2022年考博英语-扬州大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷96（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-扬州大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 翻译题B. Translate the following sentences from Chinese into English. (3x5)1.我们既要绿水青山，也要金山银山。宁要绿水青山，不要金山银山。.我们绝不能以牺牲生态环境为代价换取经济的一时发展。2.国际社会也期待中美关系能够不断改善和发展。中美两国合作好了，就可以做世界稳定 的压舱石、世界和平的助推器。3.我们相聚在世界经济版图持续变化和全球增长动力大转型的重要时刻。这一转变带来挑战和不确定性，同时也蕴含机遇。【答案】1.We want clear water and green mountains, and we also want prosperity and wealth. We want the former rather than the latter. .we must never sacrifice the ecological environment for the temporary economic development.2.The international community also expects the continuous improvement and development of China-US relations. When the US and China work together, we can be an anchor of world stability and a propeller of world peace.3.We also met at a time of continued shifts and profound transformations in the configuration of the global economic landscape and dynamics for growth. With these transformations come challenges and uncertainties as well as opportunities.2. 单选题Starting with the（ ）that there is life on the planet Mars, the Russian and American scientists went on to develop their arguments.问题1选项A.premiseB.pretextC.preconditionD.presentation【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项premise“前提，假定，假设”；B选项pretext“借口，托辞”；C选项precondition“前提，先决条件”；D选项presentation“展示，描述”。句意：从火星上有生命这一假设出发，俄罗斯和美国的科学家继续展开他们的争论。火星上有生命这只是一个假设，所以选项A正确。3. 单选题These funds will come with stringent conditions that will impose external financial controls and（ ）heavily on Icelands hard-won sovereign independence.问题1选项A.impingeB.affectC.afflictD.impact【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项impinge“妨碍，侵犯”；B选项affect“影响，感染”，一般和介词to搭配；C选项afflict“折磨，使痛苦”；D选项impact“影响，冲突”。句意：这些资金将附带严格的条件，强制实施外部金融控制，并严重侵犯了冰岛来之不易的主权独立。这里是指侵犯主权，所以选项A更符合语境。4. 单选题The report includes a tale of how an honorable man pursuing honorable goals was afflicted with（ ）and led his nation towards catastrophe.问题1选项A.prideB.humilityC.gratificationD.hubris【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项pride“自豪，傲慢”；B选项humility“谦逊”；C选项gratification“满意，喜悦”；D选项hubris“狂妄自大”。句意：这个报告包括了一个故事， 的是一个高贵的人是如何追求崇高的目标，却由于狂妄自大而受到折磨，从而使他的国家走向灾难。选项D符合语境。5. 单选题The election of Barack Obama is a vivid illustration of the extent to which racial attitudes（ ）.问题1选项A.have been evolvedB.have evolvedC.have been involved withD.have been involved in【答案】B【解析】考查句子结构。句意：巴拉克奥巴马的当选从某种程度上来说是种族态度逐渐形成的生动的例证。根据句意可首先排除选项C和选项D；evolve意为“发展，进化，逐渐形成”，在本句中不需要使用被动语态，所以选项A不正确，本题选择B选项。6. 单选题Even if they are on sale, these refrigerators are equal in price to, if not more expensive than,（ ）at the other store.问题1选项A.anyoneB.the othersC.the onesD.that【答案】C【解析】考查不定代词。句意：即使减价出售，这些冰箱的价格即使不比另一家商店的贵，价格也是一样的。根据句意可知填空处所指代的应该是refrigerators，代词one可以用来替代前面提到过的名词，以避免重复。而这里使用的是冰箱的复数形式，所以也要用复数的ones来指代，并且refrigerators是上文已经提及的，表示特指，所以要加上定冠词the，选项C正确。7. 单选题Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic（流行病） of sleepiness in the nation“I cant think of a single study that hasnt found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,” says Dr. DavidEven people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more restThe beginning of our sleep-deficit（lack）crises can be traced back to the invention of the light bulb a century agoFrom diary entries and our personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night“The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.” By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and 8 hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock“People cheat in their sleep, and they dont even realize theyre doing it,” says Dr. David“They think theyre okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally energetic. ”Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the dayWhenever pressures from work, family, friends and community increase, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on their programs“In our society, youre considered dynamic if you say you need only 5.5 hours sleepIf youve got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition”To determine the consequences of sleep-deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier“Weve found that if youre in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says DrDavid“Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate”1.People in the 18th and 19th centuries slept about 9.5 hours a night because they had（ ）2.According to Dr. David, Americans（ ）.3.Many Americans believe that（ ）.4.The word “ subjects”（first sentence, last paragraph）refers to（ ）.5.It can be concluded from the passage that one should sleep as many hours as is necessary to（ ）.问题1选项A.no drive and ambitionB.no electric lightingC.the best sleep habitsD.nothing to do in the evening问题2选项A.are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of lifeB.often neglect the consequences of sleep deficitC.do not know how to relax themselves properlyD.can get by on 6.5 hours of sleep问题3选项A.sleep is the first thing that can be sacrificed when one is busyB.they need more sleep to cope with the complexities of everyday lifeC.to sleep is something one can do at any time of the dayD.enough sleep promotes peoples drive and ambition问题4选项A.the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficitB.special branches of knowledge that are being studiedC.people whose behaviors or reactions are being studiedD.the psychological consequences of sleep deficit问题5选项A.improve ones memory dramaticallyB.be considered dynamic by other peopleC.maintain ones daily scheduleD.feeling energetic and perform adequately【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由第二段“The beginning of our sleep-deficit（lack）crises can be traced back to the invention of the light bulb a century ago“The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark. 我们的睡眠不足危机可以追溯到一个世纪前灯泡的发明。“最好的睡眠习惯曾经是我们被迫养成的，那时我们晚上在农场里无所事事，而且很黑。”可知18世纪和19世纪人们每晚睡9.5小时的主要原因是没有电灯。故B项正确。2.推理判断题。由第二段“People cheat in their sleep, and they dont even realize theyre doing it,” says Dr. David“They think theyre okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally energetic. 人们会在睡觉这方面欺骗自己，而且他们自己都没有意识到。”大卫博士说。“他们认为自己没问题，因为他们可以工作6.5个小时，而实际上他们需要7.5、8个小时甚至更多的时间才能感到精力充沛。”可知David认为美国人忽视了自己的睡眠问题。故B项正确。3.细节事实题。由第三段“Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community increase, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on their programs每当来自工作、家庭、朋友和社区的压力增加时，许多人都认为睡觉是他们生活中最廉价的事情。”可知美国人很忙时会首先牺牲睡眠时间。故A项正确。4.词义题。由最后一段“To determine the consequences of sleep-deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, 为了确定睡眠不足的后果，研究人员对受试者进行了一系列心理和表现测试，”可知subject指代研究中受试者的心理反应和其他表现。故A项正确。5.推理判断题。本文第二段提到了由于睡眠不足导致的精力不充沛，最后一段的实验指出睡眠不足的人各方面的表现也不好。故充足睡眠才能保证体力充沛，表现良好。故D项正确。8. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)At its most fundamental level, a theory is a set of statements about natural phenomena that explains why these phenomena occur the way they do. In the sciences, theories are used in what Kuhn calls the job of “puzzle solving”. By this Kuhn means that scientists look at observable phenomena as puzzles or questions to be solved. Why does the earth revolve around the sun and not fly off into space? Why are humans bipedal but the other primates are knuckle-walkers? These are all questions about things that confront us everyday, and it is the job of scientists to account for them.In short, then, the first duty of a theory is to account for or explain observed phenomena. But a theory ought to do more than that. A theory also ought to make predictions about what would occur under specific conditions. Lets look at one familiar example.In the early part of the 19th century, scientists were already aware of the presence of microorganisms in the air and water, and they had an idea about the connection between the organisms and disease. However, they had no idea of how they came into existence; indeed, belief in the spontaneous generation of these organisms was widespread. “Bad air” was thought to cause disease. Careful experimentation by Louis Pasteur and other scientists demonstrated that microbes, though carried by air, are not created by air. Living organisms come from other living organisms. These discoveries led to the development of the germ theory of disease, which proposed that disease was caused by microorganisms. The acceptance of this theory had obvious important applications in public health, such as the development of vaccines, hygienic practices in surgery, and the pasteurization of milk. It not only could explain the presence and spread of disease, it could also predict, for example, that doctors who delivered babies without washing their hands after performing autopsies (尸体解剖) on patients who had died from childbirth fever would transmit the disease to new patients. Even more important, the same theory could be used to connect phenomena that on the surface appeared unrelated, such as the transmittal of disease, fermentation processes in wine and beer production.【答案】从最基本的层面来说，理论是一套关于自然现象的陈述，用来解释为什么这些现象会以这种方式发生。在科学领域，理论被用于库恩所谓的“解谜”工作。库恩的意思是，科学家把可观察到的现象看作是谜题或待解决的问题。为什么地球绕着太阳转而不飞向太空？为什么人类是两足行走，而其他灵长类动物是用关节行走?这些是我们每天都要面对的问题，而解释这些问题是科学家的工作。那么，简而言之，理论的首要职责就是说明或解释所观察到的现象。但理论所做的应该不止这些。理论还应该预测在特定条件下会发生什么。让我们看一个熟悉的例子。早在19世纪初，科学家们就已经意识到空气和水中存在微生物，他们对微生物和疾病之间的联系有了一个想法。然而，他们不知道它们是如何形成的；事实上，人们普遍相信这些生物是自发产生的。“糟糕的空气”被认为会导致疾病。路易斯巴斯德和其他科学家经过仔细的实验得出证明，微生物虽然通过空气传播，但不是由空气产生的。生物体来自于其他生物。这些发现导致了疾病的微生物理论的发展，该理论提出疾病是由微生物引起的。接受这一理论在公共卫生方面有明显的重要应用，如疫苗的研制、外科手术的卫生规范以及牛奶的巴氏杀菌。它不仅可以解释疾病的存在和传播，它还可以预测，例如，接生完之后未洗手的医生在对死于分娩发烧的病人进行尸检之后，会将疾病传染给新病人。更重要的是，同样的理论可以用来联系表面上不相关的现象，如疾病的传播，葡萄酒和啤酒生产中的发酵过程。9. 单选题Despite the opposition from his family, the boy remained（ ） in his decision to marry her.问题1选项A.faithfulB.constantC.staunchD.resolute【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项faithful“忠诚的”；B选项constant“不变的”；C选项staunch“坚定的，忠诚的”；D选项resolute“坚决的，果断的”。句意：尽管遭到家人的反对，男孩还是下定决心要娶她。这里是指果断的下定决心，所以选项D符合语境。10. 单选题In the past forty years, weather forecasting has become almost（ ）computerized.问题1选项A.centrallyB.totallyC.nationallyD.extremely【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项centrally“在中心”；B选项totally“完全地”；C选项nationally“全国性地” D选项extremely“非常，极其”。句意：在过去的四十年里，天气预报已经几乎完全计算机化了。因此B项符合句意。11. 单选题There is not the woman born who desires to eat the bread of dependence, no matter ( ) from the hand of father, husband, or brother; for any one who does so eat her bread places herself in the power of the person（ ）she takes it.问题1选项A.whether they be. from whichB.whether it be.from whomC.would they be.from whomD.would it befrom which【答案】B【解析】考查语法结构。句意：世上没有生来就想靠别人吃饭的女人，无论是靠父亲、丈夫还是兄弟；因为任何一个人这样做的话，就是将自己置于施舍之人的权利之下。根据句意可知，第一空主要是需要明确from的主语应该是“the bread”，所以应该用单数形式的it来指代，由此可排除选项A和选项C；其次第二空的先行词是the person，关系代词应该用whom，所以选项B正确。12. 单选题Games have been played for thousands of years and are common（1）all cultures. Throughout history and（2）the world people have used sticks to draw simple game boards on the ground,（3）up rules that incorporate stones or other common objects（4）playing pieces. About 5, 000 years ago people began to make more permanent game boards from sun-dried mud or wood.Some of the oldest board games may have evolved from methods of fortune-telling. The game of go, which many experts regard as the finest example of a pure strategy game, may have evolved from a method of fortune-telling practiced in China more than three thousand years ago, （5）black and white pieces were cast onto a square board marked with symbols of various significance. Go also involves black and white pieces on a board, but players deliberately place them on intersections of lines while trying to（6）more territory than opponent.Chess, Xiangqi (Chinese chess) and Shogi (Japanese chess) are（7）the most widely played board games in the world.（8）quite different, all three are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor either a 6th-century game played in India or an earlier game played in China.（9）the centuries, chess（10）westward to the Middle East and（11）Europe, with rules（12）frequently. The game also spread（13）to Korea and Japan,（14）in very different rules changes.For most of human history, a game could not（15）much popularity unless it was（16） easy for players to make their own equipment. The（17）of printing (which occurred in the mid-1400s in the West) made this process easier, but it was（18）the advance of the 18th-century Industrial Revolution that it became possible to mass-produce many new（19）of games. Twentieth-century technological advances such as the invention of plastic and the computer revolution led to the creation of more games, and more new kinds of games, than in all previous centuries（20）.问题1选项A.forB.withC.toD.by问题2选项A.roundB.aroundC.overD.through问题3选项A.to makeB.makeC.makingD.made问题4选项A.forB.atC.overD.as问题5选项A.whenB.in thatC.in whichD.which问题6选项A.attackB.surroundC.protectD.charge问题7选项A.amongB.ofC.withD.from问题8选项A.ForB.HoweverC.AlthoughD.Moreover问题9选项A.DuringB.WithinC.PastD.Over问题10选项A.developedB.spreadC.passedD.covered问题11选项A.intoB.beyondC.insideD.in问题12选项A.changedB.changeC.changingD.changes问题13选项A.eastB.easternC.westwardD.eastward问题14选项A.resultedB.resultingC.resultD.results问题15选项A.gainB.reachC.winD.collect问题16选项A.lessB.moreC.fairlyD.enough问题17选项A.creationB.discoveryC.designD.invention问题18选项A.untilB.not untilC.tillD.not till问题19选项A.varietiesB.varietyC.differenceD.differences40.问题20选项A.combiningB.combinationC.combinedD.combine【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C第6题:D第7题:B第8题:C第9题:D第10题:B第11题:A第12题:A第13题:D第14题:B第15题:A第16题:C第17题:D第18题:B第19题:B第20题:C【解析】1.考查固定搭配。common to意为“共同的；共有的；为所共用”。选项C正确。2.考查固定搭配。around the world意为“世界各地；全世界”。选项B正确。3.考查非谓语。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词have used，所以填空处应填入非谓语；其次，句子的主语是people，是制定规则这个动作的执行者，所以应使用现在分词形式。选项C正确。4.考查介词辨析。根据句意“世界各地的人们都用木棍在地上画出简单的棋盘，并把石头或其他常见物品作为棋子来制定游戏规则。”这里表示“作为”，所以选项D符合语境。5.考查引导词。根据句意“围棋，许多专家认为是最好的纯策略游戏的例子，可能是由3000多年前中国的一种算命方法演变而来的。在这种算命方法中，将黑白的棋子投在标有各种意义符号的正方形棋盘上。”分析句子结构和句意可知，填空处引导的是非限制性定语从句，先行词是a method of fortune-telling，引导词在从句中做方式状语，所以引导词为in which。选项C正确。6.考查动词辨析。A选项attack“攻击，袭击”；B选项surround“围绕”；C选项protect“保护”；D选项charge“掌控，掌管”。根据句意可知，原文指棋手故意将棋子放置在线的交叉点上，试图占据比对手更多的地盘。所以选项D更符合语境。7.考查固定搭配。be of指“具有的性质”。在这里指“这三类象棋是世界上使用最广泛的棋类游戏”，表示“具有广泛使用的性质”，所以选项B正确。8.考查逻辑连词。根据句意“尽管（这三类象棋）完全不同，但人们认为这三种游戏都是从一个共同的祖先演变而来的要么是6世纪的印度游戏，要么是更早的中国游戏。”选项C符合原文语境。9.考查固定搭配。over the centuries意为“几个世纪以来”。所以选项D正确。10.考查动词辨析。A选项develop“开发，生长”；B选项spread“传播”；C选项pass“通过”；D选项cover“包括，覆盖”。根据句意“几个世纪以来，国际象棋向西传到中东”以及下文的“spread”可知，选项B正确。11.考查固定搭配。spread into意为“传播到，蔓延到”。这里指“国际象棋向西传到中东，并传入欧洲.”。所以选项A符合句意。12.考查分词结构。分析句子结构可知，这里是做伴随状语，所以填空处应填入分词结构，由此可首先排除选项B和选项D；其次，规则是“被改变”，应使用被动语态，所以这里应使用过去分词结构表被动，选项A正确。13.考查上下文语义。根据上文的spread westward to可知，这里应填入和“westward”词性相同的单词，再根据句意可知，这里表达的是向东传播，所以选项D正确。14.考查分词结构。根据句意“这项游戏还向东传到了韩国和日本，导致规则发生了不同的变化。”这里应填入现在分词结构表伴随，所以选项B正确。15.考查动词辨析。A选项gain “获得”；B选项reach“到达”；C选项win“赢得”；D选项collect“收集”。根据句意可知，这里指获得名气，所以选项A符合语境。C选项win一般指“赢得游戏，获得胜利”，放在此处不如gain恰当，所以不选。16.考查副词辨析。A选项less“更少地”；B选项more“更大程度地”；C选项fairly“相当地”；D选项enough“足够地，充足地”。分析句子可知，句子结构完整，不缺少成分，所以填空处填入的应是副词；再根据句意可知，这里应该是指玩家能够相当容易地制作自己的装备。所以选项C符合语境。17.考查名词辨析。A选项creation“创造”；B选项discovery“发现”；C选项design“设计”；D选项invention“发明”。根据原文可知，这里指“印刷术的发明”，所以选项D符合原文语境。18.考查固定用法。It was not until that.意为“直到才”。根据句意“直到18世纪工业革命的推进，才有可能大规模生产许多新种类的游戏。”所以选项B正确。19.考查固定搭配。variety of意为“各种各样的”。所以选项B正确。20.考查分词结构。根据句意“二十世纪的技术进步，如塑料的发明和计算机革命，创造出了更多甚至是不同种类的游戏，比之前所有世纪的加起来还要多。”这里表达的是“所有数据被结合起来进行对比”，所以应使用过去分词形式，选项C正确。13. 写作题Directions: Write a composition on the topic The Social Function of Health. You should write at least 250 words and you should base your composition on the outline below:1.健康在个人行使社会功能中的作用。2.健康对于整个社会的作用。3.健康不仅是医学问题，更是社会问题。【答案】略14. 单选题Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion-a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds (关系) among members of groups. Societys economic underpinnings (支柱) would be destroyed: since earning $10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $10, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives(刺激,动力) of any kind, for as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True, we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an objects physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us-hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are good and others are bad”, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life-from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society uses our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty morality, pride shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal penal (刑法的) system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.1.The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that（ ）.2.According to the passage, peoples learning activity are possible because they（ ）.3.It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on （ ）.4.Emotions are significant for mans survival and adaptation because（ ）.5.The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspect