考研考博-考博英语-云南大学模拟考试题含答案27

考研考博-考博英语-云南大学模拟考试题含答案1. 翻译题As many people hit middle age, they may start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly cant remember where we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintances name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain fades, we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments”. While seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a damaging impact on our professional, social and personal life.Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that theres actually a lot that can be done. It turns out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental workouts can significantly improve our basic cognitive functions. Thinking is essentially a process of making connections in the brain. To some extent, our ability to excel in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited.【答案】随着许多人步入中年，他们可能会开始注意到，他们的记忆力和思维清晰度已经不如从前了。我们突然记不起刚才把钥匙放在哪里了，或者记不起一个老相识的名字，或者记不起一个我们曾经喜欢过的老乐队的名字。当大脑衰退时，我们将这些现象称为“老年时刻”，虽然看起来很无辜，但这种精神注意力的丧失可能会对我们的职业、社交和个人生活造成潜在的破坏性影响。神经科学家，研究神经系统的专家，越来越多地表明实际上有很多事情可以做。事实证明，大脑和我们的肌肉一样需要锻炼，正确的脑力锻炼可以显著提高我们的基本认知功能。思考本质上是在大脑中建立联系的过程。在某种程度上，我们在建立驱动智力的联系方面的卓越能力是遗传的。2. 单选题The usual statue of Apollo represents him as the ideal Greek handsome, tall and perfectly（ ）.问题1选项A.proportionB.proportionalC.has proportionD.is proportioned【答案】B【解析】语法（词性）题。分析题干可知，空格与形容词 handsome和tall由and连接，并列，并且由副词perfectly修饰，B选项是形容词，跟handsome和tall词性一致，并且可以用副词perfectly修饰，所以正确。3. 单选题（ ） the corporate ladder is not simple task.问题1选项A.AscendingB.AccedingC.AcceleratingD.Assenting【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。根据句子结构，可知本句为主系表结构，动词的ing形式作主语。Ascend “攀登，上升”；accede “加入，同意”；accelerate “使加快”；assent “赞成，同意”。句意：攀登公司的阶梯并非易事。选项A符合题意。4. 单选题（ ） three basic issues of financial bonds: corporations, states, and municipalities.问题1选项A.Some ofB.There areC.There beingD.Those of which【答案】B【解析】语法题。根据固定句型there be “有”，表示存在，可排除A和D项，又因为整个句子缺主谓，所以不能用非谓语形式，可排除C项。句意：金融债券有三种基本发行方式:公司债券、国家债券和市政债券。选项B符合题意。5. 单选题Before the 1980s, the idea of health insurance was quite （ ）to those living in the mainland of China.问题1选项A.overseasB.abroadC.foreignD.offshore【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。A选项overseas “海外的，国外的”；B选项abroad “在国外”；C选项foreign“外国的，陌生的”;D选项offshore “近海的；句意是主语the idea of health insurance医疗保险这个概念在20世纪80年代之前对居民来说是，C选项符合句意，正确。6. 单选题Their success in increasing the market share resulted from their break-through in（ ）of the product configuration.问题1选项A.qualityB.stereotypeC.adsD.maintenance【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项quality“品质、质量”；B选项stereotype“老套、成见”；C选项ads“广告”；D选项maintenance“维持、保养”，句意为：他们之所以能成功地提高市场份额，是因为他们在产品配置的质量上取得了突破。quality“品质、质量”符合题意，因此选A。7. 单选题With this sensitive machine, we can find the （ ）of a milligram of aspirin in an Olympic-size swimming pool.问题1选项A.counterpartB.equivalentC.averageD.installation【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。A选项counterpart “对应的事物，副本”;B选项equivalent “ （价值、数量、意义、重要性等）相等的”；C选项average “平均数，平均水平”；D选项installation“安装，就职”。题目强调的是与游泳池中的一毫克的阿司匹林相等重量的物质， 所以B选项。8. 翻译题Read the following passage and then translate the underlined sentence into Chinese.By charting out the typical cognitive development of children, Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget has heavily influenced how psychologists delineate the progress of juvenile psychological growth. Beginning in the 1920s and up until his death in 1980, he studied the errors school children made on various tests and realized that children of the same age made the same kinds of reasoning errors. Based on these recurring patterns, he identified stages in a childs cognitive development, beginning from infancy and extending through adulthood. Essentially, he proposed that there was a common timetable by which children initially develop simple cognitive skills and gradually refine them into more abstract ways of thinking. While more recent theories on the matter suggest that there is more overlap among these stages and that different environments affect childrens progress. Piauet s theory was nonetheless extremely important to initial studies of cognitive development. According to Piaget, the first stage that children go through is the sensorimotor stage, an eventful and complex period that Piaget further divided into six sub-stages. The sensorimotor stage begins at birth and lasts roughly until the child is two years old. During this time, the child experiences the world through his senses and motor skills, and he will initially develop and master the basic reflexes of infants, such as grasping, sucking, looking, and listening. Moreover, the infants begin to develop the fundamentals of basic cognitive functions. He develops awareness of himself and of subjects as separate entities and begins to manipulate his external environment, usually by kicking, moving objects, and chewing on toys.The child also learns that certain actions will have certain effects, and he may perform an action to recreate these effects. For instance, he may accidentally suck his thumb and find it pleasurable, so he repeatedly sucks his thumb to experience the pleasure again. Finally, the child also shows the basic capacity for understanding symbols, and he develops a rudimentary use of language toward the end of this stage, most notably by identifying parents with words like “Mama” and “Dada”. In the next stage, the preoperational stage (ages 2-7) the child expands his capacity for symbolic thinking, and he can envision the environment and manipulate it with his imagination. Imagination thus develops more fully, as seen in the childs tendency to role-play other people (like his parents, firefighters, ect.), and to pretend that objects are other things, like pretending that a broom is a horse. This Stage is marked by two other distinctive characteristics. The first is egocentrism.While Childs language develops more fully for the purpose of social interaction, his thought process is still limited by individual experiences, and these cognitive limitations exclude any alternative viewpoints. The other characteristic is that thought occurs in an illogical and irreversible manner. A child can easily believe that things can magically increase, decrease, or vanish, as perceptions often dictate their reality.In the concrete operational stage (ages 7-11), the child shows evidence for logical thought and becomes less egocentric in his thinking. He begins to grasp concepts such as mass, length, volume, time, and other abstract measurements, and he becomes capable of solving basic logical problems and understanding reversible logic. He can perform simple arithmetic like addition, subtraction and multiplication and his understanding of how these concepts relate to each other increased. In the fourth and final stage, the formal, operational stage, (from puberty to adulthood), the child is finally able to think in completely abstract terms. He is able to perform algebra, calculus, and other mathematics that utilize symbols, formulas and logic, and he is capable of other complex critical and some may never fully or adequately grasp these skills, even as adults.【答案】而最近关于这个问题的理论表明，这些阶段存在很多重叠部分，不同的环境对孩子们的成长都有影响。尽管如此，Piauet的理论对孩子们认知能力发展的最初研究是非常重要的。孩子也明白，某些特定的行为将会带来特定的影响和结果，他可能会发出一种行为再创这些结果。比如，他可能偶然吮吸自己的大拇指，发现这相当有趣，所以他会重复吮吸他的大拇指来再次体验这种快乐。在下一阶段，前运算阶段（2-7岁），孩子会发展他象征性思维的能力，他能够想象一个环境，并且用自己的想象力去处理操控它。尽管孩子的语言能力得到完全发展，能够适应社会交流的目的，但是他的思维能力仍然因为个人的经历而受限，并且这些认知限制排除任何不同的观点。在具体运算阶段（7-11岁），孩子表现出逻辑思维能力，并且在他的思想里存在更少的利己主义思想。9. 单选题Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the projects greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a“Bermuda triangle”of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zones economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europes single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zones dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a countrys voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: “European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the worlds largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.1.The EU is faced with so many problems that（ ）.2.The debate over the EUs single currency is stuck because the dominant powers（ ）.3.To solve the euro problem, Germany proposed that（ ）.4.The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that（ ）.5.Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel（ ）.问题1选项A.it has more or less lost faith in marketsB.even its supporters begin to feel concernedC.some of its member countries plan to abandon euroD.it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation问题2选项A.are competing for the leading positionB.are busy handling their own crisesC.fail to reach an agreement on harmonizationD.disagree on the steps towards harmonization问题3选项A.EU funds for poor regions be increasedB.stricter regulations be imposedC.only core members be involved in economic co-ordinationD.voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed问题4选项A.poor countries are more likely to get fundsB.strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countriesC.loans will be readily available to rich countriesD.rich countries will basically control Eurobonds问题5选项A.pessimisticB.desperateC.conceitedD.hopeful【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。定位到文章第一段“Now even the projects greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing aBermuda triangleof debt, population decline and lower growth.”现在，即使是该计划最伟大的鼓吹者也在谈论欧洲大陆面临着债务、人口下降和低增长的“百慕大三角”。由此可知欧盟的问题已经使得一些支持者都开始注意了，因此选项B正确。2.细节事实题。定位到文章第三段“Yet the debate about how to save Europes single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zones dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.”。然而，关于如何使欧洲单一货币免于解体的辩论却陷入了僵局。它之所以陷入困境，是因为欧元区的主导力量法国和德国一致认为有必要在欧元区内部加强协调，但在协调哪些方面存在分歧。由此可知C选项未能就协调问题达成一致正确，因此选C。3.细节事实题。定位到文章第四段“Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.”德国认为必须通过对借贷支出和竞争力的严格规定来拯救欧元，对不遵守规定的政府实行准自动制裁。由此可知选项B实行更严格的规定正确。4.细节事实题。定位到文章第五段“Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.”换句话说，这意味着政客们干预货币政策，以及一个从较富裕成员国向较贫穷成员国进行再分配的体系，途径是政府通过发行共同欧元债券或完全的财政转移，以较低成本借入资金。因此选项D正确。5.细节事实题。定位到文章最后一段“It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the worlds largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area.”现在把欧盟一笔勾销还为时过早。它仍然是世界上最大的贸易集团。最好的情况下，欧洲计划是非常自由的：建立在一个由27个富国和穷国组成的单一市场上，其内部边界对商品、资本和劳动力的开放程度远远超过任何类似的贸易区。由此可知作者对于欧盟的态度还是积极的，因此选项D正确。10. 单选题Many countries are facing the question of how to （ ） the best of modem technology without losing the benefits of their traditional way of life.问题1选项A.assimilateB.utilizeC.extinguishD.elude【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。Assimilate “同化”；utilize “利用”；extinguish “熄火，压制”；elude “避开，逃避”。句意：许多国家都面临着如何在不丧失其传统生活方式的好处的情况下，充分利用现代技术的问题。选项B符合题意。11. 单选题Basketball,（ ）1891 by Canadian James Naismith, was never intended to be anything more than an interesting style of hand soccer for university students.问题1选项A.when it was invented inB.which inventedC.was invented inD.which it was invented in【答案】A【解析】语法（从句）题目。分析题干结构可知空格后一句是真正的主句，所以空格所在句是一个从句，所以排除C选项；从句是修饰Basketball，是被动关系，排除B选项，which 在引导定语从句时，需在从句中充当成分，所以排除D选项;所以正确答案是A选项，是一个表示时间的状语从句。12. 单选题With her warm voice and informal manner, Pear Baily attained success in（ ）.问题1选项A.every entertainment medium virtuallyB.every virtually entertainment mediumC.virtually entertainment every mediumD.virtually every entertainment medium【答案】D【解析】语法题。Every为限定词，修饰entertainment medium，virtually为副词，修饰形容词every，句意：凭借她温暖的嗓音和不拘礼节的举止，Pear Baily几乎在所有的娱乐媒体中都取得了成功。选项D符合题意。13. 单选题To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence （ ） to specific principles of reasoning.问题1选项A.superfluousB.scrupulousC.objectD.subject【答案】D【解析】形容词词义辨析。Superfluous “多余的，不必要的”；scrupulous “细心的，小心谨慎的”；object “目标（名词）”；subject “易遭受的，受支配”。根据固定搭配subject to “使服从，受制于”，句意：科学的研究方法必须以收集可观察的、经验的和可测量的证据为基础，并遵循特定的推理原则。选项D符合题意。14. 单选题Time for another global-competitiveness alert. In the Third International Mathematics and Science study-which last year tested a half-million students in 41 countriesAmerican eighth graders （1） below the world average in math. And thats not even（2）part. Consider this as you try to（3）which countries will dominate the technology markets of the 21st century: top 10 percent of Americas math students scored about the same as the average kid in the global（4） , Singapore.It isnt exactly a news flash these days（5） Americans score behind the curve on international tests. But educators say this study（6） because it monitored Variables both inside and outside the classroom. Lazinessthe factor often（7）for Americans poor performanceis not the culprit here. American students（8） spend more time in class than pupils in Japan and Germany.（9） , they get more homework and watch the same amount of TV. The problem, educators say is not the kids but the curriculum that is too（10） . The study found that lessons for U.S. eighth graders contained topics mastered by seventh graders in other countries.Teachers actually agree the Americans need to（11）their kids to more sophisticated math earlier. Unfortunately, experts say, the teachers dont recognize that（12） these concepts are taught is as important as the concepts themselves. Most educators rely（13） on textbooks and rote learning. While many textbooks cover（14） ideas, most do so superficially,（15） students with the, techniques but not the mastery, of the broader principles.问题1选项A.recordedB.scoredC.gainedD.climbed问题2选项A.the leastB.the lessC.the worstD.the worse问题3选项A.carry outB.figure outC.count upD.show up问题4选项A.villageB.leaderC.friendD.country问题5选项A.whatB.whereC.whenD.which问题6选项A.ineffectiveB.comparableC.importantD.delighted问题7选项A.ignoredB.viewedC.exaggeratedD.blamed问题8选项A.vastlyB.accuratelyC.actuallyD.merely问题9选项A.As is knownB.To begin withC.Not only thatD.Even so问题10选项A.smallB.shortC.easyD.poor问题11选项A.relateB.exposeC.leadD.instruct问题12选项A.whereB.whyC.howD.whether问题13选项A.hardB.exclusivelyC.intentionallyD.consequently问题14选项A.advancedB.colorfulC.controversialD.ambitious问题15选项A.carryingB.expectingC.leavingD.shaping【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:C第6题:C第7题:D第8题:C第9题:C第10题:C第11题:B第12题:C第13题:B第14题:A第15题:C【解析】（1）考查动词辨析。record意为“记录，记载”；score意为“得分”；gain意为“获得”；climb意为“攀登”。由tested a half-million students in 41 countriesAmerican eighth graders 26 below the world average in math.（在41个国家测试了50万学生，美国八年级学生的数学低于全球平均水平）可知B选项最为恰当。（2）考查逻辑关系。根据前句可知美国学生的数学成绩很差以及空格后面的top 10 percent of Americas math students scored about the same as the average kid in the global（前10%的美国数学系学生的得分与全球平均水平相当），可知the worst（最差的，最糟糕的）符合逻辑，此处表示“这一点还不是最糟糕的”。（3）考查词组辨析。carry out意为“实施，执”；figure out意为“理解，弄清”；count up意为“计算总数”；show up意为“出现，揭露”。此处表示“弄清楚哪个国家在21世纪的技术市场占主导地位”，因此选B。（4）考查逻辑关系。Singapore是the global_的同位语，由前面的which countries will dominate the technology markets of the 21st century（哪个国家在21世纪的技术市场占主导地位）可知leader（领导者，领袖）符合逻辑，指新加坡在数学上属于全球领先地位。（5）考查定语从从句。空格处前后为两个完整的句子，用关系副词引导定语从句，先行词为表示时间的there days，因此用when引导定语从句并在从句中作时间状语。（6）考查形容词辨析。ineffective意为“无效果的”；comparable意为“可比较的”；important意为“重要的”；delighted意为“高兴的，愉快的”。此处表示“这项调查很重要”，因此选C。（7）考查动词辨析。空格处为过问分词作定语修饰the factor。 ignore意为“忽视”；view意为“观看，查看”；exaggerate意为“夸张，夸大”；blame意为“把归咎于，责怪”。此处表示“对美国学生表现不佳的原因进行指责”，因此选D。（8）考查副词辨析。vastly意为“极大地”；accurately意为“正确无误地，准确地”；actually意为“实际上”；merely意为“仅仅，只不过”。由前面的Laziness is not the culprit here.（懒惰不是罪魁祸首），可知美国小学生实际上念书的时间比日本和德国都要长更符合语境，因此选C。（9）考查逻辑关系。as is known意为“众所周知”；to begin with意为“首先，起初；not only that意为“不仅如此”；even so意为“虽然如此，即使如此”。由前面可知美国学生在课堂花的时间比德国和日本小孩要多，以及空格后的they get more homework（他们有更多的家庭作业）可知此处表示递减关系，因此选C。（10）考查逻辑关系。由后面句子The study found that lessons for U.S. eighth graders contained topics mastered by seventh graders in other countries.（这项研究发现，美国八年级学生的课程中包含了其他国家七年级学生掌握的课程）以及前句“教育工作者说，问题不在于孩子，而在于课程太了”，可知easy（容易的）符合逻辑。（11）考查动词辨析。relate意为“（把）联系起来”；expose意为“暴露，显露，使面临”；lead意为“代领，领路”，lead to意为“导致”；instruct意为“指示，命令”。此处表示“教事实上，老师们也同意美国人需要更早地给他们的孩子接触更高的数学水平”，因此选B。（12）考查名词性从句。此处表示“专家认为这种理念和如何教这些概念一样重要”，因此用how引导主语从句。（13）考查副词辨析。空格处为副词修饰动词rely on。hard意为“努力地，费力地”；exclusively意为“排他地，独占地，完全地”；intentionally意为“有意地，故意地”；consequently意为“因此，所以”。此处表示“很多专家只信赖教科书和死记硬背”，因此选B。（14）考查形容词辨析。advanced意为“先进的，高级的”；colorful意为“鲜艳的”；controversial意为“有争议的，引起争议的”；ambitious意为“有雄心的，有野心的”。由句中的while可知前后是转折关系，与superficially（浅薄地，肤浅地）相对的是advanced，因此选A。（15）考查动词辨析。空格处为现在分词担当伴随状语。carry意为“运送，携带”；expect意为“期望”；leave意为“离开，丢弃”；shape意为“塑造”。此处表示“给学生留下的只是技巧而不是掌握更高深的理论”，因此选C。15. 单选题When photographing an object from different viewpoints, the photographers perspective of（ ）changes.问题1选项A.of what is seeingB.seeing whatC.it sees whatD.what it sees【答案】D【解析】语法题。根据句子结构可知，空格部分为介词of的宾语，所以填入一个宾语从句。特殊疑问词可引导宾语从句，并且要用陈述语序。句意：当从不同的角度拍摄一个物体时，摄影师对它所看到的东西的视觉会发生变