2022-2023年考博英语-北京航空航天大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第46期

2022-2023年考博英语-北京航空航天大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题The（ ）colonialists managed to wipe out the entire population.问题1选项A.aboriginalB.originalC.largeD.regional【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。句意：（ ）殖民主义者们设法消灭全部人口。aboriginal原始的，土著的；original最早的，最初的；large大量的；regional地区的。因此，A项aboriginal符合句意。2. 单选题English is an important foreign language to master because it provides ready（ ）to world scholarship and world trade.问题1选项A.excessB.approachC.solutionD.access【答案】D【解析】句意：英语是一门非常重要的需要掌握的外语，因为它是通向知识世界和商业世界的（ ） 。A选项excess超过；B选项approach接近；C选项solution解决；D选项access入口，进入。选项D符合句意。3. 单选题Hurricanes are killer winds, and their（ ） power lies in the physical damage they can do.问题1选项A.cumulativeB.destructiveC.turbulentD.prevalent【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析。cumulative积累的；destructive破坏性的，毁灭性的；turbulent骚乱的，混乱的；prevalent普遍的。句意：飓风是具有杀伤力的风，其（ ）力量在于其能够造成的物质损坏。因此,B选项符合句意。4. 单选题In 1906 much of San Francisco was destroyed by an earthquake and the fires that（ ）问题1选项A.evadedB.ensuedC.encounteredD.emitted【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。句意：1906，旧金山大部分地区被地震和随后发生的火灾摧毁。因此选B。 5. 单选题The ships generator broke down，and the pumps had to be operated（ ）in-stead of mechanically.问题1选项A.manuallyB.artificiallyC.automaticallyD.synthetically【答案】A【解析】句意：船的发电机出了故障，所以得（ ）操作泵以代替机械操作。A选项manually手工地；B选项artificially人为地；C选项automatically自动地；D选项synthetically 综合地，A选项符合句意。6. 单选题The expedition has left for the Andes and there is no（ ）when it will return.问题1选项A.informingB.reportingC.knowingD.advising【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意：探险队已出发前往安第斯山脉，但没有通知何时返回。故选A。7. 单选题The government will （ ） the economy next year and develop the trade relations with other countries quickly.问题1选项A.abuseB.amountC.accumulateD.accelerate【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意：明年，政府将 （ ） 经济增长，并且快速同其他国家发展贸易关系。abuse 滥用，虐待；amount 总计，合计；accumulate 积累，积聚；accelerate 促进；（使）加快。因此，D项符合句意。8. 单选题Picture-taking is a technique both for annexing the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographers temperament, discovering itself through the cameras cropping of reality. That is, photography has two antithetical ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of intrepid, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.These conflicting ideals arise from a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in “taking” a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as an observer is attractive because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed.An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photographys means. Whatever the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression on a par with painting, its originality is inextricably linked to the powers of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgertons high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of “fast seeing”. Cartier Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast.This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past when images had a handmade quality. This nostalgia for some pristine state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the wok of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.1.According to the passage, interest among photographers in each of photographys two ideals can be described as（）2.The author is primarily concerned with（）3.The author mentions the work of Harold Edgerton in order to provide an example of（）4.According to the passage, the two antithetical ideals of photography differ primarily in the（）5.Which of the following statements would be most likely to begin the paragraph immediately follow-ing the passage?问题1选项A.rapidly changingB.cyclically recurringC.steadily growingD.unimportant to the viewers of photographs问题2选项A.establishing new technical standards for contemporary photographyB.analyzing the influence of photographic ideals on picture-takingC.tracing the development of camera technology in the twentieth centuryD.describing how photographers individual temperaments are reflected in their work问题3选项A.how a controlled ambivalence toward photographys means can produce outstanding picturesB.how the content of photographs has changed from the nineteenth century to the twentiethC.the popularity of high-speed photography in the twentieth centuryD.the relationship between photographic originality and technology问题4选项A.value that each places on the beauty of the finished productB.emphasis that each places on the emotional impact of the finished productC.degree of technical knowledge that each requires of the photographerD.way in which each defines the role of the photographer问题5选项A.Photographers, as a result of their heightened awareness of time, are constantly trying to cap-ture events and actions that are fleeting.B.Thus the cult of the future, the worship of machines and speed, is firmly established in spiteof efforts to the contrary by some photographers.C.The rejection of technical knowledge, however, can never be complete and photography can-not for any length of time pretend that it has no weapons.D.The point of honor involved in rejecting complex equipment is, however, of no significance to the viewer of a photograph.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.第二段最后一句提到两种理想拍照方式中总会有一种在某段时间内被重新发现并占主要地位。所以说拍摄者的兴趣在两种理想模式间是循环往复的，故B项正确。2.作者最后说明了两种拍照理念对于摄影发展的影响。所以B项“分析拍摄理念对于摄影的影响”符合文意，B项正确。3.根据题干关键词定位至第三段：Whatever the claims that photography might . The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgertons high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke”。作者以Harold Edgerton为例，说明了摄影师和机器设备之间的关系。D项正确。4.第二段第一句话 :“ These conflicting ideals arise from a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in taking a picture. ”。这两种对立的观念主要在于摄影师和旁观者在摄影时是否扮演着积极的角色。D项正确。5.题干问的是 “文章接下来将会讨论什么？”最后一句话为：Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness（摄影师和旁观者似乎需要质疑自己对摄影的认知）。由此可推测，文章接下来将会继续讲解与拍照认知有关的内容。所以C项正确。 9. 单选题Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are wo prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an im-age-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to t, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A. D. for applying patterns to tex-tiles .The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decora-tion and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process: first, the artist takes a lock of wood,which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then raws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The oodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper ei-ther by hand or with a printing press.Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmiths art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the iddle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, “to carve”). The im- ge is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An im-pression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the aper picks up the ink.Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.The word “prime” in line 2 is closest in meaning to( ).3.The authors purpose in paragraph 2 is to describe( ).4.According to the passage, all of the following are true about engraving EXCEPT thatit( ).5.According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?问题1选项A.The origins of textile decoration.B.The characteristics of good-quality prints.C.Two types of printmaking.D.Types of paper used in printmaking.问题2选项A.principalB.complexC.generalD.recent问题3选项A.the woodcuts found in China in the fifth centuryB.the use of woodcuts in the textile industryC.the process involved in creating a woodcutD.the introduction of woodcuts to Europe问题4选项A.developed from the art of the goldsmithsB.requires that the paper be cut with a burinC.originated in the fifteenth centuryD.involves carving into a metal plate问题5选项A.Their designs are slightly raised.B.They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching.C.They were first used in Europe.D.They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.文章开篇指出版画的制作技法主要有木刻和雕刻两种方式；接着在第二、三段分别介绍木刻、雕刻的起源、发展、制作过程；最后一段总说两种方式的特点。所以，C项Two types of printmaking（两种版画制作）正确。2.第一段指出：Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples（木刻和雕刻是版画制作的两种主要方式）。prime在这里指“主要的”，A项principal“主要的”正确。3.文章第二段主要讲述了木刻的制作过程。C项“制作木刻的过程”准确地概述了该段主旨。4.第三段指出：Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmiths art，originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century（雕刻由金匠艺术中发展而来，发源于15世纪中期的德国和意大利北部地区）, 所以A、C项正确；The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate.（图案刻入到光滑的金属板内），所以D项正确。而B项在原文中没有体现，所以选择B项。5.题干问的是木刻和雕刻的共同点。最后一段指出：Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear （在原始的木块或金属板用坏之前，可以生产数百张复制品）。D项符合原文意思，因此正确。10. 单选题Many years ago people thought the earth was flat. They believed that the sky （ ）a big up- side-down bowl and that the sun, moon, and stars were lamps hanging from the top of the bowl. Later, people （ ）better. They found out that the earth （ ） round.We call the study of the skies and the planets astronomy, （ ） we call the watchers of the skies astronomer. Early astronomers thought the earth was the center of They thought the heavens spun （ ）the earth. Later, they changed their （ ）They knew the earth was not the center. They believed that the earth and the（ ） planets spin around the sun. Today we know this is true.Ancient scientists studied the skies（ ） simple instruments. The first person（ ） a tele- scope was named Galileo. In 1610 （ ） four moons around the planet Jupiter. Today （ ）use more complex equipment. Some of these measure the brightness of light. （ ） break lights up into different colors. Radio telescopes make stars and planets （ ） far closer than Galileos telescope could.Early astronomers （ ） five planets in the sky. Besides Earth, they knew about mercury, Ve- nus ,Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. In 1781 a seventh one was discovered and named Uranus. Years lat- er, astronomers found another planet and called it Neptune. The ninth planet to be found is called Pluto. It was not （ ） until 1930.Today scientists can （ ） almost anywhere. They have reached the heavens with their space- craft. In 1959, a spacecraft （ ） took pictures of the dark side of the moon. The years later a spacecraft landed two Americans on the moon. Other important journeys into space （ ） . Who knows? Maybe（ ） human beings will live on another planet. Maybe you will be one of them.问题1选项A.isB.wasC.had beenD.were问题2选项A.spokeB.toldC.knewD.swore问题3选项A.wasB.had beenC.isD.were问题4选项A.andB.butC.yetD.still问题5选项A.anythingB.nothingC.somethingD.everything问题6选项A.aroundB.roundC.aboutD.along问题7选项A.jobsB.mindsC.suggestionD.advice问题8选项A.otherB.anotherC.restD.remained问题9选项A.byB.onC.withD.within问题10选项A.to useB.usedC.usesD.of using问题11选项A.inventedB.createdC.sawD.discovered问题12选项A.musiciansB.carpentersC.astronomersD.scholars问题13选项A.The othersB.OthersC.AnotherD.The other问题14选项A.lookB.lookingC.to lookD.looks问题15选项A.could have seenB.could seeC.had seenD.saw问题16选项A.trappedB.servedC.discoveredD.settled问题17选项A.runB.exploreC.playD.relax问题18选项A.firstB.firstlyC.for the firstD.first of all问题19选项A.followedB.had followedC.were followingD.follow问题20选项A.somedayB.some dayC.some daysD.somedays【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D第6题:A第7题:B第8题:A第9题:A第10题:A第11题:D第12题:C第13题:A第14题:A第15题:A第16题:C第17题:B第18题:A第19题:A第20题:A【解析】1.语法分析。谓语动词believed 为一般过去式，主语the sky为第三人称单数，因此选B。2.词义辨析。句意：人们 得更多。knew知道、了解，符合句意。3.语法分析。句意：他们发现地球是圆的。属于客观事实，谓语动词用一般现在时，故选C。4.逻辑关系。句意：我们将对天空和星球的研究称为天文学，我们将星空观察者称为天文学家。前后两句为并列关系，故选A。5.词义辨析。句意：早期的天文学家认为地球是宇宙万物的中心。D项everything意为“所有事物”, 符合句意。6.固定搭配。此处句意为：他们认为天堂围绕地球转。spin around为固定搭配意为“围绕旋转”。7.词义辨析。此处句意应为：他们改变了想法/认知。jobs工作；minds想法；suggestion建议；advice建议。8.词义辨析。句意：他们认为地球和 行星围绕太阳转。other其他的；another另外一个；rest剩余的；remain剩下的。故选A。9.介词辨析。句意：古代科学家通过简易工具研究天空。by凭借工具或手段；on在上面；with伴随；within在里面。故选A。10.语法分析。空格处应为定语修饰主语。而动词不定式和动名词形式可以做定语。故A项为动词不定式做定语正确。11.词义辨析。句意：1610年，在木星周围 了四颗卫星。invented发明；created创造；saw看见；discover发现。故选D。12.词义辨析。句意：现如今 使用更精密的设备。C项astronomers（天文学家）正确。13.关联。根据前半句some of（有些）推断空格处应为The others（其他的）。14.语法分析。Make为使役动词，后面跟动词原形。故选A。15.语法分析。空格处是对过去的一种推测：早期的天文学家可能已经看到了天空中的五颗行星。因此用could表示推测。16.词义辨析。句意：直到1930年科学家才 它。trapped诱捕、陷入困境；served招待、服务；discovered发现；settled定居、解决。故C项符合句意。17.词义辨析。句意：科学家几乎能够 宇宙的任何地方。run运行、跑；explore探索；play玩耍；relax放松。故B项符合句意。18.词义辨析。句意：在1959年，一艘宇宙飞船首次拍到黑暗的月球上的照片。A项first意为“第一次”,而其他选项都表示“首先”，故选A。19.语法分析。此句讲述的是过去发生的事情，因此用一般过去时。20.词义辨析。句意：或许总有一天，人们会居住到另外一个星球。因此A项someday（有一天）正确。11. 单选题Current data suggest that, although（ ） states between fear and aggression exist, fear and aggression are as distinct physiologically as they are psychologically.问题1选项A.simultaneousB.exceptionalC.partialD.transitional【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意：现有数据表明，尽管恐惧和攻击之间有（ ）状态存在，但是恐惧和攻击无论是从心理角度还是生理角度来看都是截然不同的。simultaneous同时的，联立的；exceptional异常的，例外的；partial局部的，偏爱的，不公平的；transitional变迁的，过渡。D选项“过渡”状态符合句意。12. 单选题The mayor was asked to（ ）his speech in order to allow his audience to raisequestions.问题1选项A.constrainB.conductC.condenseD.converge【答案】C【解析】句意：市长被要求（ ） 讲话，以便让他的听众提问。A选项constrain限制；B选项conduct控制，实施；C选项condense压缩，浓缩；D选项converge聚集。选项C符合句意。 13. 单选题Which is saferstaying home, traveling to work on public transport, or working in the office? Surprisingly, each of these carries the same risk, which is very low. However, what about flying compared to working in the chemical industry? Unfortunately，the for- mer is 65 times riskier than the latter! In fact, the accident rate of workers in the chemical industry is less than that of almost any of human activity, and almost as safe as staying at home.The trouble with the chemical industry is that when things go wrong they often cause death to those living nearby. It is this which makes chemical accidents so newsworthy. For- tunately, they are extremely rare. The most famous ones happened at Texas City (1947)， Flixborough (1974)，Seveso (1976)，Pemex (1984) and Bhopal (1984).Some of these are always in the minds of the people even though the loss of life was small. No one died at Seveso, and only 28 workers at Flixborough. The worst accident of all was Bhopal, where up to 3,000 were killed. The Texas City explosion of fertilizer killed 552. The Pemex fire at a storage plant for natural gas in the suburbs of Mexico City took 542 lives，just a month before the unfortunate event at Bhopal.Some experts have discussed these accidents and used each accident to illustrate a par- ticular danger. Thus the Texas City explosion was caused by tons of ammonium nitrate (硝酸铵)，which is safe unless stored in great quantity. The Flixborough fireball was the fault of management, which took risks to keep production going during essential re- pairs. The Seveso accident shows what happens if the local authorities lack knowledge of the danger on their doorstep. When the poisonous gas drifted over the town, local leaders were incapable of taking effective action. The Pemex fire was made worse by an overloaded site in an overcrowded suburb. The fire set off a chain reaction of exploding storage tanks. Yet, by a miracle, the two largest tanks did not explode. Had they caught fire, then 3,000 strong rescue team and fire fighters would all have died.1.Which of the following statements is true?2.Chemical accidents are usually important enough to be reported as news because3.According to the passage，the chemical accident that caused by the fault of manage- ment happened at（ ）4.From the passage we know that ammonium nitrate is a kind of（ ）.5.From the discussion among some experts，we may conclude that（ ）.问题1选项A.Working at the office is safer than staying at home.B.Travelling to work on public transport is safe