2022年考博英语-暨南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第11期

2022年考博英语-暨南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 不定项选择题Great emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels; stamina helps, as does a capacity for obsession. But no one is born a good quarreler; the craft must be learned.There are two generally recognized apprenticeships. First, and universally preferred, is a long childhood spent in the company of fractious siblings. After several years of rainy afternoons, brothers and sisters develop a sure feel for the tactics of attrition and the niceties of strategy so necessary in first-rate quarrelling.The only child, or the child of peaceful or repressed households, is likely to grow up failing to understand that quarrels, unlike arguments, are not about anything least of all the pursuit of truth. The apparent subject of a quarrel is a mere pretext; the real business is the quarrel itself.Essentially, adversaries in a quarrel are out to establish or rescue their dignity. I fence the elementary principle: anything may be said. The unschooled, probably no less quarrelsome by inclination than anyone else, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of roiling this old acquaintance a lying fraud. Too late! With a cheerful wave the old acquaintance has left the room.Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enroll in the second, the bad marriage. This can be perilous for the neophyte; the mutual intimacy of spouses makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack. Once sex is involved, the stakes are higher all round.And there is an unspoken rule that those who love, or have loved, one another are granted a license for unlimited beastliness such as is denied to mere sworn enemies. For all that, some of our most tenacious black belt quarrelers have come to it late in fife and mastered every throw, from the Crushing Silence to the Gloating Apology, in less than ten years of marriage.A quarrel may last years. Among brooding types Kith time on their hands, like writers, half a lifetime is not uncommon. In its most refined form, a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other. They will need to scheme laboriously to appear in public together to register their silence.Brief, violent quarrels are also known as rows. In all cases the essential ingredient remains the same; the original cause must be forgotten as soon as possible. From here on, dignity, pride, self-esteem, honor ate the crucial issues, which is why quarrelling like jealousy, is an all-consuming business, virtually a profession. For the quarrelers very self-hood is on the fine. To lose an argument is a brief disappointment, much like losing a game of tennis; but to be crushed in a quarrel. rather bite off your tongue and spread it at your opponents feet.1. Unschooled quarrelers are said to be at a disadvantage because（ ）.2. According to the writer, quarrels between married couples may be（ ）.3. When quarrelling both children and married couples may, according to the writer（ ）.4. The difference between a quarrel and an argument is said to be that（ ）.5. In the passage as a whole, the writer treats quarrelling as if it were（ ）.问题1选项A.their insults fail to offend their opponentB.they reveal their nervousness to their opponentC.they suffer from remorse for what theyve saidD.they are apprehensive about speaking their minds问题2选项A.physically violentB.extremely bitterC.essentially trivialD.sincerely regretted问题3选项A.be particularly brutalB.use politeness as a weaponC.employ skillful maneuversD.exaggerate their feelings问题4选项A.the former involves individual egosB.the former concerns strong points of viewC.the latter has well-established milesD.the latter concerns trivial issues问题5选项A.a military campaignB.a social skillC.a moral evilD.a natural gift【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】第1题:推理判断题。没上过学的吵架者在吵架中不占优势的原因是，选项A“他们的羞辱不能激怒对手”；选项B“他们在对手面前表现出紧张”；选项C“他们对自己说的话感到悔恨”；选项D“他们害怕表露自己的心声”，根据文章第四段中“The unschooled, probably no less quarrelsome by inclination than anyone else, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of roiling this old acquaintance a lying fraud. 没怎么受过教育的人，同样也跟其他人一样热衷于吵架，他们会花上很长的时间捶胸顿足，不断回想自己是怎么激怒了老熟人而陷入了他的骗局”，由此可知这些没上过学的人在吵架的时候因为没什么技巧，激怒别人之后就陷入了别人挖的坑里，于是他们不停的回想，不停的后悔自己所说的话，故正确答案为选项C。第2题:推理判断题。根据作者的观点，已婚夫妇之间的争吵也许会选项A“剧烈的身体攻击”；选项B“极度的尖酸刻薄”；选项C“基本上很琐碎”；选项D“真诚的道歉”，根据文章第六段的首句话“相爱的或者曾经相爱的人之间存在着一种不言而喻的规定，他们允许对方无限制的使用伤人的语言，就像是两个不共戴天的仇人一样。”根据这句话我们可以知道已婚夫妻之间的争吵会非常的尖酸刻薄，表现得像两个不共戴天的仇人一样，故正确答案为选项B。第3题:小孩子和已婚夫妇之间吵架的共同点是什么，选项A“特别的野蛮”；选项B“把礼貌当作一种武器”；选项C“运用非常有技巧的策略”；选项D“夸大感觉”，根据文章中分别对小孩子吵架和夫妻吵架的描写，小孩子“develop a sure feel for the tactics of attrition and the niceties of strategy so necessary in first-rate quarrelling. 明确的知道在最高级的吵架中技巧和战略的必要性”，由此可知小孩子的吵架非常注重技巧与战略；文章第六段在提及夫妻吵架之后接着说道“some of our most tenacious black belt quarrelers have come to it late in fife持久的吵架黑带通常在比较晚的时候练成；in less than ten years of marriage不超过婚后十年的时间”，可知作者想表达的是婚后，夫妻会变得非常擅于吵架，婚后的吵架会使他们练就吵架的技巧，这个从“黑带”一词可以体现出来，所以小孩子和已婚夫妇两者在吵架上的共同点就是非常具有技巧或者策略，故正确答案为选项C。第4题:推理判断题。吵架和争论之间的区别是什么，选项A“前者涉及个人自尊心”；选项B“前者关心强硬的观点”；选项C“后者建立了良好的规则”；选项D“后者涉及细小的问题”；根据文章最后一段中对于吵架的描写“dignity, pride, self-esteem, honor and the crucial issues, which is why quarrelling like jealousy, is an all-consuming business, virtually a profession尊严，骄傲，自尊，荣誉和其他关键问题是消耗所有精力的堪称专业的工作，它们解释了为什么说吵架就和妒忌一样”，这说明吵架是涉及个人的自尊心的，而对于争论的描写“To lose an argument is a brief disappointment, much like losing a game of tennis输掉一场争论只是片刻的失望，就像输掉一场网球比赛一样”，由此可知争论不会涉及个人的自尊心，简单的只是一种专业知识或者其他个人能力的较量，所以吵架和争论最大的区别就是吵架是涉及个人自尊心的，故正确答案为选项A。第5题:推理判断题。纵观全文，作者描写吵架就像描写选项A“一场军事行动”；选项B“一门社会技术”；选项C“一种不好的品德”；选项D“一种自然天赋”，作者在描写吵架的时候多处强调了吵架的技巧与战略，以及吵架技巧的两个养成阶段，仿佛吵架就像一门技术一样，需要我们练习与学习；作者还举了在社交场合吵架的例子，有技巧的人会赢，没有技巧的会输，强调了吵架这门技术的社会性，所以作者是在像描写一种社会技术一样的在描写吵架这门学问，故正确答案为选项B。2. 单选题The（ ）of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity.问题1选项A.varietyB.scarcityC.solidarityD.commodity【答案】B【解析】同形词辨析题。variety“多样”；scarcity“不足；缺乏”；solidarity“团结”； commodity“商品”；根据natural calamity“自然灾害”可知此处应该说的是各种必需品的“缺乏”，故正确答案为选项B。句意为：各种必需品的缺乏是自然灾难造成的。3. 单选题Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their（ ）quality.问题1选项A.indistinctiveB.indisputableC.indispensableD.indistinguishable【答案】B【解析】本题考查了同形词辨析。indistinctive“无特色的”；indisputable“无可争议的，不争的”；indispensable“不可缺少的”；indistinguishable“不能区别的”，由此句中的“prestige” 可以知道中国产品享有如此声誉是因为它们的质量很好，四个选项中能用来形容这种质量的形容词只有indisputable，故正确答案为选项B。句意是：中国的产品享有非常高的国际声誉是因为它们无可争议的质量。4. 单选题Ive had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to（ ）the problem.问题1选项A.deduceB.notifyC.highlightD.pinpoint【答案】D【解析】本题考查了动词的辨析。deduce“演绎，推理”；notify“通知”；highlight“强调，突出”；pinpoint“确定，准确指出”，根据mechanic“技术人员，修理工”与汽车的problem“问题”的关系，修理人员应该是查明或者指出问题的，所以此处应该使用动词 pinpoint，故正确答案为选项D。5. 单选题A luxury express train jumped the tracks on a bridge in eastern India, killing at least 50 on the spot. According to the Northen Railway spokesman, the death（ ）is expected to rise.问题1选项A.figureB.tollC.spanD.yield【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。figure“数字；人物”；toll“通行费；代价；伤亡人数”；span“跨度；范围”；yield“产量；收益”，此处death toll是表示“伤亡人数”的惯用说法。句意：一列运输奢侈品的火车脱轨掉在了印度东部的一座桥梁上，当地至少50人因为这次事件死亡。据北方铁路发言人说，死亡人数预计将上升。故正确答案为选项B。6. 单选题The secretary was harshly（ ）by her boss for misplacing some important files.问题1选项A.rebukedB.teasedC.washedD.accused【答案】A【解析】本题是动词辨析题。rebuked“指责”；teased“取笑，戏弄”；washed“洗涤”；accused“控告”，根据for后面的内容“误放了重要文件”，可知这位秘书会被老板责备，此处应该使用动词rebuke的过去分词rebuked，故正确答案为选项A。句意为：这位秘书因为误放了重要文件而被老板严厉指责了。7. 单选题To do this job well, you must be（ ）not only in English, but also in computer programming.问题1选项A.efficientB.effectiveC.proficientD.beneficial【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项efficient“有效率的”；B选项“有效的，起作用的”；C选项“熟练的，精通的”；D选项“有益的”。句意：为做好这项工作，你不但要在英语上而且在计算机编程方面都。综合句意和语义，此处填proficient“熟练的，精通的”。因此C选项符合题意。8. 单选题According to the latest report, consumer confidence（ ）a breathtaking 15 points last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.问题1选项A.soaredB.mutatedC.plummetedD.fluctuated【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。soared“飘升”；mutated“变化；突变”；plummeted“骤降”；fluctuated“波动”，根据lowest level“最低水平”可知此处应该填plummeted。句意：根据最近的报告，消费者信任度上个月惊人的15个点，达到九年中最低值。故正确答案为选项C。9. 不定项选择题Just about everyone knows the meaning of “value” though youd never know it from the excesses of the Eighties. Clever campaigns often allowed marketers to charge more for their product and reap ever-higher profits. It waked like a dream until suddenly, facing difficult economic times, consumers wake up. Now, to the extent that theyre buying, many consumers are choosing the car that delivers the most for the monkey not necessarily the one they coveted as a status symbol a few years ago, they are shifting to the toothpaste that works from the ones with it slickest promotions. Companies that understand this new consumer have come up with something new: “value marketing”.A word of caution is necessary. In marketing, watchwords quickly metamorphous into buzzwords and value is no exception. Were not taping about ads that merely boast of a products value or even such legitimate sates tools as price cuts and discount: Used correctly, value marketing amounts to much more than just stashing prices distributing coupons. It means giving the customer an improved product, with ads, features and enhancing the role of marketing itself. In value marketing, marketing becomes part of the system for delivering value to the consumer. Instead of merely shaping image, such a program might offer enhance guarantees or longer warranties, ads that educate rather than hype, membership club that build loyalty, frequent-buyer plans, improved communications with customer, through 800 numbers, or package design that makes the product easier to use or more environmentally friendly.These and other value-marketing techniques can be expensive. They can tanker added production and marketing costs added to lower unit prices. Even so, the principle involved in value marketing value for money, an improved product, enhanced nice, and added features, are just that U.S. business needs to enhance its competitiveness in the global marketplace. Thats why it will be all to the good if the commonsensical virtues of value marketing become part of the permanent strategy of U.S. business.1. Consumers have waken up because of（ ）.2. Many consumers are choosing the commodities（ ）.3. In the 1980s, people would like to go after the products（ ）.4. Communications with customers may be improved（ ）.5. A value marketing program may not include（ ）.问题1选项A.the poor products they boughtB.the high price they paid for what they boughtC.the difficult economic timesD.a horrible dream问题2选项A.that are preciousB.that are warrantedC.that can show their statusD.that deliver the most for the money问题3选项A.that were most expensiveB.that were up-to-dateC.that could show their statusD.that were in fashion问题4选项A.through annual customers congressB.through the free 800 numbersC.through membership clubsD.through frequent education问题5选项A.daily visits to customersB.longer warrantiesC.membership clubsD.environmentally friendly packages【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】第1题:推理判断题。消费者清醒了，因为，选项A“他们买到的差质量的商品”；选项B“他们花高价购买了商品”；选项C“经济困难时期”；选项D“一场噩梦”，根据文章第一段中“Clever campaigns often allowed marketers to charge more for their product and reap ever-higher profits. It waked like a dream until suddenly, facing difficult economic times, consumers wake up.聪明的营销活动往往使营销人员为他们的产品收取更多的费用，并获得更高的利润。它像一场梦一样的突然醒来，由于经历困难的经济时期，消费者清醒了”，由此句可知经历经济困难时期是消费者清醒的导火索，商家提高商品价格，使得消费者花高价购买了商品是消费者清醒过来的根本原因，此处应该选择真正使得消费者不再相信商家任意抬高的商品价格，清醒过来的根本原因，故正确答案为选项B。第2题:细节事实题。许多消费者会选择什么样的商品，选项A“宝贵的”；选项B“有保障的”；选项C“能够展示他们地位的”；选项D“更多的考虑价格”，根据文章第一段 中“Now, to the extent that theyre buying, many consumers are choosing the car that delivers the most for the monkeynot necessarily the one they coveted as a status symbol a few years ago现在，就他们的购买限度来说，许多消费者选择价格最合适的车，而不必要像几年前一样，选择能够代表社会地位的车”，此处是以车为例说明了现在消费者的购买倾向，所以在购买其他产品的时候他们同样也会考虑价格再做出选择，故正确答案为选项D。第3题:细节事实题。在19世纪80年代，人们会追崇什么商品，选项A“最贵的”；选项B“最新的”；选项C“展示他们社会地位的”；选项D“时髦的”，根据第一段中“many consumers are choosing the car that delivers the most for the monkeynot necessarily the one they coveted as a status symbol a few years ago 许多消费者会选择价格最合适的车，而不必要像几年前一样，选择能够代表社会地位的车”，可知几年前，也差不多就是80 年代的时候，人们会倾向于选择能够展示他们社会地位的商品，而不是那些最贵的，最新的或者时髦的，故正确答案为选项C。第4题:细节事实题。与消费者的沟通可能会通过什么来提高，选项A“通过每年召开消费者会议”；选项B“通过免费电话”；选项C“通过会员俱乐部”；选项D“通过经常的教育”，根据文章倒数第二段中“improved communications with customer, through 800 numbers 通过免费电话增加与消费者的沟通”，可知提高与消费者的沟通是通过800免费电话，故正确答案为选项B。第5题:细节事实题。价值营销活动不包括，选项A“每天拜访消费者”；选项B“更长时间的保证”；选项C“会员俱乐部”；选项D“环境友好的包装”，根据倒数第二段中对价值营销活动的介绍，我们可以知道提及了以下几个项目：更长时间的保证、注重教育而不是大肆宣传的广告、会员俱乐部、免费电话、采购计划、电话、提高包装设计，可知没有提到的活动是“每天拜访消费者”，故正确答案为选项A。10. 单选题Due to rapid growth of population and long period of drought, some African countries often suffer from（ ）.问题1选项A.feminismB.famineC.fatigueD.fantasy【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项feminism“女权主义”；B选项famine“饥荒”；C选项fatigue“疲劳”；D选项fantasy“幻想”。句意：由于人口的快速增长和长期的干旱，一些非洲国家经常遭受饥荒。根据前半句表述的因为人口快速增长和长期干旱，可知后半句中不好的结果合适的是饥荒。因此B选项符合题意。11. 单选题NASA is casting a wider net in the space shuttle investigation as to what caused the spacecraft to swing out of control and（ ）moments before it was to land.问题1选项A.disassembleB.disembarkC.disintegrateD.disinherit【答案】C【解析】考查同形词词义辨析。disassemble“拆开；解开”；disembark“登录；上岸”；disintegrate“瓦解；破裂”；disinherit“剥夺的继承权”，飞船失去控制的摇摆，然后在快要着陆的瞬间应该会发生比较严重的事件，分析四个选项的意思可知此处只有disintegrate符合句子意思。句意：美国宇航局全方位的展开了对航天飞机的调查，关于是什么导致了飞船失去控制的摇摆，并在最后要着陆的时候了。故正确答案为选项C。12. 不定项选择题A few years ago a young mother watched her husband diaper（给换尿布）their firstborn son, “You do not have to be unhappy about it,” she protested. “You can talk to him and smile a little.” The father, who happened to be a psychologist, answered firmly, “He has nothing to say to me, and I have nothing to say to him.”Psychologist now know how wrong that father was. From the moment of birth, a baby has a great deal to say to his parents, and they to him. But a decade or so ago, these experts were describing the newborn as a primitive creature who reacted only by reflex, a helpless victim of its environment without capacity to influence it. And mothers accepted the truth. Most thought (and some still do) that a new infant could see only blurry（模糊的）shadows, that his other senses were undeveloped, and that all he required was nourishment, clean diapers, and a warm bassinet.Today university laboratories across the country are studying newborns in their first month of life. As a result, psychologists now describe the new baby as perceptive, with remarkable learning abilities and an even more remarkable capacity to shape his or her environment including the attitudes and actions of his parents. Some researchers believe that the neonatal period may even be the most significant four weeks in an entire lifetime.Far from being helpless, the newborn knows what he likes and rejects what he doesnt. He shut out unpleasant sensations by closing his eyes or averting his face. He is a glutton for novelty. He prefers animate things over inanimate and likes people more than anything.When a more nine minutes out, an infant prefers a human face to a head-shaped outline. He makes the choice despite the fact that, with delivery room attendants masked and gowned, he has never seen a human face before. By the time hes twelve hours old, his entire body moves in precise synchronic（同时发生）to the sound of a human voice, as if he were dancing. A non-human sound, such as a tapping noise, brings no such response.1. The author points out that the father diapering his first-born son was wrong because（ ）.2. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?3. What does the sentence “He is a glutton for novelty” probably mean?4. According to the passage, its groundless to think that newborns prefer（ ）.5. What is the passage mainly discussing about?问题1选项A.he believed the baby was not able to hear himB.he thought the baby didnt have the power of speechC.he was a psychologist unworthy of his professionD.he thought the baby was not capable of any response问题2选项A.A new infant can see only blurry shadows.B.A new infants senses are undeveloped.C.All a new infant requires is nourishment, clean diapers, and a warm bassinet.D.A new infant is actually able to influence his or her environment.问题3选项A.The newborn is greedy for new food.B.The newborn tends to overeat.C.The newborn always loves things that are new to him.D.The newborns appetite is a constant topic in novels.问题4选项A.a human face to a head-shaped outlineB.animate things to inanimate onesC.human voice to non-human soundsD.nourishment to a warm bassinet问题5选项A.What people know about newborns.B.How wrong parents are when they handle their babies.C.How much newborns have progressed in about a decades time.D.Why the first month of life is the most significant four weeks in a lifetime.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】第1题:推理判断题。联系上下文可知这位父亲是个心理学家，而大约十年前，心理学家认为新生儿只是a primitive creature who reacted only by reflex, a helpless victim of its environment without capacity to influence it（一种仅凭反射做出反应的原始生物，是无力影响其生存环境的无助受害者），而如今他们已经认识到了这种观点是错误的，结合这位父亲的话“他没什么对我说的”可知他当时也是坚持这种错误观点，因此D选项“他认为婴儿没有能力做出任何回应”符合题意。第2题:事实细节题。由第三段第二句中的psychologists now describe the new baby as perceptive, with remarkable learning abilities and an even more remarkable capacity to shape his or her environment including the attitudes and actions of his parents（心理学家现在把新生婴儿的形象描述为有洞察力，有非凡的学习能力，甚至有卓越的塑造其生活环境的能力，包括他父母的态度和行为）可知D选项“一个新生婴儿实际上能够影响其生活环境”符合题意。第3题:语义推测题。由下文He prefers animate things over inanimate and likes people more than anything（他喜欢有生命的东西胜过无生命的东西，喜欢人胜过一切）可推测He is a glutton for novelty表达的并非仅仅与“吃”有关，而是新生儿对新鲜事物的浓厚兴趣，因此C选项“新生儿总是喜欢新鲜的事物”符合题意。第4题:事实细节题。需注意题干中的groundless（无理由的），因此要找出不符合文意的选项。由第四段最后一句He prefers animate things over inanimate and likes people more than anything（他喜欢有生命的东西胜过无生命的东西，喜欢人胜过一切）可排除B选项；由第五段第一句中的an infant prefers a human face to a head-shaped outline（婴儿更喜欢人的脸，而不是头型的轮廓）可排除A选项；由第五段第三句中的his entire body moves in precise synchronic to the sound of a human voice, as if he were dancing（他的整个身体精确地随着人类的声音同步移动，就好像他在跳舞）和第四句A non-human sound, such as a tapping noise, brings no such response（而非人类的声音，比如敲打声，则不会产生这种反应）可推断出婴儿更喜欢人类的声音，因此C选项可以排除，所以D选项为正确答案。第5题:主旨大意题。本文介绍了过去心理学家对婴儿的错误认识，以及现在的正确认识，因此A选项“人们对新生儿的了解”符合题意。13. 单选题We had a marvelous holiday; only the last two days was slightly（ ）by weather.问题1选项A.damagedB.enhancedC.spoiledD.diminished【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。damaged“破坏”；enhanced“提高；加强”；spoiled“溺爱；糟蹋；破坏”；diminished“减少；缩小”，根据句子前后的转折可知此处想表达的是最后两天受到了天气的不好影响，被破坏了，所以此处应该从damaged与spoiled 两个中间选择，damage主要是指事物的价值或功能部分受损，spoil除了有溺爱、宠坏、破坏的意思外，还指事物完整性、完美性或者整体感受的破坏，此处表达的是最后两天由于坏的天气的影响，使其完美性遭到破坏，所以应该用spoil。句意：我们度过了一个十分愉快的假期，只有最后两天稍微被天气了。故正确答案为选项C。14. 单选题Giving up smoking is just one of the ways to（ ）heart diseases.问题1选项A.ward offB.push offC.put offD.throw off【答案】A【解析】本题考查词组辨析题。ward off“避开；防止（疾病等）”；push off “离开；走开”；put off“延期”；throw off “摆脱”，heart disease“心脏病”是一种疾病，戒烟是为了防止得心脏病，所以此处应该使用词组ward off，故正确答案为选项A。句意为：戒烟只是预防心脏疾病的办法之一。15. 单选题It is essential to be on the（ ）for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area.问题1选项A.guardB.careC.alertD.alarm