2022年考博英语-首都经济贸易大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第38期

2022年考博英语-首都经济贸易大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The guides （ ）the tourists together at the hotel gate.问题1选项A.accumulatedB.collectedC.assembledD.resembled【答案】C【解析】考察动词词义辨析。accumulate “积累;累积”:collect “收集”;assemble “聚集；集合”；resemble“类似，像”。根据后文“together at the hotel gate”可知是在门口集合，因此选项C符合题意。句意：这些导游让游客在酒店门口集合。2. 单选题10. In 1914, an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Eastern Europe（ ）Europe into a great war.问题1选项A.insertedB.pitchedC.plungedD.imposed【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。insert “插入，嵌入”后接in/ into/ between；pitch “用力扔，投，抛”；plunge“使陷入（某种状态），把抛进”，常和介词into搭配使用; impose “迫使，把强加于”，常和介词on/upon搭配使用。句意：1914年，发生在东欧一个偏僻地区的一件微不足道的小事使欧洲陷入了一场大战。根据题干介词into 可知只有C项符合。答案选C。3. 单选题During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realties. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Todays families have budgeted to the limits of theirs new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachuted they once had in times of financial setback - a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families the picture is not any better.Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen - and newly fashionable health-saving plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families future health care. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent - and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance - have jumped eight fold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.1.Todays double-income families are at greater financial risk in that （ ）2.As a result of Present Bushs reform, retired people may have（ ）3.According to the author, health-savings plans will （ ）4.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that（ ）5.Which of the following is the best title for this text?问题1选项A.the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.B.their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.C.they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.D.they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.问题2选项A.a higher sense of security.B.less chance to invest.C.less secured payments.D.a guaranteed future.问题3选项A.help reduce the cost of healthcare.B.popularize among the middle class.C.increase the families investment risk.D.compensate for the reduced pensions.问题4选项A.financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.B.financial problems may bring about political problems.C.the middle class may face greater political challenge.D.financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.问题5选项A.The Middle Class on the AlertB.The Middle Class in ConflictC.The Middle Class on the Cliff.D.The Middle Class in Ruins.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。题干询问“现如今这种双收入家庭面临更大财务危险的原因”。由原文前两段可知：由于经济原因，现在夫妻双方都要出去找工作。而以前，妻子一般在家操持家务，即使丈夫万一生病或失业了，妻子也可以出去找工作帮助家庭度过难关。但现在这种备选方案无用了，因此双收入家庭更容易受到家庭经济变化的影响。故本题正确答案为D选项。2.细节事实题。根据原文第三段可知，在去年的大多数时间里，布什总统一直致力于将社会保险体制转变为一种储蓄存款账户模式，要求退休人员将大多数或全部有保障的收入变成必须依靠投资收益的收入，对年轻家庭来说情况也好不到哪去。医疗的绝对费用和家庭必须承担的份额都在上升。所以，退休人员的可靠收入可能更少。故本题正确选项为C项。3.推理判断题。根据原文第三段“.newly fashionable health-saving plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families future health care”可知，医疗费用节约计划将增加家庭投资风险，可判断C项正确。A项和D项在原文中并未提及，属于无中生有。原文提到这个计划正在从上层立法院大厅到底层沃尔玛超市员工之间广泛开展，但并不能得出在中产阶级中间得以推广，故B项不正确。因此本题正确答案为C选项。4.推理判断题。题干询问由最后一段可以看出什么。由最后一句“The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.”可知，作者认为（美国）经济已经开始滑落，那政治上的滑落应该也不远了。因此可以推断，作者认为经济问题可能会引发政治问题。故本题正确答案为B。5.主旨判断题。题干询问哪一项最适合作为文章题目。文章第一段介绍了中产阶层可能在几个月之内衰败成一个新的贫困家庭，后文随即介绍了造成这种现状的原因，所以本文主要讲述的是中产阶级面临穷困问题的现象。因此，本题正确答案为C选项。4. 单选题In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic （官僚主义的）management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery.The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and human-relations experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it.In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life-They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious.Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates.They are even more insecure in some respects.They are in a highly competitive race.To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salaiy but even more a matter of self-respect.When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of subniissiveness and independence.From the moment on they arc tested again and again by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc.This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century free enterprise capitalism? Certainly not.Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown.I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities those of all love and of reason are the aims of social arrangements.Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.1.By a well-oiled cog in the machinery the author intends to deliver the idea that man is（ ）.2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that（ ）.3.From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those（ ）.4.To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should（ ）.5.The authors attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of（ ）.问题1选项A.a necessary part of the society though each individuals function is negligibleB.working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyC.an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the societyD.a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly问题2选项A.they are likely to lose their jobsB.they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in lifeC.they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existenceD.they are deprived of their individuality and independence问题3选项A.who could keep far away from this competitive worldB.who are higher up in their social statusC.who prove better than their fellow-competitorsD.who are at the bottom of the society问题4选项A.resort to the production mode of our ancestorsB.offer higher wages to the workers and employeesC.enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD.take the fundamental realities for granted问题5选项A.approvalB.dissatisfactionC.suspicionD.susceptibility【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.判断推理题。根据第一段“.yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless.”, 由此推断, 作者将人比喻成机械中运转良好的齿轮, 实则是想表明人们相对于社会中其他部分来说已经变得不那么重要了。选项C符合原文。2.细节事实题。根据第二段的内容可知, 工人和雇员们焦虑不仅是因为他们可能面临着失业, 他们焦虑也因为他们不能获得任何有趣的生活和真正的满足, 但是真正的原因还是第二段的最后一句“They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.”, 选项D他们被剥夺了个性和独立性, 符合原文, 所以选D。3.判断推理题。根据原文以及题干可知, 作者认为这些人之所以焦虑是因为处于一个竞争激烈的社会之中, 只有远离了竞争激烈的社会, 才会有真正幸福的生活。所以选项A正确。4.细节事实题。根据最后一段第三句“I suggest transforming our social system form, ., into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. 我建议改变我们的社会制度形式，在这种社会安排中，人及其全部的爱和理性的潜能的充分发展是社会安排的目的。”由此可知，作者提出了充分发挥人的潜能的建议来解决当前的社会问题，选项C符合原文。5.观点态度题。根据文章内容可知, 作者认为现在的工业主义使人丧失了其在社会中应发挥的重要作用, 最后一段提到了作者建议将工业主义转变为一种以人为本的工业主义, 所以作者对待工业主义的态度是不满的。选项B正确。5. 单选题We had no way to measure the exact distance we had traveled, but we thought it was（ ）five miles.问题1选项A.preciselyB.appropriatelyC.apparentlyD.approximately【答案】D【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项precisely表示“精确地，恰恰”；B选项appropriately表示“恰当地，合适地”；C选项apparently表示“显然地，表面上”；D选项approximately表示“大约，近似地”。根据句中关键信息We had no way to measure the exact distance可知，我们没有办法测量准确距离。所以后文中的距离只能是大约值，因此本题正确答案为D项。【句意】我们没有办法测量走过的准确距离，但我们认为大约是5英里。6. 单选题For some crimes, and under certain conditions, a police officer must obtain a court order called（ ）before making an arrest.问题1选项A.warrantB.registryC.legislationD.battery【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项warrant表示“根据，证明，正当理由”；B选项registry表示“注册，登记”；C选项legislation表示“立法”；D选项battery表示“电池；（法）殴打；炮台”。由句中a court order “一种法院命令”以及关键信息before making an arrest “在实施逮捕之前”可知，这是空缺处应该是指逮捕罪犯的证明或者逮捕令。因此，本题正确答案为A项。【句意】对于某些犯罪，在一定条件下，警察在实施逮捕之前必须获得法院的命令，也就是逮捕令。7. 单选题The manager promised to keep me（ ）of how our business was going on.问题1选项A.to be informedB.on informingC.informedD.informing【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。keep sb.informed of sth.意为“让某人了解某事”。句意：经理答应会让我知道我们的生意进展如何。选项C正确。8. 单选题（ ） that night. the union government would have been overthrown.问题1选项A.If he were assassinatedB.Were he assassinatedC.He had been assassinatedD.Had he been assassinated【答案】D【解析】考查虚拟语气。在if虚拟条件句中，如果是对过去情况的虚拟，则条件从句中谓语动词用过去完成时，主句用would/could/should+have+动词过去分词形式。如果虚拟条件句中有were，had或should，则可以将if省略，将这几个词提到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。句意：如果他那天晚上被暗杀，那么联邦政府可能就已经被推翻了。故本题正确答案为D。9. 单选题Over a third of the population was estimated to have no（ ）to the health service问题1选项A.assessmentB.accessC.assignmentD.exception【答案】B【解析】考查词组的固定搭配。A选项assessment表示“评定，估价”；B选项access表示“进入，通道，机会”；C选项assignment表示“分配，任务”；D选项exception表示“例外，异议”。词组have access to可表示“使用，接近，可以利用”，其余3项不可与have构成搭配。句意：估计有超过三分之一的人口没有享受到医疗服务。因此本题正确答案为B选项。10. 单选题To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must（ ）the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world-market demand.问题1选项A.improveB.enhanceC.gearD.guarantee【答案】C【解析】近义词辨析题。A选项improve“改善，增加”；B选项enhance“提高，加强”；C选项 gear“使.适合”，后面通常接介词to；D选项guarantee“担保，保证”。句意：为了在国家间激烈的贸易竞争中生存，我们必须使我们生产的产品的质量和种类适应世界市场的需求。选项C更符合语境。11. 单选题2. At first, the speaker was referring to the problem of pollution in the country, but halfway in her speech, she suddenly|（ ）to another subject.问题1选项A.committedB.switchedC.favoredD.transmitted【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。commit to“致力于”；switch to“转换到.”；transmit to. “传送到”; favor不与to sth.搭配使用。句意：最开始演讲者讲述的是有关该国家环境污染的问题，但她演讲到一半就突然转到别的话题上去了。根据but和another subject “别的话题”可知，B项符合题意。故答案选B。12. 单选题The ultimate goal of the suicide bomber is to force a reaction on the part of the soldiers targeted by the attack, to make them see the civilian population around them as a potential enemy, and respond accordingly. When every civilian carry a wide attack, then even soldiers who are not normally trigger-happy may be goaded by fear into harming innocent people. It is important to realize that stopping the suicide attacker before he (or she) commits his attack is next to impossible; he will certainly try to detonate his explosives as soon as a soldier approaches.The Israeli army has been forced to deal with suicide attackers over the past 20 years in southern Lebanon, as well as more recently in the West Bank and Gaza strip. The Israeli experience has shown that the only hope of countering this phenomenon lies in thwarting the attack before the attacker sets out on his mission.The suicide bomber is not a lone “crazy” acting out of rage. Rather, he is the tip of an operational iceberg consisting of recruiters, intelligence gatherers, bomb makers, and trainers.All of these elements are vulnerable to counter-terrorist operations, provided that one has accurate intelligence and the military capability to act decisively against them.In Israel such counter-terrorist operations often take the form of “targeted killing” operations against those responsible for sending the suicide bomber on his mission.However, if the intelligence needed to do this is lacking, it falls to defensive measures to stop the attack, or at least to minimize the damage. Roadblocks, check- points, and surprise inspections can help in locating the suicide attacker and preventing him from reaching his target. Precautions must be taken not to create easy targets for suicide attacks, by avoiding the concentration of soldiers in one place or housing command centers in multi-story buildings.In dealings with the civilian population, the possibility of booby traps must be taken into account. Thus someone wishing to surrender should be checked from a distance to see that he is not carrying explosives. Vehicles should be prevented from directly entering a military base or checkpoint. All services provided by members of the indigenous population should be subject to stringent security checks.The military should also be aware of the possibility of multiple suicide attacks, where explosives are detonated in sequence in order to target first responders or to overcome consecutive obstacles in the way of penetration of a protected space.The possibility of suicide operations on the modern battlefield complicates the military campaign, and requires a whole different mindset from that needed for conventional warfare. Soldiers must be made aware of the risks and be ready to change their collective behavior in accordance with the changing circumstances, without playing into the enemys hands by targeting the civilian population.1. The suicide bomber commits suicide to （ ）.2. From the passage, we can infer that（ ）.3. In preventing the occurrence of suicide attacks, counter-terrorist operation requires（ ）.4. Who is often the first targeted killing for the counter-terrorist operations?5. The military may walk straight into the bombers trap if they（ ）.问题1选项A.kill himself/herself onlyB.revenge on the soldiersC.make the soldiers see the civilian population around them as a potential enemy, and respond accordinglyD.kill some innocent people out of rage问题2选项A.the suicide bombers are well organizedB.the suicide bombers often act alone and nobody help themC.most of the suicide bombers commit their attacks out of crazy motivationD.most of the suicide bombers are trained in southern Lebanon问题3选项A.one with accurate intelligenceB.one with the military capability to act decisivelyC.one who has taken every precaution not to create easy targets for suicide attacksD.all of the above问题4选项A.The suicide bomber.B.The suicide bombers leaders.C.The surrender.D.The bomb maker.问题5选项A.greet the one who wishes to surrender with careful checksB.are alert all the timeC.allow vehicles to enter directly into a military base or checkpointD.put all services provided by members of the indigenous population under stringent security checks【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据原文第一段“The ultimate goal of the suicide bomber is to force a reaction on the part of the soldiers targeted by the attack, to make them see the civilian population around them as a potential enemy, and respond accordingly”可知，自杀式炸弹袭击者的最终目标是迫使被袭击的士兵做出反应，让他们把周围的平民视为潜在的敌人，并做出相应的反应。A项表示“只是自杀”；B项表示“报复士兵”；D项表示“出于泄愤而杀害一些无辜的人”，都与原文不符。因此，只有C项“让士兵把周围的平民视为潜在的敌人并相应地做出反应”符合原文表述，故本题正确答案为C项。2.推理判断题。根据原文第三段“The suicide bomber is not a lone “crazy” acting out of rage. Rather, he is the tip of an operational iceberg consisting of recruiters, intelligence gatherers, bomb makers, and trainers.”可知，自杀式炸弹袭击不是出于愤怒而单独行动的“疯狂”行为。相反，他只是由招聘者、情报收集员、炸弹制造者和训练人员构成的操作团体的冰山一角。由此可推测，自杀式炸弹袭击者组织有序，故A项正确。B项表示“自杀炸弹袭击者经常单独行动且没人帮他们”；C项“大多数自杀炸弹袭击者出于疯狂的动机而进行袭击”；D项表示“大多数自杀式炸弹袭击者在黎巴嫩南部参加训练”。3.推理判断题。根据原文第四段“All of these elements are vulnerable to counter-terrorist operations, provided that one has accurate intelligence and the military capability to act decisively against them”可知，假如国家有准确的情报和军事能力对与自杀式炸弹袭击相关的人员采取果断的行动，那么这些相关人员就易受反恐行动的攻击。故A项“一个国家有准确的情报”和B项“一个国家有果断行动的军事能力”均正确。根据原文第六段“Precautions must be taken not to create easy targets for suicide attacks”可知，一定要采取防范措施，以便不为自杀袭击创造容易的目标，故C项“一个国家已采取所有可能的防范措施，以便不为自杀袭击创造容易的目标”表述正确，因此，本题正确答案为D项“以上选项均正确”。4.推理判断题。根据原文第五段“In Israel such counter-terrorist operations often take the form of “targeted killing” operations against those responsible for sending the suicide bomber on his mission”可知，在以色列，此类反恐行动通常采取“定点清除”形式，打击那些将自杀式炸弹袭击者送上战场的人，故B项“自杀炸弹袭击者的领导者”符合题意。A项“自杀炸弹袭击者”；C项“投降者”：D项“炸弹制造者”。5.细节事实题。根据原文倒数第三段“In dealings with the civilian population, the possibility of booby traps must be taken into account.Vehicles should be prevented from directly entering a military base or checkpoint.”可知，在应对平民时，一定要考虑陷阱。应该阻止车辆直接进入军事基地或检查站，故C项表述符合题干要求。A项“迎接在仔细检查下想要投降的人”；B项“一直是警惕的”；D项“对本地居民提供的所有服务进行严格的安全检查”。13. 单选题This was the（ ）when anti-globalization protesters took to the streets during the WorldEconomic Forum at Davos in January.问题1选项A.sceneB.sightC.viewD.vision【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项scene表示“场面，场景，事件”；B选项sight表示“视力，景象，眼界”；C选项view表示“观察，视野，意见”；D选项vision表示“视力，美景，幻想”。空缺处名词作when引导的定语从句的先行词，只有scene“