考研考博-考博英语-江苏大学模拟考试题含答案15

考研考博-考博英语-江苏大学模拟考试题含答案1. 不定项选择题We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a persons knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to device anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations text what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a persons true ability and aptitude.As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on them. They are the mark of success of failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day. It doesnt matter that you werent feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that dont count: the exam goes on. No one can give of his best when he is in mortal terror, or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do. The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of drop-outs: young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career? Can we be surprised at the suicide rate among students?A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. The examination system does anything but that. What has to be learnt is rigidly laid down by a syllabus, so the student is encouraged to memorize. Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming. They lower the standards of teaching, for they deprive the teacher of all freedoms. Teachers themselves are often judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques which they despise. The most successful candidates are not always the best educated; they are the best trained in the technique of working under duress.The results on which so much depends are often nothing more than a subjective assessment by some anonymous examiner. Examiners are only human. They get tired and hungry; they make mistakes. Yet they have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time. They work under the same sort of pressure as the candidates. And their word carries weight. After a judges decision you have the right of appeal, but not after an examiners. There must surely be many simpler and more effective ways of assessing a persons true abilities. Is it cynical to suggest that examinations are merely a profitable business for the institutions that run them? This is what it boils down to in the last analysis. The best comment on the system is this illiterate message recently scrawled on a wall: I were a teenage drop-out and now I are a teenage millionaire.1. The main idea of this passage is _.2. The authors attitude toward examinations is _.3. The fate of students is decided by _.4. According to the author, the most important of a good education is _.5. Why does the author mention court?问题1选项A.examinations exert a pernicious influence on educationB.examinations are ineffectiveC.examinations are profitable for institutionsD.examinations are a burden on students问题2选项A.detestB.approvalC.criticalD.indifferent问题3选项A.educationB.institutionsC.examinationsD.students themselves问题4选项A.to encourage students to read widelyB.to train students to think on their ownC.to teach students how to tackle examsD.to master his fate问题5选项A.Give an example.B.For comparison.C.It shows that teachers evolutions depend on the results of examinations.D.It shows the results of court is more effective.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.【选项释义】1. The main idea of this passage is _. 1. 这篇文章的主要观点是_。A. examinations exert a pernicious influence on education A. 考试对教育有不良影响B. examinations are ineffective B. 考试是无效的C. examinations are profitable for institutions C. 考试对机构是有益的D. examinations are a burden on students D. 考试对学生来说是一种负担【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】文章第一段最后一句点明“考试是测试记忆的好方法，是测试在巨大压力下快速工作的技巧的好方法，却测不出一个人的真正能力和水平”，然后第二段第一句“作为焦虑制造者，考试是首屈一指的”，和第三段第四句指出“考试不但没有促进学生广泛阅读，反而限制其阅读；考试不能使学生追求更多的知识，而是诱导学生进行应付考试的突击式学习”，接着最后一段首句指出“许多因素所依赖的考试结果只不过是某个匿名考官的主观评估”，综合理解可知，考试对于学生来说不是一件好事情，也不是检验学生真正的能力和水平的工具，甚至反而会制造焦虑，限制学生独立思考，也就是说考试对教育具有有害的影响，A项“考试对教育有不良影响”概括了本文的主要观点，故该题选择A项符合题意。【干扰项排除】B项“考试是无效的”、D项“考试对学生来说是一种负担”是进行考试的后果的其中一方面，这两项属于以偏概全；C项“考试对机构是有益的”也是考试的一方面，该项属于以偏概全。2.【选项释义】2. The authors attitude toward examinations is _. 2. 作者对考试的态度是_。A. detest A. 厌恶B. approval B. 称许的C. critical C. 批判的D. indifferent D. 漠不关心的【考查点】观点态度题。【解题思路】第一段中作者明确指出，考试方法不能测出人的能力和水平，第二段点明考试作为成功与失败的标志，成为了一个焦虑制造者，第三段说考试最成功的考试者经常不是最佳的受教育者，他们是在胁迫下获得最佳考试技巧者，而好的教育应能培养人的独立思考，然后第四段最后一句“我过去是一个是十来岁的辍学者，现在我是一个年轻的百万富翁”画龙点睛地指出，考试指挥下的教育的失败，这一切都说明作者对考试的批评态度；所以C项“批判的”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“厌恶”、D项“漠不关心的”根据解题思路可知，这两项都不能准确表达作者对考试的态度，属于曲解原文；B项“称许的”与作者对考试的态度相反，该项属于反向干扰。3.【选项释义】3. The fate of students is decided by _. 3. 学生的命运是由_决定。A. education A. 教育B. institutions B. 机构C. examinations C. 考试D. students themselves D. 他们自己【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第二段第三、四内容“他们（考试）是我们社会中成功与失败的标志。你的整个未来可能在一个决定性的日子里被决定（Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day）。”理解可知，学生的命运是由考试决定的，该题选择C项“考试”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“教育”、B项“机构”和D项“他们自己”没有提到，这三项属于无中生有。4.【选项释义】4. According to the author, the most important of a good education is _. 4. 根据作者的观点，良好的教育最重要的是_。A. to encourage students to read widely A. 鼓励学生广泛阅读B. to train students to think on their own B. 培养学生独立思考的能力C. to teach students how to tackle exams C. 教学生如何应付考试D. to master his fate D. 掌握自己的命运【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第三段第一句“良好的教育，除其他外，应该训练你独立思考”可知，良好的教育应该培养学生独立思考的能力，B项“培养学生独立思考的能力”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“鼓励学生广泛阅读”属于良好教育的其中一方面，该项属于以偏概全；C项“教学生如何应付考试”是考试的负面影响，与题干无关，该项属于出处错位；D项“掌握自己的命运”没有提到，该项属于无中生有。5.【选项释义】5. Why does the author mention court? 5. 为什么作者提到法院？A. Give an example. A. 举例。B. For comparison. B. 为了比较。C. It shows that teachers evolutions depend on the results of examinations. C. 表明教师的进化依赖于考试的结果。D. It shows the results of court is more effective. D. 表明法院的判决结果更为有效。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至最后一段第七句“在法官的裁决之后，你有上诉的权利，但在阅卷人给分后，学生却没有上诉权”，可知，作者在这里对比了法院和考试的区别，法院有上诉权，但考试没有；然后倒数第三句谈及“一想到考试只对进行考试的机构有利，未免太自私了”，综合理解可推断，作者提到法院就是为了与考试进行对比，B项“为了比较”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“举例”根据解题思路可知，该项表述不准确，属于曲解原文；C项“表明教师的进化依赖于考试的结果”是第三段的内容，与题干无关，该项属于出处错位；D项“表明法院的判决结果更为有效”，作者在文章末段提到法院是为了对比考试的不公平，并不是表明法院的判决更有效，该项属于本末倒置。2. 单选题Most environmental _ from climate changes to freshwater and forest habitat losshave become markedly worse.问题1选项A.symptomsB.highlightsC.indicatorsD.symbols【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. symptoms症状；征兆 B. highlights最好（或最精彩、最激动人心）的部分C. indicators指示信号 D. symbols象征；符号【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】空格后用了破折号，说明破折号的内容是补充解释空格处所要填的名词，根据破折号内的内容“从气候变化到淡水和森林栖息地的丧失”可知，这是环境恶化的征兆，故空格处表示“征兆”，该题选择A项符合句意。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】大多数环境症状从气候变化到淡水和森林栖息地的丧失已经明显恶化。3. 单选题Literacy in the country has increased, with the literate proportion of the population rising to 52.1% from 43.6% a decade ago.问题1选项A.influentialB.educatedC.diligentD.sophisticated【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. influential有很大影响的 B. educated受过教育的C. diligent孜孜不倦的；勤勉的 D. sophisticated见多识广的；老练的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】literacy表示“读写能力”，literate是literacy的形容词形式，那么literate表示“有读写能力的”，即受过教育的，B项词义与之相近，故该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合划线单词词义。【句意】该国的识字率有所提高，识字人口比例从十年前的43.6%上升到52.1%。4. 单选题Let us begin with two vignettes.问题1选项A.slogansB.maximsC.caveatsD.sketches【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. slogans口号 B. maxims格言；箴言C. caveats警告；告诫 D. sketches幽默短剧，小品；素描【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】vignette是表示“人物特征、局势等的简介；（表演）小品”，四个选项中只有D项词义与之相近，故该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B、C项不符合划线单词词义。【句意】让我们从两个小品开始。5. 不定项选择题There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future,” the papers publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, theres plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaperprinting presses, delivery trucksisnt just expensive; its excessive at a time when online-only competitors dont have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldnt waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, youre going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes thats worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as a blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? “I wouldnt pick a year to end print,” he said. “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and theyd feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if youre overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,” Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.” In other words, if youre going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a yearmore than twice as much as a digital-only subscription.“Its a really hard thing to do and its a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesnt have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But were going to have questions like that where we have things were doing that dont make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, its better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.”1. The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to _.2. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should _.3. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a” legacy product” _.4. Peretti believes that in a changing world _.5. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?问题1选项A.the increasing online and salesB.the pressure from its investorsC.the complaints from its readersD.the high cost of operation问题2选项A.make strategic adjustmentsB.end the print sedition for goodC.seek new sources of leadershipD.aim for efficient management问题3选项A.helps restore the glory of former timesB.is meant for the most loyal customersC.will have the cost of printing reducedD.expands the popularity of the paper问题4选项A.traditional luxuries can stay unaffectedB.cautiousness facilitates problem-solvingC.aggressiveness better meets challengesD.legacy businesses are becoming out dated问题5选项A.Shift to Online Newspapers all at Once.B.Cherish the Newspapers Still in Your Hand.C.Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion.D.Make Your Print Newspapers a Luxury Good.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.【选项释义】1. The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to _. 1. 纽约时报正考虑终止印刷版，部分原因是_。A. the increasing online and sales A. 在线版和销量的增长B. the pressure from its investors B. 来自投资者的压力C. the complaints from its readers C. 读者的抱怨D. the high cost of operation D. 印刷成本高【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】首先定位首段首句“终有一天，纽约时报会停止在报纸上发表文章”可知，这是题干的同义表达，然后第二段第二句解释了其具体原因“制造纸质报纸所需要的基础设施印刷机、送货卡车不仅昂贵；而且一个只提供在线服务的竞争对手却没有这样的经济上的限制，这是过分的”，从中可知，纽约时报正考虑终止印刷版，部分原因是因为印刷成本昂贵，D项“印刷成本高”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“在线版和销量的增长”、B项“来自投资者的压力”、C项“读者的抱怨”没有提到，这三项属于无中生有。2.【选项释义】2. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should _. 2. 佩雷蒂建议，面对目前的情况，纽约时报应该_。A. make strategic adjustments A. 进行战略调整B. end the print sedition for good B. 永远停止印刷煽动C. seek new sources of leadership C. 寻找新的领导资源D. aim for efficient management D. 追求高效率的管理【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据关键词Peretti定位至第四段第一句“佩雷蒂说，纽约时报不应该浪费时间退出印刷版业务，但必须采取正确的方式”，理解可知，佩雷蒂建议纽约时报应该找到一种正确的方法来解决这件事情，所以A项“进行战略调整”符合题意。【干扰项排除】B项“永远停止印刷煽动”，原文提到佩雷蒂认为不应该浪费时间退出印刷版业务，所以该项属于反向干扰；C项“寻找新的领导资源”和D项“追求高效率的管理”没有提到，这两项属于无中生有。3.【选项释义】3. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a” legacy product” _. 3. 从第5段和第6段可以推断“传统产品”_。A. helps restore the glory of former times A. 帮助恢复昔日的荣耀B. is meant for the most loyal customers B. 是针对最忠实的客户C. will have the cost of printing reduced C. 印刷成本会降低D. expands the popularity of the paper D. 扩大报纸的受欢迎程度【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】首先定位第五段最后一句“我不会选择一年结束印刷业，我会提高价格，让它更像一款传统产品”可以看出，佩雷蒂认为不仅要提高传统产品的价格，还要将它变为一种可以传承的产物，接着第六段开头提到“最忠实的客户仍然会得到他们喜欢的产品，他们会觉得他们在帮助维持他们所相信的东西的质量”，然后提到如果每年增加一些比例，依旧可以创收，紧接着提到“如果你要做一个印刷产品，那就为那些已经对它着迷的人做吧”，综合理解可知，对于最忠实的客户来说，如果把传统产品进行改造，那么对于他们来说这就是一件可以传承的东西，由此推断，“传统产品”是针对最忠实的客户，该题选择B项“是针对最忠实的客户”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“帮助恢复昔日的荣耀”和C项“印刷成本会降低”没有提到，该项属于无中生有；D项“扩大报纸的受欢迎程度”，“传统产品”针对的是忠实的客户，让这个产品变成可以传承的东西，并没有扩大受欢迎程度，该项属于曲解原文。4.【选项释义】4. Peretti believes that in a changing world _. 4. 佩雷蒂认为，在一个不断变化的世界，_。A. traditional luxuries can stay unaffected A. 传统奢侈品不会受到影响B. cautiousness facilitates problem-solving B. 谨慎有助于解决问题C. aggressiveness better meets challenges C. 积极进取能更好地迎接挑战D. legacy businesses are becoming out dated D. 传统企业正在变得过时【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据原文末段最后两句“但我们会有这样的问题，当市场和世界变化时，我们正在做的事情没有意义。在这种情况下，积极进取总比不那么积极进取要好（its better to be more aggressive than less aggressive）。”可知，佩雷蒂认为，在一个不断变化的世界，to be more aggressive（积极进取）才更好处理世界变化带来的挑战，C项“积极进取能更好地迎接挑战”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“传统奢侈品不会受到影响”表述过于绝对，该项属于曲解原文；B项“谨慎有助于解决问题”在佩雷蒂的观点中没有体现，相反他建议要有所改变，并且要采取正确的方式，该项属于反向干扰；D项“传统企业正在变得过时”中的legacy businesses（传统企业）没有在文中讨论，该项属于无中生有。5.【选项释义】5. Which of the following would be the best title of the text? 5. 下面哪个选项是这篇文章最好的标题？A. Shift to Online Newspapers all at Once. A. 同时转向在线报纸。B. Cherish the Newspapers Still in Your Hand. B. 珍惜手中的报纸。C. Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion. C. 让你的报纸永远时尚。D. Make Your Print Newspapers a Luxury Good. D. 让你的纸质报纸成为奢侈品。【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】首先定位文章首段首句“终有一天，纽约时报会停止在报纸上发表文章”，可知本文讨论的内容是纸质印刷，然后第二段解释了抛弃纸质印刷的理由，接着中间四段介绍了佩雷蒂对纽约时报所面临的挑战进行的战略调整，即让纸质报纸成为legacy products（传统产品），之后，最后一段用佩雷蒂的话总结了当世界变化时，人们应该积极进取的迎接挑战；综上所述可知，这篇文章围绕的中心词就是print newspaper（纸质报纸），所以D项“让你的纸质报纸成为奢侈品”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“同时转向在线报纸”中的online newspaper只是文中提到的一个面临的挑战，不足以引领全文，该项属于以偏概全；B项“珍惜手中的报纸”和C项“让你的报纸永远时尚”中的newspaper范围过大，本文的关键词是print newspaper（纸质报纸），这两项属于曲解原文。6. 不定项选择题As Gilbert White, Darwin, and others observed long ago, all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different population makes this task more difficult: some populations remain roughly constant from year to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly, with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather, and in other cases not.To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns, one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have density-dependent growth parameters; that is, rates of birth, death, and migration which depend strongly on population density. The highly varying populations have density-independent growth parameters, with vital rates buffeted by environmental events; these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.This dichotomy has its uses, but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death, and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages, if there were no density-dependent effects, the population would, in the long run, either increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly). Put another way, it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes, and only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may seem unimportant, and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet, whether recognized or not, they will usually determine the long-term average population density.In order to understand the nature of the ecologists investigation, we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the signal ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while the density-independent effects act to produce noise in the population dynamics. For populations that remain relatively constant, or that oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effects described, even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown. For irregularly fluctuating populations, we are likely to have too few observations to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise. But it now seems clear that all populations are regulated by a mixture of density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions.1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with _.2. It can be inferred from the text that the author considers the dichotomy discussed to be _.3. According to the text, all of the following behaviors have been exhibited by different populations EXCEPT _.4. The discussion concerning population in the third paragraph serves primarily to _.5. In the text, the author does all of the following EXCEPT _.问题1选项A.discussing two categories of factors that control population growth and assessing their relative importanceB.describing how growth rates in natural populations fluctuate over time and explaining why these changes occurC.proposing a hypothesis concerning population size and suggesting ways to test itD.posing a fundamental question about environmental factors in population growth and presenting some currently accepted answer问题2选项A.applicable only to erratically fluctuating populationsB.instrumental, but only if its limitations are recognizedC.dangerously misleading in most circumstancesD.a complete and sufficient way to account for observed phenomena问题3选项A.roughly constant population levels from year to yearB.regular cycles of increases and decreases in numbersC.erratic increases in numbers correlated with the weatherD.unchecked increases in numbers over many generations问题4选项A.demonstrate the difficulties ecologists face in studying density-dependent factors limiting populati