考研考博-考博英语-扬州大学模拟考试题含答案38

考研考博-考博英语-扬州大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic（流行病） of sleepiness in the nation“I cant think of a single study that hasnt found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,” says Dr. DavidEven people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more restThe beginning of our sleep-deficit（lack）crises can be traced back to the invention of the light bulb a century agoFrom diary entries and our personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night“The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.” By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and 8 hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock“People cheat in their sleep, and they dont even realize theyre doing it,” says Dr. David“They think theyre okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally energetic. ”Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the dayWhenever pressures from work, family, friends and community increase, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on their programs“In our society, youre considered dynamic if you say you need only 5.5 hours sleepIf youve got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition”To determine the consequences of sleep-deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier“Weve found that if youre in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says DrDavid“Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate”1.People in the 18th and 19th centuries slept about 9.5 hours a night because they had（ ）2.According to Dr. David, Americans（ ）.3.Many Americans believe that（ ）.4.The word “ subjects”（first sentence, last paragraph）refers to（ ）.5.It can be concluded from the passage that one should sleep as many hours as is necessary to（ ）.问题1选项A.no drive and ambitionB.no electric lightingC.the best sleep habitsD.nothing to do in the evening问题2选项A.are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of lifeB.often neglect the consequences of sleep deficitC.do not know how to relax themselves properlyD.can get by on 6.5 hours of sleep问题3选项A.sleep is the first thing that can be sacrificed when one is busyB.they need more sleep to cope with the complexities of everyday lifeC.to sleep is something one can do at any time of the dayD.enough sleep promotes peoples drive and ambition问题4选项A.the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficitB.special branches of knowledge that are being studiedC.people whose behaviors or reactions are being studiedD.the psychological consequences of sleep deficit问题5选项A.improve ones memory dramaticallyB.be considered dynamic by other peopleC.maintain ones daily scheduleD.feeling energetic and perform adequately【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由第二段“The beginning of our sleep-deficit（lack）crises can be traced back to the invention of the light bulb a century ago“The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark. 我们的睡眠不足危机可以追溯到一个世纪前灯泡的发明。“最好的睡眠习惯曾经是我们被迫养成的，那时我们晚上在农场里无所事事，而且很黑。”可知18世纪和19世纪人们每晚睡9.5小时的主要原因是没有电灯。故B项正确。2.推理判断题。由第二段“People cheat in their sleep, and they dont even realize theyre doing it,” says Dr. David“They think theyre okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally energetic. 人们会在睡觉这方面欺骗自己，而且他们自己都没有意识到。”大卫博士说。“他们认为自己没问题，因为他们可以工作6.5个小时，而实际上他们需要7.5、8个小时甚至更多的时间才能感到精力充沛。”可知David认为美国人忽视了自己的睡眠问题。故B项正确。3.细节事实题。由第三段“Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community increase, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on their programs每当来自工作、家庭、朋友和社区的压力增加时，许多人都认为睡觉是他们生活中最廉价的事情。”可知美国人很忙时会首先牺牲睡眠时间。故A项正确。4.词义题。由最后一段“To determine the consequences of sleep-deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, 为了确定睡眠不足的后果，研究人员对受试者进行了一系列心理和表现测试，”可知subject指代研究中受试者的心理反应和其他表现。故A项正确。5.推理判断题。本文第二段提到了由于睡眠不足导致的精力不充沛，最后一段的实验指出睡眠不足的人各方面的表现也不好。故充足睡眠才能保证体力充沛，表现良好。故D项正确。2. 写作题Directions: Write a composition of about 250 words to express your own opinions on the following topic:How to Protect Intellectual Property Rights in Doing Academic ResearchNotes: In the first part of your writing, you should state clearly the thesis statement (i.e. your main argument), and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.【答案】略3. 单选题Games have been played for thousands of years and are common（1）all cultures. Throughout history and（2）the world people have used sticks to draw simple game boards on the ground,（3）up rules that incorporate stones or other common objects（4）playing pieces. About 5, 000 years ago people began to make more permanent game boards from sun-dried mud or wood.Some of the oldest board games may have evolved from methods of fortune-telling. The game of go, which many experts regard as the finest example of a pure strategy game, may have evolved from a method of fortune-telling practiced in China more than three thousand years ago, （5）black and white pieces were cast onto a square board marked with symbols of various significance. Go also involves black and white pieces on a board, but players deliberately place them on intersections of lines while trying to（6）more territory than opponent.Chess, Xiangqi (Chinese chess) and Shogi (Japanese chess) are（7）the most widely played board games in the world.（8）quite different, all three are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor either a 6th-century game played in India or an earlier game played in China.（9）the centuries, chess（10）westward to the Middle East and（11）Europe, with rules（12）frequently. The game also spread（13）to Korea and Japan,（14）in very different rules changes.For most of human history, a game could not（15）much popularity unless it was（16） easy for players to make their own equipment. The（17）of printing (which occurred in the mid-1400s in the West) made this process easier, but it was（18）the advance of the 18th-century Industrial Revolution that it became possible to mass-produce many new（19）of games. Twentieth-century technological advances such as the invention of plastic and the computer revolution led to the creation of more games, and more new kinds of games, than in all previous centuries（20）.问题1选项A.forB.withC.toD.by问题2选项A.roundB.aroundC.overD.through问题3选项A.to makeB.makeC.makingD.made问题4选项A.forB.atC.overD.as问题5选项A.whenB.in thatC.in whichD.which问题6选项A.attackB.surroundC.protectD.charge问题7选项A.amongB.ofC.withD.from问题8选项A.ForB.HoweverC.AlthoughD.Moreover问题9选项A.DuringB.WithinC.PastD.Over问题10选项A.developedB.spreadC.passedD.covered问题11选项A.intoB.beyondC.insideD.in问题12选项A.changedB.changeC.changingD.changes问题13选项A.eastB.easternC.westwardD.eastward问题14选项A.resultedB.resultingC.resultD.results问题15选项A.gainB.reachC.winD.collect问题16选项A.lessB.moreC.fairlyD.enough问题17选项A.creationB.discoveryC.designD.invention问题18选项A.untilB.not untilC.tillD.not till问题19选项A.varietiesB.varietyC.differenceD.differences40.问题20选项A.combiningB.combinationC.combinedD.combine【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C第6题:D第7题:B第8题:C第9题:D第10题:B第11题:A第12题:A第13题:D第14题:B第15题:A第16题:C第17题:D第18题:B第19题:B第20题:C【解析】1.考查固定搭配。common to意为“共同的；共有的；为所共用”。选项C正确。2.考查固定搭配。around the world意为“世界各地；全世界”。选项B正确。3.考查非谓语。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词have used，所以填空处应填入非谓语；其次，句子的主语是people，是制定规则这个动作的执行者，所以应使用现在分词形式。选项C正确。4.考查介词辨析。根据句意“世界各地的人们都用木棍在地上画出简单的棋盘，并把石头或其他常见物品作为棋子来制定游戏规则。”这里表示“作为”，所以选项D符合语境。5.考查引导词。根据句意“围棋，许多专家认为是最好的纯策略游戏的例子，可能是由3000多年前中国的一种算命方法演变而来的。在这种算命方法中，将黑白的棋子投在标有各种意义符号的正方形棋盘上。”分析句子结构和句意可知，填空处引导的是非限制性定语从句，先行词是a method of fortune-telling，引导词在从句中做方式状语，所以引导词为in which。选项C正确。6.考查动词辨析。A选项attack“攻击，袭击”；B选项surround“围绕”；C选项protect“保护”；D选项charge“掌控，掌管”。根据句意可知，原文指棋手故意将棋子放置在线的交叉点上，试图占据比对手更多的地盘。所以选项D更符合语境。7.考查固定搭配。be of指“具有的性质”。在这里指“这三类象棋是世界上使用最广泛的棋类游戏”，表示“具有广泛使用的性质”，所以选项B正确。8.考查逻辑连词。根据句意“尽管（这三类象棋）完全不同，但人们认为这三种游戏都是从一个共同的祖先演变而来的要么是6世纪的印度游戏，要么是更早的中国游戏。”选项C符合原文语境。9.考查固定搭配。over the centuries意为“几个世纪以来”。所以选项D正确。10.考查动词辨析。A选项develop“开发，生长”；B选项spread“传播”；C选项pass“通过”；D选项cover“包括，覆盖”。根据句意“几个世纪以来，国际象棋向西传到中东”以及下文的“spread”可知，选项B正确。11.考查固定搭配。spread into意为“传播到，蔓延到”。这里指“国际象棋向西传到中东，并传入欧洲.”。所以选项A符合句意。12.考查分词结构。分析句子结构可知，这里是做伴随状语，所以填空处应填入分词结构，由此可首先排除选项B和选项D；其次，规则是“被改变”，应使用被动语态，所以这里应使用过去分词结构表被动，选项A正确。13.考查上下文语义。根据上文的spread westward to可知，这里应填入和“westward”词性相同的单词，再根据句意可知，这里表达的是向东传播，所以选项D正确。14.考查分词结构。根据句意“这项游戏还向东传到了韩国和日本，导致规则发生了不同的变化。”这里应填入现在分词结构表伴随，所以选项B正确。15.考查动词辨析。A选项gain “获得”；B选项reach“到达”；C选项win“赢得”；D选项collect“收集”。根据句意可知，这里指获得名气，所以选项A符合语境。C选项win一般指“赢得游戏，获得胜利”，放在此处不如gain恰当，所以不选。16.考查副词辨析。A选项less“更少地”；B选项more“更大程度地”；C选项fairly“相当地”；D选项enough“足够地，充足地”。分析句子可知，句子结构完整，不缺少成分，所以填空处填入的应是副词；再根据句意可知，这里应该是指玩家能够相当容易地制作自己的装备。所以选项C符合语境。17.考查名词辨析。A选项creation“创造”；B选项discovery“发现”；C选项design“设计”；D选项invention“发明”。根据原文可知，这里指“印刷术的发明”，所以选项D符合原文语境。18.考查固定用法。It was not until that.意为“直到才”。根据句意“直到18世纪工业革命的推进，才有可能大规模生产许多新种类的游戏。”所以选项B正确。19.考查固定搭配。variety of意为“各种各样的”。所以选项B正确。20.考查分词结构。根据句意“二十世纪的技术进步，如塑料的发明和计算机革命，创造出了更多甚至是不同种类的游戏，比之前所有世纪的加起来还要多。”这里表达的是“所有数据被结合起来进行对比”，所以应使用过去分词形式，选项C正确。4. 单选题Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why theyre always coming in for criticism. Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around. Its iniquitous, they say, that this entirely unproductive industry (if we can call it that) should absorb millions of pounds each year. It only goes to show how much profit the big companies are making. Why dont they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, its the consumer who pays.The poor old consumer! Hed have to pay a great deal more if advertising didnt create mass markets for products. It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods derives largely from the advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc., from an advertisement.Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway byelaws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities,We must not forget, cither, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programmes is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price!Another thing we mustnt forget is the small ads. which arc in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the hatch, match and dispatch column but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or agony column. No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature. Its the best advertisement for advertising there is!1.What is main idea of this passage?2.The attitude of the author toward advertisers is（ ）.3.Why do the critics criticize advertisers?4.Which of the following is Not True?5.The passage is（ ）.问题1选项A.Advertisement.B.The benefits of advertisement.C.Advertisers perform a useful service to communities.D.The costs of advertisement.问题2选项A.appreciative.B.trustworthy.C.critical.D.dissatisfactory.问题3选项A.Because advertisers often brag.B.Because critics think advertisement is a “waste of money”.C.Because customers are encouraged to buy more than necessary.D.Because customers pay more.问题4选项A.Advertisement makes contribution to our pockets and we may know everything.B.We can buy what we want.C.Good quality products dont need to be advertised.D.Advertisement makes our life colorful.问题5选项A.Narration.B.Description.C.Criticism.D.Argumentation.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，作者在第一段引出广告这个话题，接着在接下来的段落从不同的角度讲述了广告给人们带来的便利，表面上看似乎是在讲广告的优点，但实际上是在讲述广告服务于社会的功能，而且第一段实际上也有提到广告的缺点，不全是在讲述广告的优点，所以选项C更为恰当。2.观点态度题。A选项appreciative“赞赏的”；B选项trustworthy“信任的”；C选项critical“批评的”；D选项dissatisfactory“不满意的”。根据原文可知，作者所提到的大多是广告积极的一面，说明作者对其的态度是赞赏的，所以选项A正确。选项B“信任的”有点言过其实，毕竟作者在第一段也提及了广告的缺点，所以谈不上信任依赖，选B不正确。3.细节事实题。根据第一段的一、二句“Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why theyre always coming in for criticism. Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around. 广告商往往好高骛远，也许这就是他们总是招致批评的原因。批评者似乎对他们（广告商）很气愤，因为他们擅于自我推销，而且有很多钱可以用来挥霍。”由此可知，批评者批评广告商是因为广告商喜欢吹嘘，所以选项A符合原文。4.细节事实题。根据第四段的第一句“advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. 广告为我们的口袋做出了积极的贡献。”可知，选项A正确；第二段提及“广告可以提供信息，我们对家庭用品的了解很大程度上来自我们读到的广告”，也就是说我们可以买到自己想买的东西，所以选项B正确；选项C“高品质的产品不需要广告”在文中没有提及；选项D“广告使我们的生活多姿多彩”，在原文第三段的时候提及，符合原文。所以本题选C。5.判断推理题。A选项Narration“叙事”；B选项Description“描写”；C选项Criticism“批判”；D选项Argumentation“议论”。文章首段就是对广告的批评，后面再通过对比的手法说明广告的功能，所以选项C正确。5. 翻译题1. Translate the following into Chinese. (10%)Interest in basketball in the United States peaks around three big championship events in the spring: the college championships for men and women in late March or early April and the professional playoffs that climax in June. But that s only organized basketball. Informally, the game has been learned by generations of American youths on city playgrounds and schoolyards, on lonely baskets put up in backyards of rural homes and on the driveway basketball courts of countless suburban homes.【答案】美国人对篮球的兴趣在春季三大锦标赛期间达到顶峰。这包括三月底或四月初举行的大学男篮锦标赛和大学女篮锦标赛，以及在六月份进入决赛高潮的职业篮球赛。上面说的只是有组织的正式比赛。在市内的运动场和学校的操场上，在农舍后院的简易篮球筐下，或是在无数市郊住宅的自家车道上划出的篮球场上,一代代的美国青少年在学习打篮球。6. 翻译题Directions: Choose two of the following sentences and translate them into English. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 5 points each)Note: You are required to translate 2 of the following sentences.1、世界是丰富多彩的，各种文明和社会体制应当求同存异并，取长补短。我们不能照搬照抄别国的政治制度。2、世界上很难找出政党制度和政治制度完全相同的国家。各国有各国的国情。关键的是要有利于经济发展和政治稳定，维护和实现人民的根本利益。3、腐败作为一种社会历史现象，古今中外很多社会都有。现在世界上没有哪个国家能说已经完全消除了腐败。只有程度的不同。4、不谋万世者，不足谋一时；不谋全局者，不足谋一域。5、子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉；择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。”【答案】1. Our world is diverse and colorful. All kinds of civilizations and socialist systems should seek common ground while reserving differences and learn from each other to make up deficiencies. We should not copy the political system of other countries mechanically.2. We can hardly find two countries that have exactly the same political party system and political system. Different countries have different national conditions. What is essential is that the kind of party system they institute should serve their economic development, political stability, and maintenance and realization of the fundamental interests of their people.3. Corruption, as a social and historic phenomenon, has existed in many societies, both in the past and at present. No country in the world today can acclaim that it has completely eliminated corruption. The only difference lies in the degree of seriousness of this problem.4. Without long-term strategy, short-term achievement is impossible. Without full-scale consideration, simple action is impracticable.5. Confucius said, “When three are walking together, I am sure to find teachers among them. I will select their good qualities and follow them, their bad qualities and avoid them.”7. 单选题One child per family has become the（ ）of family in most cities in China.问题1选项A.standardsB.criteriaC.normD.I tried hard【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项standards“标准；规格”；B选项criteria“标准，条件”；C选项norm“标准，规范” D选项touchstone“试金石；检验标准”。句意：一个家庭一个孩子已经成为中国大多数城市的家庭标准。A, B, C选项都有 “标准”的意思，它们的区别是：standard指法定的或一般公认的标准，用途比较广泛，criteria指有特殊的确实性,令人信服而用以判断，norm是一种社会习惯(标准)，指规范、基准、定额、分配之工作量、准则。因此A选项正确。8. 单选题Ethnography is the study of a particular human society or the process of making such a study. Contemporary ethnography is based almost entirely on fieldwork and requires the complete immersion of the anthropologist in the culture and everyday life of the people who are the subject of his study. Ethnography, by virtue of its intersubjective nature, is necessarily comparative. Given that the anthropologist in the field necessarily retains certain cultural biases, his observations and descriptions must, to a certain degree, be comparative. Thus the formulating of generalizations about culture and the drawing of comparisons inevitably become components of ethnography.Modern anthropologists usually identify the establishment of ethnography as a professional field with the pioneering work of both the Polish-born British anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski in the Trobriand Islands of Melanesia. Ethnographic fieldwork has since become a sort of rite of passage into the profession of cultural anthropology. Many ethnographers reside in the field for a year or more, learning the local language or dialect and, to the greatest extent possible, participating in everyday life while at the same time maintaining an observers objective detachment.This method, called participant-observation, while necessary and useful for gaining a thorough understanding of a foreign culture, is in practice quite difficult. Just as the anthropologist brings to the situation certain inherent, if unconscious, cultural biases, so also is he influenced by the subject of his study. While there are cases of ethnographers who felt alienated or even repelled by the culture they entered, manyperhaps mosthave come to identif