2022年考博英语-中央民族大学考试题库及模拟押密卷99（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-中央民族大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 写作题Directions:Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and2) point out its implications in our life.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.【答案】参考范文As is shown in the two pictures, the same flower has different fate when put in different situations. When there is protection, the flower blooms beautifully. However, when exposed directly to rain and storm, the flower quickly withers. We can safely come to the conclusion that greenhouse flowers cannot withstand rain and storm.The same is true with our children. As the one-child policy is adopted in China, more and more parents overprotect their children. With everything done for them and every need satisfied by their parents or grandparents, these only children seem to be healthy, happy and high-spirited. But when they leave home, they become disappointed and frustrated. Facing harsh things they have never experienced before, such as competition from peers, criticism from supervisors, pressure for deadlines and restriction for discipline, they will be at a loss, miserable or even desperate. In fact, the more protection they get from their parents, the less ability they acquire. Parents love for their children turns out to be a disaster.Children, like flowers, should be treated with care, but reasonable and sensible ways of doing things will help to bring about more fruitful results, if we not only love our children but also teach them how to love, our love will be passed down from generation to generation; if we not only solve problems for our children but also encourage them to solve problems, our diligence and ingenuity will make our life more meaningful and worthwhile.2. 不定项选择题To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Dont worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just dont understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmothers hip replacement, a fathers bypass operation, a babys vaccinations, and even a pets shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.1. The author begins his article with Edmund Burkes words to （ ）.2. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is （ ）.3. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the publics （ ）.4. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should （ ）.5. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is（ ）.问题1选项A.call on scientists to take some actionsB.criticize the misguided cause of animal rightsC.warn of the doom of biomedical researchD.show the triumph of the animal rights movement问题2选项A.cruel but naturalB.inhuman and unacceptableC.inevitable but viciousD.pointless and wasteful问题3选项A.discontent with animal researchB.ignorance about medical scienceC.indifference to epidemicsD.anxiety about animal rights问题4选项A.communicate more with the publicB.employ hi-tech means in researchC.feel no shame for their causeD.strive to develop new cures问题5选项A.a well-known humanistB.a medical practitionerC.an enthusiast in animal rightsD.a supporter of animal research【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】第1题:本题考查了考生对作者意图的把握。定位到第一段，Edmund Burke这句话的意思是“好人的不作为就是一个错误的观点想要盛行所需要的所有条件”，可以看出这是在讽刺好人不去做出应有的行为，再紧接着后文也提到“现在有一个组织他们呼吁不要用动物来做实验，动物也有自己的权利，而科学家必须采取行动来回复这些人”，可以得出，作者的目的是呼吁科学家们行动起来，因此答案为A。第2题:本题是细节推断题。题干中说“tend to think”提示我们答案可能在文中没有直接体现，需要我们结合原文进行推理，推理出这些被误导的人们对于动物实验是何种态度，题干关键词就是“misled people”，可以帮我们定位到第一段，最后一句说“当人们听到医学实验残忍对待动物的指控时，许多人都不明白为什么有人会故意伤害动物”。第二段是一个具体的被误导的祖母般的女士的例子，但是文中只是说她反对用动物来做研究。第三段最后一句非常关键：“对于他们来说，动物实验说得好是浪费，说得不好是残忍”。从以上的分析可以看出，受到误导的人们认为用动物做研究是残酷的、不可思议的。四个选项中，B最符合原文。 A中虽然提到了“cruel”，但是“natural”不对，因为被误导的人们不可能认为那是普通的事情。C说的是“不可避免的，但是邪恶的”，也不正确，因为文章中没有提到不可避免这个说法。D项说的是“毫无意义，浪费的”，文中没有提到毫无意义这个意思。第3题:这也是一道作者意图题，例子说的是一位老太太向大家发传单，呼吁大家不要用任何来自于动物或在动物身上试验过的东西。当她被问及是否反对使用疫苗时，老太太说，若疫苗也来源于动物，那么就不应使用疫苗，流行病自有科学家们用计算机来解决。可见老太太对科学的无知。而她的这种无知是很普遍的。作者在第二段最后一句话感叹“这些好心人压根儿就不明白”，所以答案为B。A说的是公众对动物试验的不满。但是，老太太的例子不仅是为了说明这一点，这个例子反映的不仅是他们的不满，更多的要透过现象看本质，全文来看，作者的目的是为了指出公众不满的根源对医学研究不了解，然后号召科学家们针对这个根源采取行动。因此老太太的例子是为了反映公众的无知。第4题:这里考查的是作者的态度题，解答这类问题时，考生需要代入作者的思维，从全文把握作者的感情色彩，作者对这个事件的看法，然后根据题干关键词去定位具体细节处。本题关键词“challenge from animal rights advocates”以及“sientits should”，解题线索可在最后两段中找出。作者向科学家们提出的建议都是有助于他们与公众更好的交流。答案很明显是A。选项B、 C以及D貌似合理，其实文中都没有提到。第5题:这是一道细节推断题。题干问我们Stephen Cooper是一个什么身份的人，我们根据人名定位到最后一段，我们可以找到线索“Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.”，这句话告诉我们Cooper是个名人，同时也曾经生病过，他是高度赞扬过动物研究的，因此，我们可以得出他是动物研究的支持者。答案为D。3. 不定项选择题More than two million films lie in storerooms around the world, some of them so badly damaged that they can no longer be screened. If nothing is done, they could disappear for good, like half the films made in the US before 1950. But research promises an automated technique, to restore these old films to their former glory.Films can be cleaned chemically or by using ultrasound. But this is time-consuming and expensive, and chemicals can also damage the original films. Another approach is to digitize the film and then clean up the digital version frame by framea terrible job. When Disney cleaned up Snow White for release on DVD, for instance, graphic artists worked in shifts on 40 computers day and night for 18 weeks.“These computer-aided techniques remain very expensive,” says Samia Boukir, who started work on an automated system, “only an automated system can hope to salvage the archive of deteriorating films.”Once a film has been scanned in, the first stage of the process is to find dust spots. They usually occur only on single frames, so the system looks for small spots that are visible on one frame and absent on its neighbors. The software repairs the image by sampling the unspoilt area of the image on the adjacent frames and replacing the dust spot with an average of the sampled picture element.Detecting scratches is more complicated because they may run over several frames and can be confused with vertical lines that are part of the film. But a telltale pattern often gives them away: scratches are normally caused by the mechanical parts of a projector rubbing on the film, so they tend to repeat at regular intervals.The system looks for a periodic pattern of this type from frame to frame, predicting when it should occur in the subsequent frames. Having identified the scratch and its duration, the software then repairs the damage by taking picture element from undamaged frames before and after the scratch. This smoothing effect avoids any sharp edges in the restored image.Once restored, the digitized films can be viewed by future generations without risking more damage to the original by running it through a projector. “Film has a hundred-year history, but the knowledge of how to store it properly is only 15 years old,” says Godfrey Pye of Sunset Digital, a Hollywood-based company.1. From the second paragraph we learn that（ ）.2. What is Samia Boukirs attitude towards automated restoration of the film?3. What is the characteristic of the distribution of dust spots on the films?4. The following statements is the reasons why scratches are hard to be detected.（ ）5. By saying that “without risking more damage to the original by running it through a projector”, (L.1-2, Para. 7) the author means that（ ）问题1选项A.there have been many methods to clean up the filmsB.Disney repaired the damage of Snow White for profitC.chemical cleaning and the use of ultrasound have the same effectD.cleaning digitalized film is considered feasible in film restoration问题2选项A.Neutral.B.Negative.C.Positive.D.Indifferent.问题3选项A.The spots are in the unspoilt area of the image.B.The spots are on the average sampled picture element.C.The spots cannot appear on two adjacent frames at the same time.D.The spots are on the frame that is visile.问题4选项A.The scratches appear at order intervals.B.It is easy to distinguish vertical lines and scratches.C.The scratches can extend to several frames.D.The shape of scratches is different from some parts of the film.问题5选项A.later use may not cause new damage to the films after restoration.B.there is no environmental risk in repairing the original films.C.the restored films have perfect visual effect.D.the projector has the function of protecting the restored films.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】第1题:细节推断题。A项可以从第二段的“Another approach is to”得知，至少有三种方法来修复，因此正确，暂时保留；B项错误，确实是修复了白雪公主，但是并没有说是否是为了收益；C项第二段中提到，“chemicals can also damage the original films”也就是化学的方式可能会损坏，因此两者不同，C错误；D项文章说了这种方法“shifts on 40 computers day and night for 18 weeks”是非常大的工作量，很累人，因此不一定可行。答案为A。第2题:作者态度题。从第三段他说“These computer-aided techniques remain very expensive,”以及“only an automated system can hope to salvage the archive of deteriorating films.”这两句话可以看出，他是非常支持自动修复的，甚至认为这是唯一的方法来拯救老电影。因此答案为C。第3题:细节推断题。答案出处根据题干可以定位到第四段和第五段，第四段的第二句：They usually occur only on single frames意思是它们通常只出现在单帧上，因此答案为C，是这句话的转述。第4题:细节推断题。根据题干定位到第五段，第五段第一句，“Detecting scratches is more complicated because they may run over several framesthe film.”意为“探测划痕更为复杂，因为划痕可能会覆盖好几帧，而且可能会与作为胶片一部分的垂直线混淆。”因此告诉我们划痕可能延展到好几帧，答案为C。第5题:作者意图题。句子字面含义为“数字化的胶片一旦被修复，就可以被子孙后代观看，而不会因为通过放映机放映而对原胶片造成更大的损害。”我们可以看出意思是一旦修复好了，之后就一劳永逸了，不用担心会有其他的损坏，答案A为同义转述，正确。4. 单选题Questions 17-20 are based on the following talk about public speaking. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.17. What is the most important thing in public speaking?18. What dose the speaker advise us to do to capture the audiences attention?19. If you dont start working for the presentation until the day before, you will feel（ ）.20. Who is this speech most probably meant for?问题1选项A.Confidence.B.Preparation.C.Informativeness.D.Organization.问题2选项A.Gather abundant data.B.Organize the ideas logically.C.Develop a great opening.D.Select appropriate material.问题3选项A.uneasyB.uncertainC.frustratedD.depressed问题4选项A.Those interested in the power of persuasion.B.Those trying to improve their public image.C.Those planning to take up some public work.D.Those eager to become effective speakers.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D【解析】第1题:第2题:第3题:第4题:5. 不定项选择题Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American Spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the great game of espionage spying as a “profession”. These days the Net, which has already remade such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.The latest revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open-source intelligence”, and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.S.Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, well suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And well hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. Thats where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success. Straitfords briefs dont sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.1. The emergence of the Net has（ ）.2. Donovans story is mentioned in the text to（ ）.3. The phrase “making the biggest splash”（line 1, paragraph 3）most probably means（ ）.4. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that （ ）.5. Straitford is most proud of its （ ）.问题1选项A.received support from fans like DonovanB.remolded the intelligence servicesC.restored many common pastimesD.revived spying as a profession问题2选项A.introduce the topic of online spyingB.show how he fought for the USC.give an episode of the information warD.honor his unique services to the CIA问题3选项A.causing the biggest troubleB.exerting the greatest effortC.achieving the greatest successD.enjoying the widest popularity问题4选项A.Straitfords prediction about Ukraine has proved trueB.Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its informationC.Straitfords business is characterized by unpredictabilityD.Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information问题5选项A.official statusB.nonconformist imageC.efficient staffD.military background【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】第1题:该题考查了考生对一段的文意的总体把握。解题的关键在于第一段的最后一句话：“These days the Net, which has already remade such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.”其中考生要把握好“Donovans vocation”这个短语的含义，它指的就是“intelligence services”，也就是情报行业，而“reshape”意为改造，那么结合这两点就可以发现B选项就是这两点的转述说法，意为“改造了情报工作”。A选项错误在于Donovan并不是互联网的粉丝，因为从第一句虚拟语气可以看出在他的年代并没有互联网，因此A错误；C选项也不对，第一段写的是“remade”和restored还是有区别的；选D选项的是考生没有区分“reshape”和“revive”的含义，revive意为使复活，从原文中我们并不能得到互联网什么时候消失过，所以也不存在复活，因此答案为B。第2题:该题需要考生有全局观念，它和文章大意相关，需要结合全文进行作答。作者举一个例子一定是为了体现他的主旨观点，因此，Donovan的故事也是一个引子，目的是引出作者真实想要表达的观点，这就是全文的重点和主旨，本文的主旨是在第一段的最后一句有体现，并且之后的几段也都是围绕着互联网影响了情报工作这一点来展开的，因此和这个主旨最匹配的是A选项。C选项并不对，因为全文的重点并不是信息战争，只是提及了它而已。第3题:本题考查了考生对文中词组词义的猜测能力及对全文的掌握程度。这个词组的直译含义是“做出了最引人注目的效果”，如果不知道这个词组的含义也没有关系，我们可以从后文得知：Straitford是这个领域的新兴佼佼者，因此它肯定是在这个行业获得了成功的，而其他选项在全文中均无明显体现，找不到相关依据。第4题:本题考查了学生的推理及引申能力，考生需要对第四段有一个总体的把握和细节的追究。第四段主要讲了Friedman对于互联网的态度如何，以及他们公司是如何利用互联网来进行盈利的，文中举出了乌克兰（Ukraine）为例说明了他们公司利用网络对于形势的预测水平。A选项的说法是主观推断，因为文中并没有提及关于乌克兰的预测是否正确，属于过度推断；B选项说法太过绝对，根据常识我们也知道互联网的信息不能保证百分百正确，并且在文中第四段的最后一句说了“这些开放资源的利用也是有风险的”，这一句也提示了我们信息并不一定是百分百正确的；C选项说他们公司的特点是不可预测性，这一点在全文中均未体现，并且该公司就是做风险预测的，更不存在公司的特点是不可预测性这一说；D选项的话，根据第四段的最后一句，“互联网收集情报有风险，而该公司会帮助客户辨别信息真伪”可以推断出，该公司的信息还是有一定的可靠性的，虽然不能保证百分百真实，但是还是经过筛选的信息，较为可靠。第5题:本题考查了考生对最后一段的理解程度，解题的关键是本段的最后一句话：“Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.”这句话告诉了我们Straitford公司引以为傲的是它有着独立的立场，这就是它不同于其他公司的独特之处，而B选项“nonconformist image”的意思就是有自己独特的形象，不默守陈规，因此B选项是正确答案的转述，答案为B。6. 翻译题Directions: Read the following two texts carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically “proved” by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to keep the economy going. (1) Today, hardly anybody would dare to voice this principle. It is generally accepted that nobody should be excluded from the wealth of the nation, either by the laws of nature or by those of society. The opinions, which were current a hundred years ago, that the poor owed their conditions to their ignorance, lack of responsibility, are outdated. In all Western industrialized countries, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one step further and argue that, even if these conditions are not present, everyone has the right to receive the means to subsist, in other words, he can claim this subsistence minimum without having to have any “reason”. (2) I would suggest, however, that it should be limited to a definite period of time, lets say two years, so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which refuses any kind of social obligation.This may sound like a fantastic proposal, but so, I think our insurance system would have sounded to people a hundred years ago. The main objection to such a scheme would be that if each person were entitled to receive minimum support, people would not work. (3) This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the mi