2022年考博英语-云南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第30期

2022年考博英语-云南大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题A terrible traffic accident happened; people were saddened when they watched the（ ）sight on TV.问题1选项A.panicB.patrioticC.patheticD.periodic【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项panic“恐慌的”；B选项patriotic“爱国的”；C选项pathetic“可怜的、悲哀的”；D选项periodic“周期的、定期的”，句意为：一场可怕的交通事故发生了。人们从电视上看到这悲惨的场面时都感到很难过。因此选项C符合题意。2. 单选题It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the reports authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.1.In the first paragraph, the author discusses（ ）.2.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?3.According to the text, online publication is significant in that（ ）.4.With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to（ ）.5.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?问题1选项A.the background information of journal editing.B.the publication routine of laboratory reports.C.the relations of authors with journal publishers.D.the traditional process of journal publication.问题2选项A.It criticizes government-funded research.B.It introduces an effective means of publication.C.It upsets profit-making journal publishers.D.It benefits scientific research considerably.问题3选项A.it provides an easier access to scientific results.B.it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.C.it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.D.it facilitates public investment in scientific research.问题4选项A.cover the cost of its publication.B.subscribe to the journal publishing it.C.allow other online journals to use it freely.D.complete the peer-review before submission.问题5选项A.The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.B.A new mode of publication is emerging.C.Authors welcome the new channel for publication.D.Publication is rendered easier by online service.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。定位到文章第一段，“在实验室里一起工作的一组研究人员将把他们的研究结果提交给一家杂志。然后，期刊编辑会从论文中删除作者的姓名和所属机构，并将其发送给他们的同行进行审阅。根据收到的评论，编辑可以接受或拒绝发表。版权归期刊出版商所有，而想要了解研究结果的研究人员必须订阅该期刊”。由此可知作者说明的是传统的出版常规流程，因此选项D正确。2.事实细节题。定位到文章第二段，But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor. 但它还不止于此。它标志着迄今出版一直是科学努力的一个关键因素的改变。OECD说明了一系列有限的方式方法，包括后文提到的在线期刊的方式，因此选项B正确。3.推理判断题。定位到文章最后一段，介绍的是线上出版的几个方式，相对于传统形式的同行评论过程更加的简便。因此选项A正确。4.事实细节题。定位到文章最后一段，There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. 一种是开放存取出版，典型的支持方式是要求作者(或其雇主)为发表的论文付费。因此选项A符合题意。5.主旨大意题。整篇文章都是在以客观的角度来介绍新的出版方式，没有表露作者的观点，因此选项C排除；文章没有从传统出版商的角度来表示互联网是一种威胁，排除选项A；文章并没有深入展示在线服务会使出版更容易这个话题，排除选项D。3. 单选题Before the 1980s, the idea of health insurance was quite （ ）to those living in the mainland of China.问题1选项A.overseasB.abroadC.foreignD.offshore【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。A选项overseas “海外的，国外的”；B选项abroad “在国外”；C选项foreign“外国的，陌生的”;D选项offshore “近海的；句意是主语the idea of health insurance医疗保险这个概念在20世纪80年代之前对居民来说是，C选项符合句意，正确。4. 单选题There are hidden factors which scientists call “feedback mechanisms”. No one knows quite how they will interact with the changing climate. Heres one example: plants and animals adapt to climate change over centuries. At the current estimate of half a degree centigrade of warming per decade, vegetation may not keep up. Climatologist James Hansen predicts climate zones will shift toward the poles by 50 to 75 kilometers a year faster than trees can naturally migrate. Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die. The 1000 kilometer-wide strip of forest running through Canada, the USSR, and Scandinavia could be cut by half. Millions of dying trees would soon lead to massive forest fires, releasing tons of C02 and further boosting global warming.There are dozens of other possible “feedback mechanisms”. Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness, which may actually damp down global warming. Others, like the “albedo” effect, will do the opposite. The “albedo” effect is the amount of solar energy reflected by the earths surface. As northern ice and snow melts and the darker sea and land pokes through, more heat will be absorbed, adding to the global temperature increase.Even if we were to magically stop all greenhouse-gas emissions tomorrow the impact on global climate would continue for decades. Delay will simply make the problem worse. The fact is that some of us are doing quite well the way things are. In the developed world prosperity has been built on 150 years of cheap fossil fuels.Material progress has been linked to energy consumption. Today 75 percent of all the worlds energy is consumed by a quarter of the worlds population. The average rich world resident adds about 3.2 tons of C02 yearly to the atmosphere, more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen. The US, with just 7 percent of the global population, is responsible for 22 percent of global warming.1.“Feedback mechanisms” in Paragraph 1 most probably refer to（ ）.2.James Hansen predicts that the shift of climate zones will be accompanied by（ ）.3.We can learn from the passage that（ ）.4.It can be inferred from the passage that（ ）.5.Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?问题1选项A.how plants and animals adapt to hidden factorsB.how plants and animals interact with the changing climateC.how climate changesD.how climate zones shift问题2选项A.the cutting of many treesB.desirable environmental changesC.successful migration of speciesD.unsuccessful migration of trees问题3选项A.some feedback mechanisms may slow down global warmingB.the basic facts of global warming are unknownC.developing countries benefit from cheap fossil fuelsD.developed countries have decided to reduce their energy consumption问题4选项A.the developing world has decided to increase its energy consumptionB.a third-world citizen adds less than a ton of C02 yearly to the atmosphereC.the world climate would soon gain its balance if we stopped greenhouse-gas emissionsD.future prosperity of the world is dependent on cheap fossil fuels问题5选项A.Material Progress and Energy Consumption.B.Prosperity and Cheap Fossil Fuels.C.Impact of Global Warming on Climate.D.Plants and Animals in the Changing Climate.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.判断推理题。根据文章第一段，作者举出了植物和动物适应气候变化的例子。气温上升可能对植被的生长带来不利影响，气候区的移动会使处于陌生环境下的物种死亡。濒临死亡的植被会引发火灾释放大量的二氧化碳，从而进一步加剧全球变暖。可判断出第一段主要讨论了动植物和气候变化之间的相互作用和相互关系。所谓的“反馈机制”就是这种相互作用的关系。选项B符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据文章第一段， “Climatologist James Hansen predicts climate zones will shift toward the poles by 50 to 75 kilometers a year faster than trees can naturally migrate. Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die.”，可知气候学家詹姆斯汉森预测，气候区将以每年50至75公里的速度向两极移动，比树的自然移动速度要快。而且发现自己身处陌生环境的物种将会死亡。可判断出詹姆斯汉森预测，气候区域的变化将伴随着树木不成功地迁移。选项D符合题意。3.细节事实题。根据文章第二段， “There are dozens of other possible feedback mechanisms. Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness, which may actually damp down global warming.”，可知还有许多其他的反馈机制。更高的温度将加剧凝结并增加云层，这实际上可能会减缓全球变暖。可判断出一些反馈机制可能会减缓全球变暖。选项A符合题意。4.判断推理题。根据文章最后一段， “The average rich world resident adds about 3.2 tons of C02 yearly to the atmosphere, more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen.”，可知富裕国家居民平均每年向大气中排放3.2吨二氧化碳，是第三世界居民人均排放量的四倍多。可判断出一个第三世界国家的居民每年向大气中排放的二氧化碳还不到一吨。选项B符合题意。5.主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章第一段主要讨论了动植物和全球气候变暖之间的相互作用和相互关系，着重讨论气候变暖给动植物带来的影响。第二段主要提到有些反馈机制也能减缓全球变暖，而有些反馈机制会加快气温上升。最后提到富国比第三世界国家的二氧化碳排放量要更多，这是因为物质进步与能源消耗有关。综上所述，整篇文章主题为全球变暖对气候的影响。选项C符合题意。5. 单选题Alcoholism and drug addiction has already reached epidemic proportions in the 21st Century. One of the biggest misconceptions about addiction is that it only affects certain groups within society: for example that poor people from poor neighborhoods and ethnic minorities are more likely to be addicted to alcohol and drugs. The truth is however that addiction is blind to race, color and socio-economic background. Another fact is that drug and alcohol related crimes are increasing all over the world.There are many reasons why a person might first try drugs. Some of these might include peer pressure from friends, stress and personality characteristics. People take drugs and alcohol because of the elevating or relaxing effects they have on the body otherwise people wouldnt take them in the first place.But as the person develops a habit, the chemistry of the brain starts to change and adapt, demanding more and more of the drug as it resists the discomfort of withdrawal. The person becomes an addict and the initial masons for taking the drug soon pale in significance as the need for drugs and or alcohol begins to dominate every aspect of the addicts life. Addictions are lifelong illnesses that are very hard to treat. The disturbing fact is that 1/3rd of patients who do receive treatment usually relapse within one year.Many scientists believe that addiction is related to our most basic instinct, survival. Since the beginning of time our brain has evolved to ensure the survival of our species. The brain controls behavior by rewarding actions that will ensure survival of the species. For example, the intake of nutrients such as sugars and fats activate taste receptors that in turn activate brain reward mechanisms. The activation of these mechanisms produces certain changes in the individual ranging from being in a much better mood to intense pleasure and euphoria. We are far more likely to continue to seek out and eat these nutrients because the brain rewards us for taking the nutrients into the body by releasing chemicals that make us feel good.The problem lies in the fact that these reward systems do not only reward the intake of harmless substances such as sugars and fats. Some chemicals activate brain reward systems directly, bypassing the sensory receptors mediating natural rewards. Caffeine, alcohol and nicotine all activate brain reward mechanisms directly.But other far more harmful drugs such as heroine, crack and cocaine are better at activating brain reward systems, producing a far more powerful effect compared to a feeling of calmness or relaxation after eating a good nutritious meal. The activation is much more intense causing the individual to crave the drug and to focus their activities around taking the drug. The ability of addictive drugs to strongly activate brain reward mechanisms and their ability to chemically alter the normal functioning of these systems can produce an addiction. However some people become addicted while others do not.Many people drink alcohol or smoke cannabis or even cocaine and other illegal drugs but this does not necessarily make them addicts and not all addicts have the same intensity of addiction. It has been estimated that approximately 10% of any population of any country will tend to have an addictive nature and become addicts of some kind. It is true that though that some races, notably Native American Indians and Eskimos, do tend to have higher rates of addiction than others for reasons that are not fully understood. It is also true that people who become addicts may be highly intelligent and be extremely motivated but are unable to control their addiction. Addiction is by no means dependent on intelligence. Some of the most skilled and intelligent people might become addicts even though they are fully aware of the detrimental nature of continuing to take drugs or alcohol.The fact is that still we do not know why some people become addicts and others do not although there are many theories that reason that some people simply have an “addictive personality type”being far more susceptible to the reward mechanism that produces addictionwhile others still believe that it is the addicts lack of will power to refrain from taking drugs or alcohol. The biggest killer though is a persons denial of his or her condition, that they believe that they do not have a problem, do not seek help but instead continue the abuse until they have either lost everything or die as the body cannot cope and eventually shuts down.1.In paragraph1, the word misconceptions is closest in meaning to（ ）.2.According to the passage, who is most likely to become addicted to drugs and/or alcohol?3.According to the author, most people first try drugs, and alcohol because（ ）.4.According to the passage, why might there be a problem in the brains natural reward system?5.In paragraph 7, the word intensity is closest in meaning to（ ）.问题1选项A.unproved statisticsB.wrong ideasC.truthD.apprehension问题2选项A.Only people who have the financial means to buy drugs and alcohol.B.Usually only criminals.C.Addiction does not have a preference.D.Anyone who tries drugs and alcohol is immediately addicted.问题3选项A.there is no real reason, it just happensB.they need to forget about stressC.everyone does itD.people have different reasons问题4选项A.Because caffeine is dangerous and stimulates our metabolism.B.People will become instantly addicted to nicotine.C.Some harmful substances can fool the brain into thinking they are good.D.Some people are naturally more addictive to drugs alcohol than others.问题5选项A.euphoriaB.levelC.resultD.desire【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.语义推测题。定位到文章第一段，One of the biggest misconceptions about addiction is that it only affects certain groups within society（关于成瘾最大的误解之一是，它只影响社会中的某些群体），wrong ideas（错误的想法）与misconception（误解）意思最为接近，unproved statistics未经证实的统计，真相事实，apprehension赞赏，因此选项B正确。2.判断推理题。定位到文章第一段The truth is however that addiction is blind to race, color and socio-economic background（然而，事实是，上瘾是无视种族，肤色和社会经济背景的），意思就是上瘾和经济、犯罪等是没有直接关系的，而Addiction does not have a preference（上瘾是没有偏好的）与原文表达意义相近，因此C选项符合题意。3.判断推理题。定位到文章第二段，Some of these might include peer pressure from friends, stress and personality characteristics.（其中一些可能包括来自朋友的同辈压力，压力和个性特征）表明每个人都是有不同原因的，因此选项D符合题意。4.判断推理题。定位到文章第五段，The problem lies in the fact that these reward systems do not only reward the intake of harmless substances such as sugars and fats. Some chemicals activate brain reward systems directly, bypassing the sensory receptors mediating natural rewards. Caffeine, alcohol and nicotine all activate brain reward mechanisms directly.（问题在于，这些奖励系统不仅奖励摄入无害的物质，如糖和脂肪。一些化学物质直接激活大脑的奖励系统，绕过调节自然奖励的感觉感受器。咖啡因，酒精和尼古丁都能直接激活大脑的奖励机制）表明人类的大脑奖励系统不能够准确地识别摄入物质是否有害，因此选项C符合题意。5.定位到文章第七段，have the same intensity of addiction有相同上瘾的程度，intensity意为程度，与level意义最为相近，因此选项B符合题意。6. 翻译题中国人最懂得消遣。中国人从前的读书人，闲暇时间以琴棋书画作为消遣。在中国人看来，艺术品的好坏，意味着作者人格的高低，所以弹琴、下棋、写字和绘画，都代表了一个人的修养。弹琴不是要做音乐家，而是随着美妙的琴声，进入一个辽阔的世界，净化自己的心灵。【答案】The Chinese have the best pastime. In the past, Chinese scholars used to play the piano, chess, calligraphy and painting in their spare time. In the eyes of The Chinese people, the quality of works of art means the level of the authors personality, so playing the piano, playing chess, writing and painting all represent a persons cultivation. Playing the piano is not to be a musician, but with the wonderful sound, into a vast world, purify their own mind.7. 单选题Id （ ）his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community, and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.问题1选项A.take into accountB.account forC.make up forD.make out【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项take into account“考虑、顾及”；B选项account for“说明、解释”；C选项make up for“补偿、填补”；D选项make out“理解、辨认”，句意为：我想知道他在当地其他农民和商人中的声望，然后决定是否批准贷款。D选项符合句意，因此选D。8. 写作题Directions: Choose one of the two topics to develop an essay of about 300 words.1.At present, Chinas reform of the supply-side structure, or the supply front structure reform is a comprehensive strategic development that involves industry, macro control capital and the fiscal and taxation systems. How do you understand the supply front structure reform? How do you think it influences your career? How do you think it affects the reform of education?2.The idea “craftsmanship” or “the spirit of craftsman” occurs in the Report on the Work of the Government delivered at the 13th National peoples Congress by premier Li Keqiang. How do you understand the spirit of craftsman? How do you think it influences your career? How do you think it affects the reform of education?【答案】略9. 单选题Lateral thinking, first described by Edward dc Bono in 1967, is just a few years older than Edwards son. You might imagine that Caspar was raised to be an adventurous thinker, but de Bono s name was so famous, Caspers parents worried that any time he would say something bright at school, his teachers might snap, “Where do you get that idea from?”“We had to be careful and not overdo it,” Edward admits. Now Casper is at Oxford which once looked unlikely because he is also slightly dyslexic. In fact, when lie was applying to Oxford, none of his school teachers thought he had a chance. “So then we did several thinking sessions,” his father says, “using my techniques and, when he went up for the exam, he did extremely well.” Soon after, Edward de Bono decided to write his latest book, “Teach Your Children How to Think”，in which he transf