虚拟语气用法小结

虚拟语气用法小结一、虚拟语气的概念：虚拟语气（the subjunctive mood）又称假设语气，是谓语动词的一种形式，表示说话人叙述的内容与事实相反，在现实中并不存在，或实现的可能性很小。二、动词的语气语气用来区别讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中的语气(mood)有三种，分别是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。1.陈述语气 陈述语气一般用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问，主要用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。 Where there is a will, theres a way. 有志者事竟成。 Can you help me carry the box upstairs 你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗？ How I missed the life in the countryside! 我多么想念乡村的生活啊！2.祈使语气 祈使语气表示说话人向对方提出请求或下达命令。 Come this way, please! 请这边走。 Dont make any noise, will you 别吵，行吗？ Do be careful when crossing the street. 过马路时一定要小心。3.虚拟语气 虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。 If I were a bird, I could fly in the air. 如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 I wish it were spring all the year round. 但愿四季如春。 May good luck be yours! 祝你好运！三、条件句中的虚拟语气条件句分真实条件句与非真实条件句两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆用陈述语气，且这种句子主句是一般将来时时，从句则要用一般现在时表示将来时。1、真实条件句 真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。 If he doesnt come at 8, we wont wait for him. 如果他八点不来，我们就不等他了。 If a flood happened in the past, there was usually a great loss of life and property. 过去发生洪水的话，常有很大的生命和财产损失。 We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨，我们将去那里。 Ill let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean. 如果你能保持车子干净，我就让你用我的自行车。2、非真实条件句在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:主从句时态虚拟条件句主句例句与现在事实相反的假设If+主语+动词的过去式(be动词用were)主语+should, would, could, might+动词原形If I had enough money now, I would lend it to you.If I were you, I should seize the chance to go abroad.与过去事实相反的假设If+主语+had+过去分词主语+should, would, could, might + have +过去分词She would have come to enjoy the party if she hadnt been very busy. If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed the exam.与将来事实相反的假设If+主语+动词过去式If+主语+were to+动词原形If+主语+should+动词原形主语+should, would, could, might + 动词原形If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.If it were to rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off.If he should not come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next Monday.2. 错综时间条件句：有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)3. 省略连词if （倒装）。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up.Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it.Were I to meet him tomorrow (= if I were to met him tomorrow), I should ask him about it. 要是我明天见到他，我就会问他这件事的。Had I had the money last year (= if I had had the money last year), i would have bought the house. 如果我去年有了这笔钱，我就买那所房子了。Should there be any trouble with the boiler, the automatic controlling unit would cut off the fuel oil supply. 假如锅炉出问题的话，自控装置会自动切断燃油的供给。4. 含蓄条件句：句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用某他手段或方式来暗示存在虚拟条件。其虚拟的结构形式通过主句来表现。常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的方式有：（1）介词或介词短语（代替状语从句）：but for（要不是），without（假若没有），with（假若有）With your help, I could have finished the work ahead of time. 如果有你的帮助的话，我本可以提前完成这项工作。Without air and water, there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有空气和水，地球上就不会存在生物。But for the rain, we should have had a pleasant journey. 如果不是因为下雨，旅途会很愉快。What would you do with a million dollars? 如果有了一百万美元，你会做什么？（2）用or，otherwise(否则)，等类似转折词He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting.（3）根据上下文语境来表示某种假设情况Five minutes earlier and you could have met her at the station. 早来五分钟的话，你就能在车站见到他了。You could have done better，but you didnt try your best.5. 省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。（1）省去条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了 “If you had wanted to”)(事实是：你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)（2）省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如：If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是：她已经走了。)二、(Should) + 动词原形类1. 在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire, recommend等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately.注意:当suggest表示暗示、表明时，不用虚拟语气,用陈述语气。如：The smile on her face suggested that she was satisfied with our work.当insist表示“坚持认为，坚持说”之意时, 不用虚拟语气,用陈述语气. 表示“坚持要求，坚持主张”用虚拟语气。如:The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.我们可以用“一二三四”法巧记这些动词：“一、二、三、四”法，即一个坚持（insist），两个命令（order，command），三个建议（suggest, propose, advise）, 四个要求（demand, require, request, ask）。2. advice, idea, order, plan, demand, proposal, suggestion, request等名词之后的表语从句和同位语从句中.如:My suggestion is that we (should) hold a meeting this evening. My proposal is that we（should）set a deadline for handing in the plan.The general sent the order that the battle（should） be held on until the complete failure of the enemy.3. 在It is / was suggested (desired, ordered, demanded, required, requested, proposed, etc.) thatIts requested that we （should） keep the stability of the society for the peoples peaceful life.4. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在 “It is important (strange，natural，necessary) that” 这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should十动词原形”结构，表示某事是 “重要、奇怪、自然、必要” 等意义。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。It is necessary that the badly wounded man（should） be treated immediately.It is (was) important (necessary, natural, strange, etc.) thatIt is (was) a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that Should在此类句型中可理解为表示“应该，必须”或“惊讶、遗憾，不以为然”等语气。此类的形容词或名词三种：形容某件应该做的事是“必需的”、“重要的”、“适当的”、“自然的”、“紧迫的”等。如：important，necessary，unnecessary，strange，natural，possible，impossible，fortunate，advisable，desirable，essential。形容某件居然发生的事令人“惊讶的”“失望的”“可怕的”“好笑的”等。如：surprising，amazing，pleasing，dreadful，funny表明某事是一种遗憾。如：a pity，a shame，no wanderIts strange that he (should) have acted toward his parents like that.（竟然会）Its surprising/amazing/pleasing/that she (should) win over her mother.（居然会）Its strange that he (should) leave without telling us. (竟然会)Its natural that she (should) make such a mistake.（不以为然的语气，“会”）Its a pity/a shame/no wonder that our team (should) lose the game.（遗憾或不以为然的语气，竟“会”）三、虚拟语气的其他用法1. wish的用法与现在事实相反, 用were或动词的一般过去式;与过去事实相反, 用had+过去分词;表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望,用would/could/might+动词原形,后的从句不能用should.如:I wish she were here. I wish you would go with us tomorrow. I wish she had taken my advice. 2. It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。It is time that the children went / should go to bed. 3. 用在would rather, had rather后的宾从中谓语动词应用过去时或过去完成时。I would rather you were not here. Id rather you had been present.4. 在带有even if / even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如:Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office. 即使生了病，他俩去办公室。5. 由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had十过去分词”。如:He treated me as if I were a stranger. She talked about the film as if she had really seen it.注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。6. 在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用 “could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词原形”。如:Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly.7. 用在If only句型中，意思是“要是就好了”。如：Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I had followed your advice.only if表示“只有”I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.只有闹钟响了我才会醒。8. 在含有if it were not for 或if it had not been for 条件句的虚拟语气中. 如:If it were not for the rain, the crops would die. If it had not been for your help, we could not have finished the work ahead of time.9. in case，for fear that引导的状语从句中，表示“唯恐，以免”，谓语动词用should+动词原形表示虚拟语气。She took the raincoat with her in case she should be caught in rain. The student is working hard for fear that he should fail to pass the exam.10. intend，hope，want，plan，mean等表示“希望、想法、意图”，常用过去完成时态或不定式的完成式表示与过去事实相反的虚拟。I had meant to go to the party，but I had to work extra hours to prepare a speech.I intended to have helped you，but I was very busy at the time.英语虚拟语气专项练习1. Jack wishes that he _ business instead of history when he was in university.A. studiedB. had been studyingC. studyD. had studied2. The millions of calculation involved, had they been done by hand, _ all practical value by the time they were finished.A. had lostB. would loseC. would have lostD. should have lost3. It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possible.A. must be sentB. are senw.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mC. will be sentD. be sent4. It is important that the hotel receptionist _ that guests are registered correctly.A. has made sureB. must make sureC. made sureD. make sure5. It was essential that the application forms _ back before the deadline.A. must be sentB. be sentC. would高考资源网 be sentD. were sent6. Its necessary _ the dictionary immediately.A. that he will returnB. that he returnC. that he returnedD. that he has to return7. It is important that enough money _ to fund the project.A. be collected B. was collected C. must be collected D. can be collected8. I dont think it advisable that Tom _ to the job since he has no experience.A. is assignedB. be assignedC. will be assigned D. has been assigned9. The suggestion that the mayor _ the prizes was accepted by everyone.A. would presentB. present w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mC. ought to presentD. presents10. We are all for your proposal that the discussion _.A. be put offB. should put offC. was put offD. is to put off11. You _ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.A. shouldnt have been followingB. mustnt followC. couldnt have been followingD. shouldnt follow12. The manager would rather his daughter _ in the same office.A. does not workB. had not workedC. not to workD. did not work 13. Wouldnt you rather your child _ to bed early?A. goB. would goC. wentD. goes14. Id rather you _ make any comment on the issue for the time being.A. dontB. didntC. wouldntD. shouldnt15. Mikes uncle insists _ in this hotel.A. staying notB. that he would not stayC. not to stayD. that he not stay 16. As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _ for our defense.A. had been takenB. be takenC. would be takenD. to be taken17. The manager of the hotel requests that their guests _ after 11:00 p.m.A. not to play loud musicB. dont play loud musicC. shouldnt play loud musicD. couldnt paly load music18. We desire that the tour leader _ us immediately of any change in plans.A. informB. informsC. informedD. has informed7 / 7文档可自由编辑打印