颅骨及其连结123PPT课件

Locomotor System1The bony framework of the head,termed the skull (cranium) presents the most complex structure of the skeleton.第1页/共36页一、颅的组成一、颅的组成（一）脑颅（一）脑颅 cranial bones共共23块（听小骨未计入）块（听小骨未计入）以眶上缘和外耳门上缘为界分脑颅和面颅两部。以眶上缘和外耳门上缘为界分脑颅和面颅两部。不成对的：不成对的：额骨额骨 筛骨筛骨 蝶骨蝶骨 枕骨枕骨成对的：成对的：颞骨颞骨 顶骨顶骨第2页/共36页Locomotor System3bones of the skullbones of the faceabove the orbitsbelow the earsbase of the skull第3页/共36页Locomotor System4第4页/共36页筛骨筛骨 ethmoid bone筛板筛板垂直板垂直板筛骨迷路筛骨迷路第5页/共36页蝶骨蝶骨 sphenoid bone小翼、大翼、翼突、体小翼、大翼、翼突、体前面观前面观体小翼大翼翼突眶上裂蝶窦口第6页/共36页颞骨颞骨 temporal bone第7页/共36页Locomotor System8额骨额骨 frontal bone额鳞额鳞眶部眶部鼻部鼻部第8页/共36页Locomotor System9枕骨枕骨 occipital bone第9页/共36页（二）面颅（二）面颅 facial bones facial bones ( (内脏颅内脏颅 visceral cranium)visceral cranium)共共15块。块。不成对的：犁骨不成对的：犁骨 下颌骨下颌骨 舌骨舌骨成对的：上颌骨成对的：上颌骨 腭骨腭骨 颧骨颧骨 鼻骨鼻骨 泪骨泪骨 下鼻甲下鼻甲第10页/共36页Locomotor System11frontal bonezygomatic bone (forms the prominence of the cheek)sphenoid bonemaxilla(holds the upper teeth)foramina for sensory nerve of the mid-face第11页/共36页下颌骨下颌骨 mandible一体两支：一体两支：下颌体、下颌支、下颌角、冠突、髁突、下颌体、下颌支、下颌角、冠突、髁突、下颌头、下颌颈、咬肌粗隆、翼肌粗隆、颏棘、颏隆凸、下颌头、下颌颈、咬肌粗隆、翼肌粗隆、颏棘、颏隆凸、颏孔、下颌孔颏孔、下颌孔第12页/共36页Locomotor System13mandibleneck of condylecoronoid processramusanglebodymental process (chin)FRACTURES OF THE MANDIBLE第13页/共36页舌骨舌骨 hyoid bone大角大角小角小角体体第14页/共36页上颌骨上颌骨 maxilla一体四突：上颌体、颧突、腭突、牙槽突、额突一体四突：上颌体、颧突、腭突、牙槽突、额突第15页/共36页( (三）颅的整体观三）颅的整体观1.颅前面观 眶 骨性鼻腔 骨性口腔第16页/共36页Locomotor System17frontal bonezygomatic bone (forms the prominence of the cheek)sphenoid bonemaxilla(holds the upper teeth)foramina for sensory nerve of the mid-face第17页/共36页眶上孔眶上孔眶下孔眶下孔视神经管视神经管眶上裂眶上裂眶下裂眶下裂眶下沟眶下沟左侧眶左侧眶: :四壁一尖四壁一尖第18页/共36页左侧骨性鼻腔外侧壁左侧骨性鼻腔外侧壁蝶窦蝶窦筛窦筛窦额窦额窦上颌窦上颌窦上鼻甲上鼻甲下鼻甲下鼻甲第19页/共36页额窦额窦蝶窦（右侧）蝶窦（右侧）筛窦筛窦蝶窦（左侧）蝶窦（左侧）上颌窦上颌窦下鼻甲下鼻甲左侧鼻旁窦左侧鼻旁窦第20页/共36页2. 颅侧面观翼点翼点 pterionpterion第21页/共36页Locomotor System22frontalparietaltemporalsphenoid第22页/共36页Locomotor System23the middle meningeal arteryLateral skull radiograph showing the vascular markings of the middle meningeal artery第23页/共36页Locomotor System24frontal boneparietal boneoccipital bonetemporal bonemastoid processstyloid processzygomatic processexternal auditory meatus (sound waves)sphenoid bonecoronal suture The Skull Left Lateral View第24页/共36页3. 颅顶面观冠状缝冠状缝矢状缝矢状缝人字缝人字缝顶结节顶结节第25页/共36页4. 4. 颅后面观颅后面观枕外隆凸枕外隆凸矢状缝矢状缝人字缝人字缝顶结节顶结节第26页/共36页Locomotor System27occipital boneparietal boneparietal bonemastoid process of the temporal bonemastoid process of the temporal bonesagittal sutureThe Skull Posterior View第27页/共36页5. 5. 颅下面观颅下面观第28页/共36页Locomotor System29occipital bonetemporal bonetemporal bonesphenoid bone (wedge-shaped)bones of the face inferior viewbones of the skull - inferior view第29页/共36页Locomotor System30occipital condylesoccipital bone(articulate with vertebra C1)foramen magnum (transmits spinal cord)第30页/共36页Locomotor System31第31页/共36页颅底内面颅底内面颅前窝：颅前窝：鸡冠、筛孔鸡冠、筛孔颅中窝：颅中窝：垂体窝、视神经管垂体窝、视神经管颈动脉沟、破裂孔颈动脉沟、破裂孔眶上裂、圆孔眶上裂、圆孔 、卵圆孔卵圆孔 、棘孔、棘孔、三叉神经压迹三叉神经压迹颅后窝：颅后窝：斜坡、枕骨大孔斜坡、枕骨大孔内耳门、颈静脉孔内耳门、颈静脉孔舌下神经管内口舌下神经管内口第32页/共36页（四）新生儿颅骨的特征（四）新生儿颅骨的特征脑颅比面颅大得多，为脑颅比面颅大得多，为7 7: :1 1，而成人为，而成人为3:13:1颅囟颅囟 cranial fortanellescranial fortanelles：前囟（额囟）、后囟（枕囟）、蝶囟、乳突囟前囟（额囟）、后囟（枕囟）、蝶囟、乳突囟第33页/共36页二、颅骨的连结颞下颌关节颞下颌关节 temporomandibular joint关节构成：下颌骨的下颌头、颞骨的下颌窝和关节结节辅助结构：关节面覆纤维软骨、关节囊松弛、前部较弱囊外有外侧韧带、囊内有关节盘关节运动：联合关节。下颌骨可做上提和下降、前进和 后退、侧方运动第34页/共36页Locomotor System35外侧韧带外侧韧带下颌头下颌头下颌窝下颌窝关节结节关节结节第35页/共36页Locomotor System36感谢您的观看！第36页/共36页