2022年考博英语-湘潭大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷8（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-湘潭大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Because of the excellent preservation of the fossil, anatomical details of early horseshoe crabs were（ ）for the first time, enabling experts to（ ）the evolution of the horseshoe crab.问题1选项A.scrutinized .ensureB.verified.advanceC.obscured.illustrateD.clarified.reassess【答案】D【解析】动词辨析题。A选项scrutinized “详细检查”；ensure “确认，确保”；B选项verified “核证，证”;advance “提出，预付，使前进，将提前”； C选项obscure “遮蔽， 掩盖”；illustrate “说明”; D选项clarify “澄清”；reassess “再评价”。根据句意由于化石保存完好，早期的马蹄蟹的解剖细节首次进行了澄清，使得专家可以重新评估蟹的演变。D选项正确2. 单选题The origin of continental nuclei has long been a puzzle. Theories advanced so far have generally failed to explain the first step in continent growth, or have been subject to serious objections. It is the purpose of this article to examine the possible role of the impact of large meteorites or asteroids in the production of continental nuclei. Unfortunately, the geological evolution of the Earths surface has had an obliterating effect on the original composition and structure of the continents to such an extent that further terrestrial investigations have small chance of arriving at an unambiguous answer to the question of continental origin. Paradoxically, clues to the origin and early history of the surface features of the Earth may be found on the Moon and planets, rather than on the Earth, because some of these bodies appear to have had a much less active geological history. As a result, relatively primitive surface features are preserved for study and analysis. In the case of both the Moon and Mars, it is generally concluded from the appearance of their heavily cratered surfaces that they have been subjected to bombardment by large meteoroids during their geological history. Likewise, it would appear a reasonable hypothesis that the Barth has also been subjected to meteoroid bombardment in past, and that very large bodies struck the Earth early in its geological history.The large crater on the Moon listed by Baldwin has a diameter of 285 km. However, if we accept the hypotheses of formation of some of the mare basins by impact, the maximum lunar impact crater diameter is probably as large as 650km. Based on a lunar analogy, one might expect several impact craters of at least 500km diameter to have been formed on Earth. By applying Baldwins equation, the depth of such a crater should be about 20km. Baldwin admits that his equation gives excessive depths for large craters so that the actual depth should be somewhat smaller. Based on the measured depth of smaller lunar crater, Baldwins equation gives the depth of the zone of brecciation for such a crater as about 75km. The plasticity of the Earths mantle at the depth makes it impossible to speak of “bracciation” in the usual sense. However, local stresses may be temporarily sustained at that depth, as shown by the existence of deep-focus earthquakes. Thus, short-term effects might be expected to a depth of more than 50km in the mantle.Even without knowing the precise effects, there is little doubt that the formation of a 500-km crater would be a major geological event. Numerous authors have considered the geological implications of such an event. Donn at al. have, for example, called on the impact of continent-size bodies of sialic composition to from the original continents. Two major difficulties inherent in this concept are the lack of any known sialic meteorites, and the high probability that the energy of impact would result in a wide dissemination of sialic material, rather than its concentration at the point of impact.Gilvarry, on the other hand, called on meteoroid impact to explain the production of ocean basins. The major difficulties with this model are that morphology of most of the ocean basins is not consistent with impact, and that the origin and growth of continents is not adequately explained.We agree with Donn at al. that the impact of large meteorites or asteroids may have caused continent formation, but would rather think in terms of the localized addition of energy to the system, rather than in terms of the addition of actual sialic material.A mare basin is（ ）.The writer does not believe that（ ）.The article is primarily concerned with（ ）.Sialic material refers to（ ）.问题1选项A.a formula for determining the relationship between the depth and width of cratersB.a valley that is filled in when a spatial body has impact with the moon or the earthC.a planetoid (small planet) created when a meteorite, upon striking the moon, breaks off a part of the moonD.a dark spot on the moon, once supposed to be a sea, now a plain问题2选项A.an asteroid is larger than a meteorite.B.material from space, upon hitting the earth, was eventually distributedC.the earth, at one time, had cratersD.ocean were formerly craters问题3选项A.the origin of continentsB.the relationship between astral phenomena and the moonC.differences of opinion among authoritative geologistsD.the relationship between asteroids and meteorites问题4选项A.the broken rock resulting from the impact of a meteorite against the earthB.material that exists on planets other than the earthC.a composite of rock typical of continental areas of the earthD.material that is man-made to simulate materials that existed far back in geological history【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C【解析】细节事实题。A选项 “是测定陨石坑深度和宽度的公式”，B选项 “某一天体与月球或地球撞击时填入的深谷”，C 选项“当陨星撞击月亮时，撞掉的部分月亮而形成小星体”和D选项 “月球上的一个黑点，一度认识是海，现在知道是平原。根据文章第二段的前两句“The large crater on the Moon listed by Baldwin has a diameter of 285 km. However, if we accept the hypotheses of formation of some of the mare basins by impact, the maximum lunar impact crater diameter is probably as large as 650km.” “鲍德温所列出的月球上最大的隅#坑直径为 285公里。可是，如果我们接受了某些由于撞击而形成海盆地的结构假设，那么月球上最大陨石坑的直径可能有650公里。”由此可以推断出mare basin为月球上的陨石坑，所以D选项正确。细节事实题。文章第四段讲到了 Gilvarry用陨星撞击来解释海洋盆地的形成，这一模式的最大困难在于大多数海洋盆地结构和撞击情况不符，由此可以推断出D选项作者不相信海洋是以前的陨石坑正确。细节事实题。根据文章在第一段前三句“The origin of continental nuclei has long been a puzzle. Theories advanced so far have generally failed to explain the first step in continent growth, or have been subject to serious objections. It is the purpose of this article to examine the possible role of the impact of large meteorites or asteroids in the production of continental nuclei.” “大陆核起源长期以来一直是个谜。进展到现在的理论一般都不能说明大陆生长的第一步情况，或者遭到严厉的反对。这篇文章的目的就是要研究大陨星或小行星的撞击在地球核生成中可能起的作用”推断出A选项大陆的起源正确。细节事实题。根据第三段第三句 “Donn at al. have, for example, called on the impact of continent-size bodies of sialic composition to from the original continents.” “例如，Donn at al.提出大陆区域大小的，硅铝结构的天体撞击形成最初的大陆块的设想”可以推断C选项 “地球大陆地区特有的岩石构成”符合题意；A选项 “由于陨星撞击地球形成破碎的岩石”、 B选项 “存在于地球之外其它星球的材料”和D选项 “人造材料模拟存在于遥远地质史上的材料” 均没有在文中提及。3. 单选题Almost since its inception, Israel has been in conflict. What role does war play in shaping the Jewish states identity?Im on this whirlwind tour of the Holy Land courtesy of Birthright, a foundation that offers every American with Jewish heritage a free trip to Israel. The only requirements are that youre between the ages of 18 and 26 and you have at least one Jewish parent. Thats it. Birthright gives you an all-expenses paid tour (Im talking airfare, food, accommodation, everything) around Israel to learn about the country and its complicated past and precarious future.I went into my trip to Israel a veritable clean state, a sheltered girl from small-town Nevada with no strong political convictions. An agnostic in faith and in life. At this point in my life I dont follow Judaism or any religion for that matter. Culturally, Im kind of whatever, celebrating Christmas and Groundhog Day and any other holiday that seems like fun. I didnt know much about Israelis as a people, and knew hardly anything about the politics of the region.Pm on a bus in Israel leaving the airport. Its very early in the morning. The day is already so hot you can see waves of heat shimmering off the highway. I feel like I always do at the start of a great adventure: jet lagged, thirsty, excited. The buildings of Tel Aviv are getting smaller the further we drive.Our tour guide, his name is Eitan, is talking into a microphone. “As we head out of the city youll see a lot of countryside,” he says, his blue eyes gazing fondly out the window at his adopted homeland (Eitan is American, you see, and he has “made aliyah， or taken Israel as his homeland and chosen a Hebrew name).“Israel is not all desert like you might have thought.” I pay attention now, because this is what I did in fact think. “Look at that field of sunflowers, for example.I look out the window to my left and see the tall yellow flowers. Im thinking they arepretty and picturesque, then Eitan says, “Dont they look like proud soldiers lined up ready for battle?It wont occur to me until much later, when my ten-day tour around Israel is finished and Im back in the safety of my predictable, air-conditioned American life, that this comment represents two things Ive come to understand about Israel and its people. One: Israelis are determined to show the world their country is beautiful, not just bombs and problems. Two: They have an unwavering belief in their right to belong as a nation and their right to defend it. Conclusion: Where Americans see sunflowers, Israelis see soldiers.I came out of my trip with dates and history and passionate speeches rattling around in my head, less sure than ever who should have rightful “ownership” of the land.1.A free trip to Israel is offered to every young American with Jewish heritage in order for them（ ）.2.By “I went into my trip to Israel a veritable slate”, the author implies that she went into Israel（ ）.3.The sentence, “Where Americans see sunflowers, Israelis see soldiers”, suggests that subconsciously（ ）.4.As can be inferred from the passage, the author finds her ten-day tour around Israel（ ）.问题1选项A.to find out what roles war plays in shaping the Jewish states identityB.to see a lot of pretty and picturesque countryside scenery out of the cityC.to learn about the country and its complicated past and precarious futureD.to save them the expenses on everything including airfare, food, accommodation问题2选项A.open-minded, without any restrictions of conventional ideasB.simple-minded, without any thought of the purpose of the tripC.empty-minded, without much knowledge about Israelis as a peopleD.pure-minded, without any political, religious and cultural inclination问题3选项A.Israelis have an unrealistic cast of mind as a people with Jewish heritageB.Israelis are very patriotic and always ready to defend their right to belongC.Israelis are much more imaginative than Americans about things in natureD.Israelis are so panic-stricken by war that they mistake sunflowers for soldiers问题4选项A.meaningless and boringB.adventurous and thrillingC.incredible and bewilderingD.impressive and rewarding【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。本题询问给每一个至少父母中的一方是犹太人的年轻的美国人一次免费去以色列的旅行的目的是什么。根据原文“Thats it. Birthright gives you an all-expenses paid tour (Im talking airfare, food, accommodation, everything) around Israel to learn about the country and its complicated past and precarious future. 就是这样。“与生俱来的权利”让你可以免费游览以色列(我指的是机票、食物、住宿等等)，了解这个国家及其复杂的过去和不稳定的未来。”可知C选项旅行的目的就是让更多人了解以色列复杂的历史和未知的将来正确。2.句义推测题。本题询问通过这句话作者想表达的意思。I went into my trip to Israel a veritable clean state 句意为“我走进了以色列，一个名副其实的干净的国家”。 这句话应放到文中更好理解，通过后面的“a sheltered girl from small-town Nevada with no strong political conviction. 她来自内华达州的一个小镇，没有强烈的政治信念。”明确指出不含任何政治倾向，所以D选项“天真的思想，不含任何政治、宗教和文化信仰”正确。3.句义推测题。根据原文 “One: Israelis are determined to show the world their country is beautiful, not just bombs and problems. Two: They have an unwavering belief in their right to belong as a nation and their right to defend it. Conclusion: Where Americans see sunflowers, Israelis see soldiers. 一、以色列想向这个世界展示它是美丽的，而不只是炸弹和困难；二、他们对他们属于这个国家和有权捍卫国家的权利有着坚定不移的信念。”综合分析可知，这句话“美国人明明看到的是向日葵，以色列人却看到的是士兵”是突出以色列人的爱国之心，他们时刻保卫着自己的领土和权利，所以B选项以色列人非常爱国，随时准备捍卫他们的归属权利正确。4.推理判断题。本题询问作者认为自己的以色列十天游的感受如何。A选项意为“无意义和无聊的”；B选项意为“冒险的和刺激的”；C选项意为“令人难以置信和扑朔迷离的”；D选项意为“影响深刻且受益匪浅的”。根据原文最后一段内容I came out of my trip with dates and history and passionate speeches rattling around in my head, less sure than ever who should have rightful ownership, of the land. 旅行结束后，我脑子里满是日期、历史和激动人心的演讲，比以往任何时候都不确定谁应该拥有这片土地的合法所有权。”确定D选项正确。4. 单选题The（ ）on the surface of the female kangaroos abdomen serves as a place of refuge for the young, who can get at the milk glands without leaving their shelter.问题1选项A.patchB.porchC.paunchD.pouch【答案】D【解析】名词词义辨析题。要注意区分四个选项名词的不同意思。根据句意雌性袋鼠腹部表面的育儿袋是用来保护幼崽，使它们不需要离开这里 也能够获得母亲的乳汁的。和常识可知空格处表示“育儿袋”。A选项parch意为“眼罩，斑点”；B选项porch意为“门廊，走廊”；C选项paunch意为“腹，大肚子”；D选项pouch意为“小袋，育儿袋”。D选项正确。5. 单选题Give the previously expressed interest and the ambitious tone of her recent speeches, the senators attempt to convince the public that she is not interested in running for a second term is（ ）.问题1选项A.laudableB.sincereC.authenticD.futile【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项laudable “值得赞赏的”；B选项sincere “真诚的，真挚的”； C选项authentic “真正的，真实的”；D选项futile “无用的，无效的”。根据句意她在先前的演讲中已经表现出兴趣和勃勃雄心，这位参议员试图说服公众相信她对竞选连任不感兴趣的做法是毫无用处的。D选项正确。6. 单选题It has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and X-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot cycle. But after more than a century of investigation, the relation of these and other phenomena, known collectively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrestrial weather and climate remains unclear. For example, the sunspot cycle and the allied magnetic-polarity cycle have been linked to periodicities discerned in records of such variables as rainfall, temperature, and winds. Invariably, however, the relation is weak, and commonly of dubious statistical significance.Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the notes kept by European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity, at that time (a period called the Maunder min/mum). The Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established, however, especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scientists have also sought evidence of long-term solar periodicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to confirm the cycles past existenceIf consistent and reliable geological, or archaeological and climatological evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant past could he found, it might also resolve an important issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Currently, there are two models of solar activity. The first supposes that the Suns internal motions (caused by rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale magnetic field to produce a dynamo, a device in which mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a magnetic field. In short the Suns large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. The alternative, explanation supposes that the Suns large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed，and is not sustained against decay. In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on the Suns magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle would be expected to change over a long period of time. Modem solar observations span too short a time to reveal whether present cyclical Solar-activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun, or merely a transient phenomenon.1.The author focuses primarily on（ ）.2.Which of the following statements about the two models of solar activity is accurate?3.According to the passage, late seventeenth and early eighteenth-century Chinese records are important for which of the following reasons?4.It can be inferred from the passage that the argument in favor of the first model would be strengthened if which of the following were found to be true?问题1选项A.presenting two competing scientific theories concerning solar activity and evaluating geological evidence often cited to support themB.giving a brief overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physics and assessing their impact on future climatological researchC.discussing the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial phenomena with solar activity and indicating how resolving that issue could have an impact on our understanding of solar physicsD.outline the specific reasons why a problem in solar physics has not yet been solved and fault the overly theoretical approach of modem physicists问题2选项A.In both models cyclical solar activity is regarded as a long-lived feature of the Sun, persisting with little change over billions of years.B.In both models the solar-activity cycle is hypothesized as being dependent on the large-scale solar magnetic field.C.In one model the Suns magnetic field is thought to play a role in causing solar activity, whereas in the other model it is not.D.In one model solar activity is presumed to be unrelated to terrestrial phenomena, whereas in the other model solar activity is thought to have observable effects on the Earth.问题3选项A.They suggest that the data on which the Maunder minimum was predicated were incorrect.B.They suggest that the Maunder minimum might be valid only for Europe.C.They establish the existence of a span of unusually cold weather worldwide at the time of the Maunder minimum.D.They establish that solar activity at the time of the Maunder minimum did not significantly vary from its present pattern.问题4选项A.Episodes of intense volcanic eruptions in the distant past occurred in cycles having very long periodicities.B.At the present time the global level of thunder-storm activity increases and decreases in cycles with periodicities of approximately 11 years.C.In the last century the length of the sunspot cycle has been known to vary by as much as 2 years from its average periodicity of 11 yearsD.Hundreds of millions of years ago, solar-activity cycles displayed the same periodicities as do present-day solar-activity cycles.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章主要讲解的是人们将太阳活动极小期与欧洲16世纪至19世纪初期不同寻常的低温联系起来，但是太阳活动极小的真实性还有待考察，如果同意可靠的地质、考古和气象证据能够与远古时代的太阳活动周期挂钩，也许可以帮助理解和确定太阳活动的两种模式。A选项 “指出有关太阳活动的两种相对的科学理论并对其各自的地质依据进行评价”， B选项 “简要概述近期科学在太阳物理学方面的发展并且 就他们对未来气候研究的影响做出评价”， C选项 “讨论将地球上的各种现象与太阳活动联系起来的困难性并指出问题的解决方法影响着我们对太阳物理活动的理解”，D选项“概述有关太阳物理的问题之所以一直没解决的原因并且对现代物理学家过度理论化的方法进行指责”， C选项周期。2.推理判断题。文章对太阳活动的两种模式的介绍主要集中在文章的第三段。根据第三段中的 “In short, the Suns large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. 简而言之，太阳大范围的磁场是自给自足 的，因此与之相关的太阳活动周期将会在几十亿年内维持基本不变。” 可知在第一种模式中，太阳活动的周期是与太阳大范围的磁场相关的并且太阳活动周期是可以长期维持基本不变的。根据第三段中的 “In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on the Suns magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cyc