“在建设中”；D选项under attack“受到攻击”；均不能和“lab analyses（实验分析）”进行搭配。【句意】我们急切地等待着进行中的各项实验分析结果，并将在一系列学术论文中对其做出报告。7. 单选题My mother would rather put honesty first in her（ ）of values, which is important for our growth.问题1选项A.inventoryB.hierarchyC.observationD.identification【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。inventory “存货”；hierarchy “层级，等级”；observation “观察”；identification“识别，鉴别”。句意为：我的母亲宁可将诚实放在其价值观体系的首位，这对于我们的成长很重要。选项B符合句意。8. 单选题It is finally realized how foolish it is to develop our economy（ ） the environment.问题1选项A.for the sake ofB.on behalf ofC.at the cost ofD.in terms of【答案】C【解析】考察介词短语辨析。for the sake of 为了； on behalf of 代表； at the cost of以为代价； in terms of在方面。句意：人们终于明白了以牺牲环境为代价来发展经济是多么愚蠢的行为。选项C符合句意。9. 单选题In Second Nature，Nobel Prize-winning neuroscientist Gerald Edelman argues that the brain and mind are unified, but he has little patience with the claim that the brain is a computer. Fortunately for the general reader, his explanations of brain function are accessible, reinforced by concrete examples and metaphors.Edelman suggests that thanks to the recent development of instruments capable of measuring brain structure within millimeters and brain activity within milliseconds, perceptions, thoughts, memories, willed acts, and other mind matters traditionally considered private and impenetrable to scientific scrutiny now can be correlated with brain activity. Our consciousness ( a “ first-person affair ” displaying intentionality, reflecting beliefs and desires, etc. )，our creativity, even our value systems, have a basis in brain function.The author describes three unifying insights that correlate mind matters with brain activity. First, even distant neurons will establish meaningful connections ( circuits) if their firing patterns are synchronized. Second, experience can either strengthen or weaken synapses (neuronal connections). Finally, there is reentry, the continued signaling from one brain region to another and back again along massively parallel nerve fibers.Edelman concedes that neurological explanations for consciousness and other aspects of mind are not currently available, but he is confident that they will be soon. Meanwhile, he is comfortable hazarding a guess: “All of our mental life. is based on the structure and dynamics of our brain. ” Despite this optimism about the explanatory powers of neuroscience, Edelman acknowledges the pitfalls in attempting to explain all aspects of mind in neurological terms. Indeed, culturenot biologyis the primary determinant of the brains evolution, and has been since the emergence of language, he notes.However, I was surprised to learn that he considers Sigmund Freud “ the key expositor of the effects of unconscious processes on behavior. ” Such a comment ignores how slightly Freuds conception of the unconscious, with its emphasis on sexuality and aggression, resembles the cognitive unconscious studied by neuroscientists.Still, Second Nature is well worth reading. It serves as a bridge between the traditionally separate camps of “hard” science and the humanities. Readers without at least some familiarity with brain science will likely find the going difficult at certain points. Nonetheless, Edelman has achieved his goal of producing a provocative exploration of “how we come to know the world and ourselves”.1.Gerald Edelman would most probably support the idea that the brain（ ） .2.It was previously felt that perceptions and other mind matters could hardly be（ ） .3.Edelman firmly believes that（ ） .4.According to Edelman, to provide a thorough explanation of human mind, neuroscience will be（ ） .5.The author disagrees with the idea that the neuroscience-based cognitive unconscious can be（ ） .6.According to the author，Second Nature is a good book because （ ） .问题1选项A.co-functions with the mindB.works like a computerC.has an accessible functionD.sends signals to the mind问题2选项A.treated as a significant issueB.studied with scientific methodsC.separated from brain activityD.handled with surgical instruments问题3选项A.brain signals will repeatedly go from one brain region to another.B.experience will have an ill effect on neuronal connectionsC.distant neurons will help synchronize their firing patternsD.mind matters will be explained from a neurological perspective问题4选项A.responsibleB.insufficientC.impracticalD.reliable问题5选项A.clearly explained by Freuds theoryB.affected by language acquisitionC.studied relevantly to sexual behaviorD.examined concerning cultural backgrounds问题6选项A.it interests the reader in spiritual activitiesB.it appeals to the reader to study bioscienceC.it sets the reader probing into human cognitionD.it presents the advancement of natural science【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A第6题:C【解析】1.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段第一句。根据 “In Second Nature，Nobel Prize-winning neuroscientist Gerald Edelman argues that the brain and mind are unified, but he has little patience with the claim that the brain is a computer.( 诺贝尔奖获得者神经学家杰拉尔德埃德尔曼认为,大脑和思维是统一的,但他对大脑是一台电脑这一观点毫无耐心。)”即可得出本题答案。2.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第二段第一句。根据 “mind matters traditionally considered private and impenetrable to scientific scrutiny now can be correlated with brain activity.（传统上被认为是私人的、无法通过科学检查的精神问题，现在可能与大脑活动有关）” 即可得出本题答案。3.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第四段第一句。根据 “Edelman concedes that neurological explanations for consciousness and other aspects of mind are not currently available, but he is confident that they will be soon.（埃德尔曼承认，目前还没有对意识和思维其他方面的神经学解释，但他相信很快就会有。）”,即可得出本题答案。4.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第四段第三句。根据 “Edelman acknowledges the pitfalls in attempting to explain all aspects of mind in neurological terms.（埃德尔曼承认，试图用神经学术语解释思维的所有方面存在缺陷）”即可得出本题答案。5.细节推理题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第五段。本段大意为：作者并不同意Edelman的观点，因为作者认为Sigmund Freud关于无意识的概念与神经科学家们提出的认知无意识的观点并无相似之处。(Such a comment ignores how slightly Freuds conception of the unconscious, with its emphasis on sexuality and aggression, resembles the cognitive unconscious studied by neuroscientists.)从而得出本题答案。6.细节推理题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文最后一段。 “It serves as a bridge between the traditionally separate camps of “hard” science and the humanities.( 它是连接传统上“硬”科学和人文学科两大阵营的桥梁。)”通过归纳推理即可得出本题答案。10. 单选题As far as the rank and position is concerned, an associate professor is（ ）a professor, though they are almost equally knowledgeable.问题1选项A.ranked belowB.adjacent toC.inherent toD.subject to【答案】A【解析】考察形容词短语辨析。ranked below低于，在之下；adjacent to与相邻；inherent to固有的；subject to使服从，使遭受，受制于。句意：就职称地位高低而言，副教授低于教授，尽管他们几乎具备同等的学问知识。选项A符合句意。11. 单选题I am cautiously （ ） that a new government will be concerned and aware about the environment.问题1选项A.optimisticB.hostileC.cynicalD.doubtful【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。optimistic “乐观的”；hostile “敌对的”；cynical “愤世嫉俗的”；doubtful “可疑的”。句意：对于新政府是否会关注环境问题，我持谨慎的_态度。 根据关键信息cautiously可知选项A符合题意，“乐观态度”。12. 单选题In 2004 and again in 2006, women told pollsters that the concerns that motivated them to decide whether and for whom to vote were centered on nontraditional “Womens issues”. Women are not single-issue voters, either. （1） In reality, womens voting patterns indicate quite the opposite.Women are not monolithic in their attitudes about, or votes within, the political system. （2 ） .In the end, women voters ask themselves two core questions when deciding whom to support for president: “Do I like that person?” and “Is that person like me?” The first question is the classic “living room” test. The second is a more complex inquiry that probes whether women believe a candidate cars about, values, confronts, and feats he same things they