2022年考博英语-北京师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷91（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-北京师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Many, zoos in the United States have undergone radical changes in the philosophy and design. All possible care is taken to reduce the stress of living in captivity. Cages and grounds are landscaped to make gorillas feel immersed in vegetation, as they would be in a Congo jungle. Zebras gaze across vistas arranged to appear (to zoos visitors, at least) nearly as broad as an African plain.Yet, strolling past animals in zoo after zoo. I have noticed the signs of hobbled energy that has found no releaselarge cats pacing in a repetitive pattern, primates rocking for hours in one corner of a cage. These truncated movements are known as cage stereotypes, and usually these movements bring about no obvious physical or emotional effects in the captive animal. Many animal specialists believe they, are more troubling to the people who watch than to the animals themselves. Such restlessness is an unpleasant reminder thatdespite the careful interior decoration and clever optical illusionszoo animals are prisoners, being kept in elaborate cells.The rationale for breeding endangered animals in zoos is nevertheless compelling. Once a species falls below a certain number, it is beset by inbreeding and other processes that nudge it closer and closer to extinction. If the animal also faces the whole-scale destruction of its habitat, its one hope for survival lies in being transplanted to some haven of safely, usually a cage. In serving as trusts for rare fauna, zoos have committed millions of dollars to caring for animals. Many zoo managers have given great consideration to the psychological health of the animals in their care. Yet the more I learned about animals bred in enclosures, the more I wondered how their sensibilities differed from those of animals raised to roam free.In the wild, animals exist in a world of which we have little understanding. They may communicate with their kind through language that are indecipherable by humans. A few studies suggest that some species perceive landscapes much differently than people do; for example, they may: be keenly attuned to movement on the faces of mountains or across the broad span of grassy plains. Also, their social structures may be complex and integral to their well-being. Some scientists believe they may even develop cultural traditions that are key to the survival of populations.But when an animal is confined, it lives within a vacuum. If it is accustomed to covering long distances in its searches for food, it grows lazy or bored. It can make no decisions for itself; its intelligence and wild skills atrophy from lack of use, becomes, in a sense, one of societys charges, completely dependent on humans for nourishment and care.How might an animal species be changedsubtly, imperceptiblyby spending several generations in a per:? I posed that question to the curator of birds at the San Diego Wild Animal Park, which is a breeding center for the endangered California condor. I always have to chuckle when someone asks me that, the curator replied.Evolution has shaped the behavior of the condor for hundreds of years. If you think I can change it in a couple of generations, youre giving me a lot of credit.Recently the condor was reintroduced into the California desertonly a moment after its capture, in evolutionary terms. Perhaps the curator was right; perhaps the wild nature of the birds would emerge unscathed, although I was not convinced. But what of species that will spend decades or centuries in confinement before they are released?1.The primary purpose of the passage is to （）2.The primary function of the second paragraph is to show that（）3. In the fourth paragraph, the authors most important point is that animals in the wild（）4.Which of the following best describes the relationship between the fourth paragraph and the fifth paragraph?5. In paragraph 5 “charges” most nearly means（）问题1选项A.highlight the improvements in the conditions of American zoosB.examine behavioral traits of animals living in zoosC.raise concerns about the confinement of wild animals in zoosD.suggest alternative ways of protecting endangered species问题2选项A.wild animals adapt to their cages by modifying their movementsB.confined animals are not being seriously harmedC.zoos are designed with the reactions of spectators in mindD.people are overly sensitive to seeing animals in captivity问题3选项A.perceive landscapes differently than do animals in captivityB.have modes of communicating that are very similar to those of humansC.are likely to live longer than animals kept in zoosD.depend on the care and support of others of their species问题4选项A.The fourth paragraph presents a question that is answered in the fir& paragraph.B.The fourth paragraph contains an assertion that is evaluated in the fifth paragraph.C.The fifth paragraph describes a contrast to the situation presented in the fourth paragraph.D.The fifth paragraph discusses the second part of the process described in the fourth paragraph.问题5选项A.costsB.responsibilitiesC.demandsD.attacks【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】第1题:通读全文可知，本文主要是讲作者对动物园提出质疑，认为动物园是牢房，动物是被关在里面的囚犯。旨在引起人们对动物园限制野生动物的关注。选项C符合原文。第2题:根据第二段“usually these movements bring about no obvious physical or emotional effects in the captive animal.”通常这些动作不会对被捕获的动物产生明显的生理或情感上的影响。所以选项B正确。第3题:根据第四段，在野外，动物生活在一个我们知之甚少的世界里。它们可能通过人类无法理解的“语言”与同类交流，选项B错误；一些研究表明，一些物种对景观的感知与人类有很大不同，选项A原文相符。选项C在文中没有提及；根据第四段的最后一句可知选项D是被限制的野生动物，题干中是生活在野外的野生动物，所以排除。第4题:根据第四段和第五段的内容可知，第四段是描述生活在野外的动物，第四段是描述被人们圈养的动物，两者形成对比，所以选项C正确。第5题:根据第五段内容可知，这里说的是动物因为不需要自己觅食，依赖人类提供营养和照料，变成了社会的责任。所以B选项正确。2. 案例题This week some top scientists, including Nobel Prize winners, gave their vision of how the world will look in 2056, from gas-powered cars to extraordinary health advances, John Ingham reports on what the worlds finest minds believe our futures will be.For those of us lucky enough to live that long, 2056 will be a world of almost perpetual youth, where obesity is a remote memory and robots become our companions.We will be rubbing shoulders with aliens and colonizing outer space. Better still, our descendants might at last live in a world at peace with itself. The prediction is that we will have found a source of inexhaustible, safe, green energy, and that science will have killed off religion. If they are right we will have removed two of the main causes of war-our dependence on oil and religious prejudice. Will we really, as todays scientists claim, be able to live for ever or at least cheat the ageing process so that the average person lives to 150?Of course, all these predictions come with a scientific health warning. Harvard professor Steven Pinker says: “This is an invitation to look foolish, as with the predictions of domed cities and nuclear-powered vacuum cleaners that were made 50 year ago.”Living longerAnthony Attala, director of the Wake Forest Institute in North Carolina, believes failing organs will be repaired by injecting cells into the body. They will naturally to straight to the injury and help heal it. A system of injections without needles could also slow the ageing process by using the same process to “tune” cells.Bruce Lehn, professor of human genetics at the University of Chicago, anticipates the ability to produce” unlimited supplies” of transplantable human organs without the needed a new organ, such as kidney, the surgeon would contact a commercial organ producer, give him the patients immune-logical profile and would then be sent a kidney with the correct tissue type.These organs would be entirely composed of human cells, grown by introducing them into animal hosts, and allowing them to develop into and organ in place of the animals own. But Prof. Lehn believes that farmed brains would be “off limits”. He says: “Very few people would want to have their brains replaced by someone elses and we probably dont want to put a human braining an animal body.”Richard Miller, a professor at the University of Michigan, thinks scientist could develop” authentic anti-ageing drugs” by working out how cells in larger animals such as whales and human resist many forms of injuries. He says:” Its is now routine, in laboratory mammals, to extend lifespan by about 40%. Turning on the same protective systems in people should, by 2056, create the first class of 100-year-olds who are as vigorous and productive as todays people in their 60s”AliensConlin Pillinger, professor of planetary sciences at the Open University, says:”I fancy that at least we will be able to show that life did start to evolve on Mars well as Earth.” Within 50years he hopes scientists will prove that alien life came here in Martian meteorites（陨石）.Chris McKay, a planetary scientist at NASAs Ames Research Center. Believes that in 50 years we may find evidence of alien life in ancient permanent forts of Mars or on other planers.He adds:” There is even a chance we will find alien life forms here on Earth. It might be as different as English is to Chinese.Princeton professor Freeman Dyson thinks it “likely” that life form outer space will be discovered deform 2056 because the tools for finding it, such as optical and radio detection and data processing, are improving.He says:”As soon as the first evidence is found, we will know what to look for and additional discoveries is likely to follow quickly. Such discoveries are likely to have revolutionary consequences for biology, astronomy and philosophy. They may change the way we look at ourselves and our place in the universe.Colonies in spaceRichard Gott professor of astrophysics at Princeton, hopes man will set up a self-sufficient colony on Mars, which would be a “life insurance policy against whatever catastrophes, natural or otherwise, might occur on Earth.“The real space race is whether we will colonies off Earth on to other worlds before money for the space programmed runs out.”Spinal injuriesEllen Heber-Katz, a professor at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, foresees cures for injuries causing paralysis such as the one that afflicted Superman star Christopher Reeve.She says: I believe that the day is not far off when we will be able to prescribe drugs that cause severed（断裂的）spinal cords to heal, hearts to regenerate and lost limbs to regroup.People will come to expect that injured or diseased organs are meant to be repaired from within, inmuch the same way that we fix an appliance or automobile: by replacing the damaged part with a manufacturer-certified new part.” She predicts that within 5 to 10 years fingers and toes will be reground and limbs will start to be reground a few years later. Repairs to the nervous system will start with optic nerves and, in time, the spinal cord.” Within 50years whole body replacement will be routine,Prof.Heber Katz adds.ObesitySydney Brenner, senior distinguished fellow of the Crick-Jacobs Center in California, won the 2002 Nobel Prize for Medicine and says that if there is a global disaster some humans will survive-and evolution will favor small people with bodies large enough to support the required amount of brain power.”Obesity，”he says.” will have been solved.”RobotsRodney Brooks, professor of robotic at Mitoses the problems of developing artificial intelligence for robots will be at least partly overcome. As a result,” the possibilities for robots working with people will open up immensely”EnergyBill Joy, green technology expert in California, says: The most significant breakthrough would be to have an inexhaustible source of safe, green energy that is substantially cheaper than any existing energy source.”Ideally, such a source would be safe in that it could not be made into weapons and would not make hazardous or toxic waste or carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas blamed for global warning.SocietyGeoffrey Miller, evolutionary psychologist at the University of New Mexico,saysThe US will follow the UK in realizing that religion is nor a prerequisite（前提）for ordinary human decency.“This, science will kill religion-not by reason challenging faith but by offering a more practical, universal and rewarding moral framework for human interaction.”He also predicts that “absurdly wasteful” displays of wealth will become unfashionable while the importance of close-knit communities and families will become clearer.This three changer, he says, will help make us all brighter, wiser, happier and kinder”.1. What is John Lingams report about?A. A solution to the global energy crisis.B. Extraordinary advances in technology.C. The latest developments of medical science.D. Scientists vision of the world in half century.2. According to Harvard professor Steven Pinker, predictions about the future（）.A. May invite troubleB. May not come trueC. Will fool the publicD. Do more harm than good3. Professor Bruce Lehn of the University of Chicago predicts that（） .A. Humans wont have to donate organs for transplantationB. More people will donate their organs for transplantationC. Animal organs could be transplanted into human bodiesD. Organ transplantation wont be as scary as it is today4. According to Professor Richard Miller of the University of Mishear, propel will（） .A. Life for as long as they wishB. Be relieved from all sufferingsC. Life to 100 and more with vitalityD. Be able to live longer than whales5. Princeton professor Freeman Dyson thinks that（） .A.Scientists will find alien life similar to oursB. Humans will be able to settle on MarsC. Alien life will likely be discoveredD. Life will start to evolve on Mars6. According to Princeton professor Richard Gott, by setting up a self-sufficient colony on Mars, Humans（） .A.Might survive all catastrophes on earthB. Might acquire ample natural resourcesC. Will be able to travel to Mars freelyD. Will move there to live a better life7. Ellen Heber-Katz, professor at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, predicts that （）.A. Human organs can but manufactured like appliancesB. People will be as strong and dynamic as supermenC. Human nerves can be replaced by optic fibersD. Lost fingers and limbs will be able to regroup8. Rodney Brooks says that it will be possible for robots to work with humans as a result or the development of artificial intelligence for（） .9. The most significant breakthrough predicted by Bill joy will be an inexhaustible green energy source that cant be used to make（） .10. According to Geoffrey Miller, science will offer a more practical, universal and rewarding moral framework in place of （）.【答案】1.D 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.D8.artificial intelligence9.weapons10.religion【解析】1.根据第一段的最后一句John Ingham reports on what the worlds finest minds believe our futures will be. 以及文章的首句可推断出，the worlds finest minds 指的是前面提到的顶尖科学家们, 他们对2056年，也就是半个世纪后的世界做出了一些预测，所以选项D正确。2.根据关键词“Steven Pinker”定位到第六段。This is an invitation.made 50 years ago.也就是说，这个预测可能实现不了，选项B正确。invitation在这里指vision，而非邀请，所以选项A和C错误。3.根据关键词“Bruce Lehn”定位到Living longer这一部分的第二段Bruce Lahn.anticipates the ability to produce unlimited supplies of transplantable human organs without the need for human donors.题干中的predict 和句中的anticipate 同义，而 without the need for human donors 和A选项对应，所以选项A符合原文。4.根据Living longer这一部分的第四段的最后一句Turning on the same.in their 60s.选项C符合原文。选项B文中没有提及，选项A和选项D与原文含义不符，可以排除。5.根据关键词“Freeman Dyson”定位到Aliens这一部分的第四段的内容。 life from outer space will be discovered before 2056.所以选项C与原文相符。6.根据关键词“Richard Gott”定位到Colonies in space这一部分的第一段。.which would be a life insurance policy against whatever catastrophes, natural or otherwise, might occur on Earth. Life insurance policy为比喻用法，意为可以保护人类免于地球上灾难的侵袭，选项A与原文一致。7.根据关键词“Ellen Heber-Katz”定位到Spinal injuries这一部分的第二段的首句I believe that. regenerate and lost limbs to regroup，选项D与原文含义相符。8.根据关键词“Rodney Brooks”定位到Robots这一部分的内容“the problems of developing artificial intelligence for robots will be at least partly overcome.”。9.根据关键词“Bill Joy”定位到Energy这一部分第二段的内容“ such a source would be safe in that it could not be made into weapons .”动词make后面要接名词或名词短语。10.根据关键词“Geoffrey Miller”定位到Society这一部分第二段的内容Thus, science will kill religion-not by reason challenging faith but by offering a more practical, universal and rewarding moral framework for human interaction. 介词短语in place of 后面需接名词，在这里in place of与kill意义相近，故答案为religion。3. 写作题In the course of the Scientific Revolution, attention was paid to the problem of establishing the proper means to examine and understand the physical realm. This creation of a scientific method was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world. Curiously enough, it was an Englishman with few scientific credentials who attempted to put forth a new method of acquiring knowledge that made an impact on English scientists in the seventeenth century and other European scientists in the eighteenth century. Francis Bacon(1561-1626), a lawyer and lord chancellor, rejected Copemicus and Keplet and misunderstood Galileo. And yet in his unfinished work The Great Instonararion (The Great Restoration), he called for his contemporaries to commence a total reconstruction of sciences, arts, and all human knowledge, raised upon the proper foundations. Bacon did not doubt humans ability to know the natural world, but he believed that they had proceeded incorrectly The entire fabric of human reason which we employ in the inquisition of nature is badly put together and built up, and like some magnificent structure without foundation.Bacons new foundationa correct scientific methodwas to be built on inductive principles. Rather than beginning with assumed first principles from which logical conclusions could be deduced, he urged scientists to proceed from the particular to the general. From carefully organized experiments and systematic, thorough observations, correct generalizations could be developed. Bacon was clear about what he believed his method could accomplish. His concern was more for practical than for pure science. He stated that the true and lawful goal of the sciences is none other than this: that human life be endowed with new discoveries and power. He wanted science to contribute to the mechanical arts by creating devices that would benefit industry, agriculture, and trade. Bacon was prophetic when he said that I am laboring to lay the foundation, not of any sect or doctrine, but of human utility and power. And how would this human power be used? To conquer nature in action The control and domination of nature became a central proposition of modern science and the technology that accompanied it. Only in the twentieth century did some scientists ask whether this assumption might not he at the heart of the modernecological crisis.【答案】In the course of the Scientific Revolution, attention was paid to the problem of establishing the proper means to examine and understand the physical realm. This creation of a scientific method was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world.Bacons new foundationa correct scientific methodwas to be built on inductive principles. Rather than beginning with assumed first principles from which logical conclusions could be deduced, he urged scientists to proceed from the particular to the general. From carefully organized experiments and systematic, thorough observations, correct generalizations could be developed. Bacon was clear about what he believed his method could accomplish.4. 单选题In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type