2022年考博英语-清华大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷57（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-清华大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Several（ ）for global warming have been suggested by climate researchers.问题1选项A.systemsB.sentencesC.fallaciesD.hypotheses【答案】D【解析】名词辨析。空格处的词应与suggested 相近, 因此D 项hypotheses(假定的)正确。2. 单选题Some people seem to（ ）on the pressure of working under a deadline.问题1选项A.renderB.evolveC.prevailD.thrive【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。render 报答；归还；给予；evolve 演变，进化；prevail 盛行，流行；thrive 兴旺，繁荣，茁壮成长。句意: 有些人似乎在最后期限工作的压力下 。故D项符合句意。3. 单选题I cant remember exactly what triggered the explosion but it was pretty（ ）.问题1选项A.estimatingB.devastatingC.reprocessingD.preferring【答案】B【解析】estimating 估计；devastating 毁灭性的；reprocessing 再生，（核燃料的）回收；preferring 更喜欢。句意: 我记不清是什么引起了爆炸, 非常 。B项符合句意。4. 单选题Scientists believe that there is not enough oxygen in the Moons atmosphere to（ ）plant life.问题1选项A.adaptB.personalizeC.sustainD.describe【答案】C【解析】动词辨析sustain。意为“维持，保持”，符合句意。5. 单选题They want to stimulate economic growth in the region by offering （ ） to foreign investors.问题1选项A.incentivesB.abundancesC.warriorsD.outnumbers【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。incentives 刺激，鼓励;abundances 大量，充足；warriors 武士，勇士； outnumbers 数量多于，比. 多。句意: 他们希望通过鼓励外国投资者来 该地区的经济增长。 故A项符合句意。6. 单选题They have（ ）her unreasonable request for her annual salary.问题1选项A.destinedB.chordedC.repelledD.commenced【答案】C【解析】动词辨析。destined 指定，命定，注定；chorded 弦，合音，和弦；repelled 击退，抵制；commenced 开始。句意: 他们 了她提出的不合理的年薪要求。C项在此处比较合适, 意思是 “回绝了”。7. 翻译题For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side. Inadequacy of energy resources of the technologies for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits to human beings and hence inconvenience, and constraints on its growth. The 1970s，then, represented a turning point. Energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be believable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on a par with those of insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.The crucial question at the beginning of the 1990s is whether the trend that began in the 1970s will prove to be temporary or permanent. Is the era of cheap energy really over, or will a combination of new resources, new technology and changing geopolitics bring it back? One key determinant of the answer is the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of population growth and industrial demand.Except for the huge pool of oil underlying the Middle East, the cheapest oil and gas are already gone. Even if a few more giant oil fields are discovered, they will make little difference against consumption on todays scale. Oil and gas will have to come increasingly, for most countries, from deeper in the earth and from imports whose reliability and affordability cannot be guaranteed.【答案】在人类历史发展的长河中，人们主要关心的是能源有利的一面。能源资源不足，或者为开采、加工和分配这些资源所需技术的不足，会影响能源为人类带来的利益，同时意味着能源的增长遭到干扰和限制。到了 20世纪70年代，出现了一个转折点，能源多方成本所带来的威胁已同能源供应不足所产生的威胁不相上下。同时，也有人担心，依靠扩大能源资源增加供应所需付出的代价，也许大于其所带来的利益。20世纪90年代初期人们关注的焦点在于，这种始于70年代的能源发展趋势是暂时的还是长远的。廉价能源时代真的一去不返，还是通过开发新能源、应用新技术、改革地缘政治秩序等措施，有可能重登历史舞台？这个问题的一个关键因素是过去100年以来因人口空前增长带来巨大的能源需求以及工业需求。除了中东地区蕴藏着巨大的石油资源以外，地球上廉价的油气资源已经不复存在。即使偶尔找到几个大油田，同当今巨大的能源消耗相比，也是杯水车薪。对于大多数国家来说，资源越来越多地依赖于深层埋藏，越来越多地依赖进口，且不说进口油气资源的可靠性无法得到保障，其对于进口国的购买力也是一个考验。8. 单选题Sometimes in drawing and designing the sign X（ ）the unknown number.问题1选项A.facilitatesB.fascinatesC.denotesD.jots【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。facilitate 使容易，推动；fascinate 使着迷，使神魂颠倒；denote 指示，表示；jot 略记，摘要记录下来。句意: 有时候, 在绘制和设计中, X（ ） 未知的数字。因此, C选项符合句意。9. 单选题A（ ）plan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities.问题1选项A.deliberateB.disincentiveC.functionalD.fantastic【答案】A【解析】形容词词义辨析。deliberate 深思熟虑的，预有准备的；disincentive 妨碍活动的；functional 功能的；fantastic 幻想的，奇异的。空格部分应与considered and accepted逻辑上对应。deliberate符合句意和逻辑。10. 单选题After 1989, the external （ ） vanished, but the danger to American civilization remained.问题1选项A.disruptionB.menaceC.liabilityD.emergence【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。disruption 中断，分裂；menace 威胁，胁迫; liability 责任，义务；emergence 出现，出来，暴露。句意: 1989年之后，外部 消失了，但对美国文明的危险依然存在。 因此B项符合句意和逻辑。11. 单选题As automation became popular in most factories, labor was made（ ）.问题1选项A.disincentiveB.redundantC.diverseD.discontent【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析。disincentive 妨碍活动的；redundant 因人员过剩而被解雇的，多余的；diverse 不同的，多种多样的；discontent 不满的。句意: 随着自动化在大多数工厂的普及，劳动力被 了。因此B项符合句意。12. 单选题The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries.The Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting a majority of vote cards, instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election, which can occur more than 50 days after the card vote is completed.Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill. The National Association of Manufacturers, The National Federation of Independent Business, the U. S. Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers. “This isnt about preventing increased unionization its about protecting rights, said the National Association of Manufacturers Jason Straczewski, of his organizations opposition to bill. Straczewski says eliminating the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion （强迫， 胁迫）from unions.Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes from employers. “Workers talking to workers are equals while managers talking to workers arent,” Samuel said. He cites the 31, 358 cases of illegal employer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in 2005.Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby, the secret ballot would not be eliminated. The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the employers. “ On the ground, the difference between having this legislation and not would be the difference between night and day,” said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council, who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level.The bill has other provisions （条款，规定）as well. The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration （仲裁）when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a contract after 3 months. An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration would be in effect for 2 years, a fact that Straczewski calls, “borderline unconstitutional. ” “I dont see how it will benefit employees if theyre locked into a contract,” said Straczewski.The bills proponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts from unwilling employers. The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, the organization that oversees arbitration, reported that in 2004, 45 percent of newly formed unions were denied first contracts by employers. The bill would also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees. As it stands, the law on the books hasnt changed substantially since the National Labor Relations Act was made into law in 1935. The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired employees or recovering lost wages.1.Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?2.According to its opponents, the bill（ ）.3.The word it （Line 5, Para. 5） refers to（ ）.4.People support the bill because of the following reasons EXCEPT（ ）.5.the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employees问题1选项A.House bill aims to spur labor union growth.B.House bill aims to counter labor union growth.C.Employee Free Choice Act aims to spur employment.D.Employee Free Choice Act aims to raise employees income.问题2选项A.will protect employees rightsB.will benefit workers by binding contractsC.will empower unions too muchD.makes it possible for employees to yield to coercion from unions问题3选项A.the changeB.the legislationC.the AFL-CIOD.the difference问题4选项A.the bill will probably enable unions to have fewer members of private industriesB.the bill will allow a union to be recognized earlier and have a great effect on the local levelC.binding arbitration will be imposed to protect employees if a contract cant be agreed on betweena recently established union and a companyD.the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employees问题5选项A.fewer private industries joined unions in the pastB.workers coercion often comes from unionsC.the bill will be a win-and-win one for employees and employersD.punishment authorized by the bill will be lighter【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。原文首段表明众议院将出台新立法， seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers,是为了维护工会的权利，激发工会的发展。2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词opponents定位到原文第三段第三句，opponents指的是Jason Straczewski。后面他说道wouldopenupemployeestocoercion(强迫：胁迫）fromunions, 与选项D 对应。3.语义题。根据题干信息定位到原文第五段第五行，who指代的是前句中Richard Shaw，it指代前句中的legislation。4.细节判断题。题干说下列哪项不是人们支持该法案的原因，文章首段could reversedecadesofdecliningmembershipamongprivateindustries(立法有助于改善劳工与雇主之间的关系)。5.细节推理题。最后一段提到in 2004, 45 percent of newly formed unions were denied first contracts by employers(2004年，45%的新成立工会被雇主拒绝签订第一份合同)，因此答案为A。 13. 单选题Bad traveling conditions had seriously （ ） their progress to their destination in thatregion.问题1选项A.tuggedB.demolishedC.hamperedD.destroyed【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。句意: 恶劣的旅行条件严重 （ ） 了他们到达该地区目的地的进程。tug 用力拖，拖拉；demolish 毁坏，破坏；hamper 妨碍，牵制；destroy 毁灭，消灭。C符合句意。14. 单选题We cannot be（ ）with him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday.问题1选项A.PeckedB.reconciledC.perturbedD.presumed【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。peck 啄食；perturb 感到不安；presumed 推定。Be reconcile with为固定搭配，表示与和解。15. 单选题The speaker was very much（ ）by rude words and behavior of the audience in the hall.问题1选项A.jerkedB.incensedC.lacedD.limped【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。根据句意，演讲者被rude words and behavior激怒。jerked 急推，猛推；incensed 激怒；laced 系牢，系紧；limped 跛行，句意:演讲者被粗鲁的言行 （ ）。选项B符合句意。16. 单选题The actress was very（ ） at the insulting question raised by her opponent at theconference.问题1选项A.extraterrestrialB.explicitC.indignantD.innovative【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。extraterrestrial 地球外的，宇宙的；explicit 外在的，清楚的；indignant 愤怒的，愤慨的；innovative 创新的，革新的。根据句中insulting question raised by her opponent(对手提出的侮辱性问题) 可知，她应该是非常愤怒。选项C符合句意。17. 单选题（ ）and hard work are the cornerstones of this company.问题1选项A.MutilationB.InnovationC.EmpireD.Strength【答案】B【解析】语义题。句中and 连接空格跟hard work , 因此B 项innovation (创新，革新)正确。18. 单选题It is required that during the process, great care has to be taken to protect the（ ）silk from damage.问题1选项A.sensitiveB.sensibleC.tenderD.delicate【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。sensitive 敏感的，易受影响的；sensible 明智的，合乎情理的；tender 脆弱的, 温柔的；delicate 娇弱的, 纤细的, 易碎的。句意: 在加工过程中，应注意保护 丝绸不受损坏。故D项符合句意。19. 单选题Britain has the highest（ ） of road traffic in the world over 60 cars for every mile of road.问题1选项A.popularityB.prosperityC.intensityD.density【答案】D【解析】形近词辨析。popularity 普遍，流行；prosperity兴旺，繁荣；intensity 强烈，剧烈；density 密集，稠密，密度。根据后面一句over 60 cars for every mile of road(每英里有60多辆汽车), 推测D项正确。20. 单选题Artificial intelligence deals partly with the （ ）between the computer and the human brain.问题1选项A.profileB.mightyC.analogyD.leakage【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。此处指的是电脑和人脑的相似之处。C项analogy （类似，相似）符合句意。