2022年考博英语-北京师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷95（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-北京师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Since the first brain scanner was constructed several years ago, computed tomography or computed medical imagery, has become fairly widely used. Its rapid acceptance is due to the fact that it has overcome several of the drawbacks of conventional X-ray technology.To begin with, conventional two-dimensional X-ray pictures cannot show all of the information contained in a three-dimensional object. Things at different depths aresuper imposed, causing confusion to the viewer. Computed tomography can give three-dimensional information. The computer is able to reconstruct pictures of the bodys interior by measuring the varying intensities of X-ray beams passing through sections of the body from hundreds of different angles. Such pictures are based on series of thinslices.In addition, conventional X-ray generally differentiates only between bone and air, as in the chest and lungs. They cannot distinguish soft tissues or variations in tissues. The liver and pancreas are not discernible at all, and certain other organs max only be rendered visible through the use of radio opaque dye. Since computed tomography is much more sensitive, the soft tissues of the kidneys or the liver can be seen and clearly differentiated. This technique can also accurately measure different degrees of X-ray absorption, facilitating the study of the nature of tissue.A third problem with conventional X-ray methods is their inability to measure quantitatively the separate densities of the individual substances through which the X-ray has passed. Only the mean absorption of all the tissues is recorded. This is not a problem with computed tomography. It can accurately locate a tumor and subsequently monitor the progress of radiation treatment, so that in addition to its diagnostic capabilities, it can play a significant role in therapy.1. Conventional X-rays mainly show the difference between（） .2. What kind of view is made possible by contiguous cross sections of the body?3. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared to conventional X-ray techniques, computed tomography is more（） .4.What is the authors attitude toward this new technique?5.According to the passage, computed tomography can be used for all of the following EXCEPT（） .问题1选项A.bone and airB.liver and pancreasC.muscle and other body tissuesD.heart and lungs问题2选项A.Two-dimensional.B.Three-dimensional.C.Animated.D.Intensified.问题3选项A.compactB.rapidC.economicalD.informative问题4选项A.Cautious.B.Tolerant.C.Enthusiastic.D.Critical.问题5选项A.monitoring a patients diseaseB.diagnosing disordersC.locating tumorsD.reconstructing damaged tissues【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】第1题:根据第三段的第一句“Conventional X-ray generally differentiates only between bone and air.”可知，选项A正确。第2题:根据第二段的第三句“Computed tomography can give three-dimensional information. ”可知，选项B符合原文。第3题:通读全文可知，计算机断层扫描相对于传统射线扫描来说，能够显示三维物体所包含的所有信息，能够清楚地看到更深层次的组织，以及通过物质的密度进行定位，这些都说明计算机断层扫描相对于传统射线扫描来说更加信息化。只有选项D符合原文。第4题:通读全文可知，作者对这项新技术的态度是积极的，看好的。选项A谨慎的；选项B宽容的；选项D批评的，都不符合原文。所以选项C正确。第5题:根据原文可知，计算机断层扫描可以监测患者的疾病；可以诊断疾病；可以定位肿瘤，但不能重建受损组织。所以选D。2. 翻译题“失落之城”马丘比丘坐落在秘鲁热带山地森林，直到1911年才被美国探险家海勒姆宾厄姆发现。马丘比丘海拔2430米，为热带森林所包围。它可能是印加帝国全盛时期最辉煌的城市建筑，那巨大的城墙和梯田好像是在连绵的悬崖绝壁上自然形成的一样。古城矗立在安第斯山脉东边的斜坡上，环绕着亚马孙河上游的盆地。马丘比丘废墟是世界上最美最神秘的古代遗址之一。早在15世纪初期，印加人就在那里建起数百座石建筑，传说和神话表明马丘比丘曾是一个圣地。古城废墟有宫殿、洗浴室、寺庙、贮藏室和大约150间房子，皆保存完好。这些建筑均用山顶的灰色花岗岩雕筑而成，是建筑学和美学的奇迹。【答案】Machu Picchu, a lost city located in Perus tropical mountain forests, wasnt discovered by American explorer Hiram Bingham until 1911. It stands 2,430m above sea-level, and surrounded by tropical forests. It was probably the most glorious urban building in the zenith of Inca Empire; its giant walls and terraces seem like been cut naturally in the continuous rock cliffs. The ancient city, on the eastern slopes of the Andes, surrounds the basin in upper Amazon River.The ruins of Machu Picchu are one of the most beautiful and mysterious ancient sites in the world. While the Inca people erected hundreds of stone structures there from the early 1400s, legends and myths indicate that Machu Picchu was a sacred place. The ruins have palaces, baths, temples, storage rooms and some 150 houses, all in a remarkable state of preservation. These structures, carved from the gray granite of the mountaintop, are wonders of both architectural and aesthetic genius.3. 单选题Organised volunteering and work experience has long been a vital companion to university degree courses. Usually it is left to（1）to deduce the potential from a list of extracurricular adventures on a graduates resume, （2）now the University of Bristol has launched an award to formalise the achievements of students who（3）time to activities outside their courses. Bristol PLuS aims to boost students in an increasingly（4）job market by helping them acquire work and life skills alongside（5）qualifications. Our students are a pretty active bunch, but we found that they didnt（6）appreciate the value of what they did（7）the lecture hall, says Jeff Goodman, director of careers and employability at the university. Employers are much more（8）than they used to be. They used to look for（9） and saw it as part of their job to extract the value of an applicants skills. Now they want students to be able to explain why those skills are（10）to the job. Students who sign（11）for the award will be expected to complete 50 hours of work experience or（12）work, attend four workshops on employ-ability skills, take part in an intensive skills-related activity（13）, crucially, write a summary of the skills they have gained. （14）efforts will gain an Outstanding Achievement Award. Those who（15）best on the sports field can take the Sporting PLuS Award which fosters employer-friendly sports accomplishments. The experience does not have to be（16）organised. Were not just interested in easily identifiable skills, says Goodman. （17）, one student took the lead in dealing with a difficult landlord and so（18）negotiation skills. We try to make the experience relevant to individual lives. Goodman hopes the（19） will enable active students to fill in any gaps in their experience and encourage their less-active（20）to take up activities outside their academic area of work. 问题1选项A.advisorsB.specialistsC.criticsD.employers问题2选项A.whichB.butC.unlessD.since问题3选项A.divideB.devoteC.deliverD.donate问题4选项A.harmoniousB.competitiveC.resourcefulD.prosperous问题5选项A.artisticB.technicalC.academicD.interactive问题6选项A.dominantlyB.earnestlyC.necessarilyD.gracefully问题7选项A.outsideB.alongC.overD.through问题8选项A.generousB.considerateC.enlighteningD.demanding问题9选项A.originB.initialC.popularityD.potential问题10选项A.relevantB.responsiveC.reluctantD.respective问题11选项A.outB.offC.awayD.up问题12选项A.casualB.electiveC.domesticD.voluntary问题13选项A.orB.thusC.soD.and问题14选项A.OccasionalB.ExceptionalC.InformativeD.Relative问题15选项A.performB.conveyC.circulateD.formulate问题16选项A.roughlyB.randomlyC.formallyD.fortunately问题17选项A.For instanceB.In essenceC.In contrastD.Of course问题18选项A.demonstratedB.determinedC.operatedD.involved问题19选项A.deviceB.sectionC.schemeD.distraction问题20选项A.attendantsB.agentsC.membersD.peers【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:B第5题:C第6题:C第7题:A第8题:D第9题:D第10题:A第11题:D第12题:D第13题:D第14题:B第15题:A第16题:C第17题:A第18题:A第19题:C第20题:D【解析】第1题:细节推断题。根据上下文推断，此处填选项D雇主最符合原文。第2题:根据上句的Usually推断，此处应该是表转折。第3题:devote time to do sth. 花费（投入）时间去做某事。第4题:根据上文可推断出就业市场是竞争激烈的，选项B符合原文。第5题:academic qualifications学历证书，为固定搭配。第6题:根据句意：“我们的学生非常活跃，但我们发现，他们并不一定欣赏课堂之外的活动”选项C更恰当。第7题:细节推断题。根据上一段的“activities outside their courses”可推断出，此处也应该为outside。第8题:根据句意：“雇主相对于过去来说要求更加苛刻。”选项D正确。第9题:根据第一段可知，雇主过去常常寻找潜力股，选项D符合原文。第10题:relevant to与.相关，这里是解释为什么技能与工作相关。第11题:考查介词搭配。sign up指注册，报名；这里指报名参加奖项的学生。sign off停止；sign out退出；sign away不是固定搭配。第12题:voluntary work指志愿工作。第13题:根据上下文可知，此处应该为连词and表递进关系。第14题:根据上下文内容可知，此处应指异常努力将获得杰出成就奖。第15题:perform best表现极好的。句意：那些在运动场上表现最好的人可以获得“运动加分奖”。第16题:根据句意：这种体验不需要正式的组织，选项C更符合原文。第17题:for instance例如，比如。根据下文可知是对上一句的举例说明，选项A正确。第18题:根据上下文：“一名学生带头与一位难以相处的房东打交道，因此展现出了谈判技巧。”选项A更恰当。第19题:根据上下文可知，此处应用scheme更恰当。句意：Goodman希望这项计划能够让积极的学生填补他们的经验中的任何空白。第20题:根据句意可知，这里应该指同学。句意：并鼓励不那么活跃的同学在学术领域之外开展活动。4. 翻译题1.Washington Irving grasped this fact nearly a hundred years ago when he wrote: The stranger who would form a correct opinion of English character must go forth into the country. He must sojourn in villages and hamlets; he must visit castles, villas, farmhouses, cottages; he must wander through parks and gardens, along hedges and green lanes; he must loiter about country churches,attend wakes and fairs and other rural festivals,and cope with the people in all their conditions and all their habits and humors. 2.The impact of decentralization trends, of course, extends well beyond cities. Sprawling development patterns are destabilizing many of the suburbs that surround Americas cities. Older suburbs are experiencing the same challenges as cities: failing schools,persistent crime, and the loss of jobs and businesses to other, further out suburbs. Even suburban areas that are developing rapidly are finding that explosive growth has its drawbacks, especially in the form of overcrowded schools, but also in long commutes and the inability of local governments to pay for new roads, sewers, and other infrastructure.【答案】1.华盛顿欧文远在一百年前就把握住了这一事实。他写道：外地人若要对英国人的性格有恰如其分的了解，就必须到乡村去。他应该在乡村小住数日，参观城堡、别墅、农场房屋及村民居住的农舍，逛逛公园、花园，沿着矮树丛及林荫小路溜达；他一定要在教堂里消磨一下时光，参加纪念守护神节日的活动，看看集市，与村民同庆他们的节日，与不同场合的人打交道，了解他们的习惯并欣赏他们的幽默。2.当然，分散化趋势的影响远远超出了城市范围。无序扩张的发展格局破坏着全关各城市周围许多郊区的稳定。年代较久的郊区经受着和市区同样的挑战：学校教育质量每况愈下、犯罪屡禁不止、就业和商业机会流失到其他更远的郊区。即使是发展迅速的郊区也出现了爆炸式增长的弊端，尤其体现在以下几个方面：学校过度拥挤,上下班交通耗时长，当地政府无力出资建造新的道路、下水道和其他基础设施。5. 案例题If movie trailers（预告片）are supposed to cause a reaction, the preview for United 93 more than succeeds. Featuring no famous actors, it begins with images of a beautiful morning and passengers boarding an airplane. It takes you a minute to realize what the movies even about. Thats when a plane hits the World Trade Center. the effect is visceral（震撼心灵的）. When the trailer played before Inside Man last week at a Hollywood theater, audience members began calling out, Too soon! In New York City, the response was even more dramatic. The Loews theater in Manhattan took the rare step of pulling the trailer from its screens after several complaints.United 93 is the first feature film to deal explicitly with the events of September 11, 2001, and is certain to ignite an emotional debate. Is it too soon? Should the film have been made at all? More to the point, will anyone want to see it? Other 9/11 projects are on the way as the fifth anniversary of the attacks approaches, most notably Oliver Stones World Trade Center. but as the forerunner, United 93will take most of the heat, whether it deserves it or not.The real United 93 crashed in a Pennsylvania field after 40 passengers and crew fought back against the terrorists. Writer-director Paul Greengrass has gone to great lengths to be respectful in his depiction of what occurred, proceeding with the film only after securing the approval of every victims family. Was I surprised at the agreement? Yes. Very. Usually therere one or two families whore more reluctant, Greengrass writes in an e-mail. I was surprised at the extraordinary way the United 93 families have welcomed us into their lives and shared their experiences with us. Carole OHare, a family member, says, They were very open and honest with us, and they made us a part of this whole project. Universal, which is releasing the film, plans to donate 10% of its opening weekend gross to the Flight 93 National Memorial Fund. That hasnt stopped criticism that the studio is exploiting a national tragedy. OHare thinks thats unfair. This story has to be told to honor the passengers and crew for what they did, she says. But more than that, it raises awareness. Our ports arent secure. Our borders arent secure. Our airlines still arent secure, and this is what happens when youre not secure. Thats the message I want people to hear.1. The trailer for United 93 succeeded in（ ）when it played in the theaters in Hollywood and New York City.2. The movie United 93 is sure to give rise to（ ）.3. What did writer-director Paul Green grass obtain before he proceeded with the movie?.4. Universal, which is releasing United 93, has been criticized for（ ）.5.Carole OHare thinks that besides honoring the passengers and crew for what they did, the purpose of telling the story is to（ ）bout security.【答案】1.causing a reaction2.an emotional debate3.The approval of every victims family4.exploiting a national tragedy5.raise the awareness【解析】1.根据第一段的第一句“If movie trailers（预告片）are supposed to cause a reaction, the preview for United 93 more than succeeds.”succeeded in+doing sth.介词in后面接名词或动名词。2.根据第二段的第一句“United 93 is the first feature film to deal explicitly with the events of September 11, 2001, and is certain to ignite an emotional debate. ”ignite在这里相当于give rise to，所以只需要接后面的名词即可。3.根据关键词“Paul Green”定位到第三段的第二句“Writer-director Paul Green.after securing the approval of every victims family.”重点理解proceed和secure。proceed 意为在.之前，secure意为获得，得到。4.根据关键词“Universal”定位到第三段“That hasnt stopped criticism that the studio is exploiting a national tragedy.”for在这里为介词，后面接名词或动名词。5.根据第三段的内容This story has to be told to honor the passengers and crew for what they did, she says. But more than that, it raises awareness.”题干中的to不定式做is的表语，后面直接用动词且为原形。6. 案例题How good are you at saying no? For many, its surprisingly difficult. This is especially true of editors, who by nature tend to be eager and engaged participants in everything they do. Consider these scenarios:Its late in the day. That front-page package youve been working on is nearly complete; one last edit and its finished. Enter the executive editor, who makes a suggestion requiring a more-than-modest rearrangement of the design and the addition of an information box. You want to scream: No! Its done! What do you do?The first rule of saying no to the boss is dont say no. She probably has something in mind when she makes suggestions, and its up to you to find out what. The second rule is dont raise the stakes by challenging her authority. That issue is already decided. The third rule is to be ready to cite options and consequences. The bosss suggestions might be appropriate, but there are always consequences. She might not know about the pages backing up that need attention, or about the designer who had to go home sick. Tell her she can have what she wants, but explain the consequences. Understand what shes trying to accomplish and propose a Plan B that will make it happen without destroying what youve done so far.Heres another case. Your least-favorite reporter suggests a dumb story idea. This one should be easy, but its not. If you say no, even politely, you risk inhibiting further ideas, not just from that reporter, but from others who heard that you turned down the idea. This scenario is common in newsrooms that lack a systematic way to filter story suggestions.Two steps are necessary. First, you need a system for how stories are proposed and reviewed. Reporters can tolerate rejection of their ideas if they believe they were given a fair hearing. Your gut reaction （本能反应） and dismissive rejection, even of a worthless idea, might not qualify as systematic or fair.Second, the people you work with need to negotiate a What if .? agreement covering What if my idea is turned down? How are people expected to react? Is there an appeal process? Can they refine the idea and resubmit it? By anticipating What if.? situations before they happen, you can reach understanding that will help ease you out of confrontations.1. Instead of directly saying no to your boss, you should find out（）2. The authors second warning is that we should avoid running a greater risk by（）3. One way of responding to your bosss suggestion is to explain the（） to her and offer an alternative solution.4. To ensure fairness to reporters, it is important to set up a system for stories to （）5. People who learn to anticipate What if.? situations will be able to reach understanding and avoid （）【答案】1.what is in your boss mind2.challenging our bosss authority3.possible consequences4.be proposed and reviewed5.confrontations【解析】1.根据第三段的第二句“She probably has something in mind when she makes suggestions, and its up to you to find out what. ”。2.根据第三段的第三句“The second rule is dont raise the stakes by challenging her authority. ”。3.根据第三段的最后两句“Tell her she can have what she wants, but explain the consequences. Understand what shes trying to accomplish and propose a Plan B that will make it happen without destroying what youve done so far.”。4.根据第五段的第二句“First, you need a system for how stories are proposed and reviewed.”。5.根据最后一段的最后一句“you can reach understanding that will help ease you out of confrontations.”。7. 案例题Picture a typical MBA lecture theatre twenty years ago. In it the majority of students will have conformed to the standard model of the time: male, middle class and Western. Walk into a class today, however, and youll get a completely different impression. For a start, you will now see plenty more women - the University of Pennsylvanias Wharton School, for example, boasts that 40% of its new enrolment is female. You will also see a wide range of ethnic groups and nationals of practically every country.It might be tempting, therefore, to think that the old barriers have been broken down and equal opportunity achieved. But, increasingly, this apparent diversity is becoming a mask for a new type of conformity. Behind the differences in sex, skin tones and mother tongues, there are common attitudes, expectations and ambitions which risk creating a set of clones among the business leaders of the future.Diversity, it seems, has not helped to address fundamental weaknesses in business leadership. So what can be done to create more effective managers of the commercial world? According to Valerie Gauthier, associate dean at HEC Paris, the key lies in the process by which MBA programmes recruit their students. At the moment candidates are selected on a fairly narrow set of criteria such as prior academic and career performance, and analytical and problem solving abilities. This is then coupled to a schools picture of what a diverse class should look like, with the result that passport, ethnic origin and sex can all become influencing factors. But schools rarely dig down to find out what really makes an applicant succeed, to create a class which also contains diversity of attitude and approach - arguably the only diversity that, in a business context, really matters.Professor Gauthier believes schools should not just be selecting candidates from traditional sectors such as banking, consultancy and industry. They should also be seeking individuals who have backgrounds in areas such