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雅思阅读冲刺班讲义教案2013年11月91 / 91雅思5.5根底阅读课程讲义UNIT 1 Education10UNIT 2 Food12UNIT 3 Health14UNIT 4 Media17Locating Information22UNIT 5 Practice 125UNIT 6 Advertising27UNIT 7 Learning to Speak35Summary Completion37UNIT 8 The Environment38Short Answers40UNIT 9 Sponsorship in Sport41UNIT 10 Practice 245Flowchart-Timeline Completion47UNIT 11 Transport47UNIT 12 Travel55UNIT 13 Technology62Labelling a Diagram64Unit14 Money65UNIT 15 Practice 372Multiple Choice73Labelling a Diagram77UNIT 17 Social Issues78IELTS Type Questions: Reading: for Details and for Main Ideas80Table Completion80UNIT 20 Practice 486Note Completion87UNIT 1 EducationEducation over the past 100 yearsAThe education of our young people is one of the most important aspects of any community, and ideas about what and how to teach reflect the accepted attitudes and unspoken beliefs of society. These ideas change as local customs and attitudes change, and these changes are reflected in the curriculum, teaching and assessment methods and the expectations of how both students and teachers should behave.词汇讲解：curriculum n. 教学大纲；reflect v. 反映；反射；assessment n. 评价；BTeaching in the late 1800s and early 1900s was very different from today. Rules for teachers at the time in the USA covered both the teachers duties and their conduct out of class as well. Teachers at that time were expected to set a good example to their pupils and to behave in a very virtuous and proper manner. Women teachers should not marry, nor should they keep company with men. They had to wear long dresses and no bright colours and they were not permitted to dye their hair. They were not allowed to loiter downtown in an ice cream store, and women were not allowed to go out in the evenings unless to a school function, although men were allowed one evening a week to take their girlfriends out if they went to church regularly. No teachers were allowed to drink alcohol. They were allowed to read only good books such as the Bible, and they were given a pay increase of 25c a week after five years of work for the local school.词汇讲解：manner n. 行为守那么；be expected to：被预期表示将来时：be expected to be predicted to be perspective to CAs well as this long list of dos and donts, teachers had certain duties to perform each day. In country schools, teachers were required to keep the coal bucket full for the classroom fire, and to bring a bucket of water each day for the children to drink. They had to make the pens for their students to write with and to sweep the floor and keep the classroom tidy. However, despite this list of duties, little was stipulated about the content of the teaching, nor about assessment methods.DTeachers would have been expected to teach the three rsreading, writing and arithmetic, and to teach the children about Christianity and read from the Bible every day. Education in those days was much simpler than it is today and covered basic literacy skills and religious education. They would almost certainly have used corporal punishment such as a stick or the strap on naughty or unruly children, and the children would have sat together in pairs in long rows in the classroom. They would have been expected to sit quietly and to do their work, copying long rows of letters or doing basic maths sums. Farming children in country areas would have had only a few years of schooling and would probably have left school at 12 or 14 years of age to join their parents in farm work.词汇讲解：arithmetic：算数；literacy：文学，阅读；religious：的；discrimination：歧视；religious discrimination：歧视。ECompare this with a country school in the USA today! If you visited today, you would see the children sitting in groups round large tables, or even on the floor. They would be working together on a range of different activities, and there would almost certainly be one or more computers in the classroom. Children nowadays are allowed and even expected to talk quietly to each other while they work, and they are also expected to ask their teachers questions and to actively engage in finding out information for themselves, instead of just listening to the teacher.词汇讲解：engage in：依靠，依赖，把精力放在地方；actively adv. 主动的；FThere are no rules of conduct for teachers out of the classroom, and they are not expected to perform caretaking duties such as cleaning the classrooms or making pens, but nevertheless their jobs are much harder than they were in the 1900s. Teachers today are expected to work hard on planning their lessons, to teach creatively and to stimulate childrens minds, and there are strict protocols about assessment across the whole of the USA. Corporal punishment is illegal, and any teacher who hit a child would be dismissed instantly. Another big difference is that most state schools in western countries are secular, so religious teaching is not part of the curriculum.词汇讲解：corporal：肉体的；corporal punishment：体罚；GThese changes in educational methods and ideas reflect changes in our society in general. Children in western countries nowadays come from all parts of the globe and they bring different cultures, religions and beliefs to the classroom. It is no longer considered acceptable or appropriate for state schools to teach about religious beliefs. Ideas about the value and purpose of education have also changed and with the increasing sophistication of workplaces and life skills needed for a successful career, the curriculum has also expanded to try to prepare children for the challenges of a diverse working community. It will be interesting to see how these changes continue into the future as our society and culture grows and develops.词汇讲解：Nigger：对黑人侮辱称呼；African-American：非洲裔美国人。culture：文化；religious：；belief：信念。练习：Read the first sentence ONLY of each paragraph in the reading passage. Take NO MORE THAN FIVE minutes to do this.Then, put these paragraph description into the same passage as the text itself. Write the letter of the paragraph, A G, beside each one._ Teaching content in the past_ Teaching in the present_ Rules for teachers in the past_ The importance of educational beliefs_ Changes in teaching and in society_ Teaching duties in the past_ Rules for teachers in the presentUNIT 2 FoodHoodia词汇讲解：Hoodia：南非食用仙人掌；AThe San live in that part of Africa called the Kalahari Desert. Life there is hard, and nature can be harsh. There are somewhere between 45,000 and 100,000 of them living in countries like Zambia and Zimbabwe. Theyre not rich and they dont live in expensive houses. There are no roads or schools or hospitals near them. They dont have many material possessions like cars or computers, things that people in the developed world cant do without. In fact, they have many problems such as unemployment and poverty. On top of this, they also suffer from alcoholism, drinking to forget their problems. Theyre the San, a tribe of traditional hunter-gatherers, who used to travel in search of food for their families instead of growing it or keeping animals. They have a culture that is 20,000years old, but their old way of life is disappearing fast and has nearly gone forever. So yes, theyre poor, and yes, their lifestyle is not attractive to outsiders, but they do have one thing that certain people in the developed world are very, very interested in and want to have, and that may make them some money. Its called hoodia.词汇讲解：Kalahari Desert：喀拉哈里沙漠位于非洲南部；harsh：严酷的；harsh words：刻薄的言语。tribe：部落。BMany countries have basic, common crops that people plant for food, such as rice or potatoes. Potatoes are grown in many European countries as well as South America (They originated there!), and rice is a staple food in Asia. But not all plants are grown just for food; some of them can also be used as medicine. A few examples are garlic, which is said to help with colds or high blood pressure, ginger to help with headaches or toothache, or the magnolia tree which is used in Chinese traditional medicine to treat some forms of cancer and heart disease. Hoodia, a cactus-like plant, only grows in the area where the San live, and they know where to find it and the best time to use it. They have known about it for centuries and they understand how to use it, but they dont use it for food, and they dont use it to cure disease either. They use it to fight hunger.词汇讲解：colds：感冒；high blood pressure：高血压。CIn the old days when the San had to travel in search of food, they and their children sometimes had to go without food for several days. This was even longer in times of famine or when the rains failed. They ate the hoodia plant when they were starving, to help them survive until they found food, to stop their children from crying, and to give them the strength to continue their search. However, it didnt give them energy like normal food would. Instead, the chemicals in the hoodia plant killed the feeling of hunger and stopped them wanting food. They didnt know exactly how it worked; the only thing they knew for certain was that it did work.DScientists have now discovered that the plant contains a substance which they have called P57. This chemical makes the brain believe that the stomach is full and that the body doesnt need food. That is why people in the developed world, especially those in pharmaceutical companies, are extremely interested in this very promising plant.词汇讲解：substance：物质；同义词：chemicalEObesity in the developed world is a huge and growing problem, not only among adults, but increasingly among children. It has been estimated that up to 50% of people in the developed world are overweight and 20% of these are obese; at the time of writing, for example, 30% of Chinese children were considered to be too heavy for their age. One cause of obesity is eating too much, too often, and another is eating the wrong kind of food. Our grandparents had the time to prepare simple yet nourishing meals, and they didnt have money to afford expensive food. They didnt eat as much meat or fatty foods as we do nowadays, and thats one reason why they were slimmer and healthier than their descendants. Today we have less time to cook, and we have more money, so the easiest thing to do is to buy ready-made meals. They may be convenient and taste good, but theyre often high in fat, salt and sugar. Too much of these make people unhealthy and fat. They need to lose weight, and thats where hoodia comes in.词汇讲解：obesity n. 肥胖症;obese adj. 肥胖的。cancer：癌症；-ache疼：heart disease：心脏病；headaches：头疼；toothache：牙疼；FIt seems to be the perfect solution. People in the West want to lose weight and hoodia is ideal. Western companies pay for the right to use the secrets of the hoodia plant; by selling these rights to the West, the San make money and can then help themselves. Obese people lose weight and the San people make a profit, so everyone is happy.Locating Information练习1：The passage has six paragraphs, A-E Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-F, beside the statements below.NOTE: You may use any letter more than once. You may not need to use all the letters.6) _ Some foods are used to cure health problems.7) _ Many modern people do not eat well and have weight problems.8) _ The San have something that people in the West want.9) _ The sale of hoodia from Africa to the West might help everyone.10) _ Hoodia was used by the San to control hunger when food was scarce.UNIT 3 HealthEnhancing the Taste of Our Food词汇讲解:Enhance：加强；AWhat are your favourite foods? Do you like pizza, hamburgers, roast pork, or sweet cakes and cookies? Chances are that, whatever you like best, it has a strong taste and a salty, sweet or savoury flavour. People generally like to eat tasty foods, and this can create potential health problems, especially with the consumption of fast or processed food. Fast food traditionally contain a lot of salt or sugar, because this is a cheap way to make food taste good and it encourages people to buy more cookies, chips and soft drinks, for example. However, people are becoming increasingly aware of the dangers of an unhealthy diet, and the manufacturers of processed food know that sales will increase if they can advertise that their products have less salt or sugar. They also know that if their product tastes bland or boring, no amount of health benefits will make it a popular choice with consumers, and they will lose money if their product is not popular. However, a new technology is currently being developed that may allow fast food manufacturers to reduce salt and sugar without sacrificing taste.词汇讲解:roast：烤；chances are that：有的可能；potential adj. 潜在的； n. 潜能；increasingly：越来越多地；aware of：了解；sacrifice：牺牲；BIf you stick out your tongue and look in the mirror, you will see that it is covered with tiny bumps. These bumps are called taste buds and they are the receptors in our skin that allow us to taste different kinds of foods. There are five different taste receptors, for sweet, salty, sour, bitter and savoury flavours. When we are born we have a lot of these on the roof of our mouth as well as on our tongue, but as we get older, we lose taste buds, which is why older people find it harder to taste things. Adults typically have about 10,000 taste buds, but older people may have as few as 5,000. We have more receptors for bitter tastes than for any others; researchers think that this may be because these taste buds warn us if food is poisonous.词汇讲解:stick out：伸出舌头；bump：斑点；bud：蕾；taste bud：味蕾。receptor：受体，接收器；bitter：苦味，苦的；poisonous：有毒的；poison：毒品。CThe food that we eat contains natural chemicals that fit into the different shaped receptors on our tongues; for example, sweet foods trigger the sweet receptors. The technology to mimic, or copy, these natural flavours with chemicals such as aspartame has been in existence for a long time, and aspartame is a common ingredient in many diet soft drinks and other diet products. While aspartame allows us to experience a sweet taste without eating sugar, it also has disadvantages. Firstly, many people do not like its bitter aftertaste, and secondly, some people say that it is bad for health if taken in large quantities.词汇讲解:chemical：化学物质；trigger：激起，激发，引发；mimic：模仿；aspartame：天冬甜素；ingredient：添加物，成分；soft drinks：软饮；DHowever, a new technology is being developed that may be an improvement on artificial sweeteners and other chemicals. Taste enhancers target the taste receptors on our tongues, and they make us more sensitive to sweet, sour or salty tastes. Just a few molecules of a taste enhancer could double the sweetness effect of a teaspoon of sugar, or the salty effect of a teaspoon of salt. This means that instead of using artificial chemicals to make food tasty, food manufacturers could use half the quantity of the real substance and a tiny quantity of taste enhancer to make the food taste good. This has the potential to save food manufacturers money, by replacing large quantities of sugar and salt with tiny amounts of chemicals. It could also benefit our health if we can eat food that tastes good and is low in sugar and salt.词汇讲解:artificial：人工的；molecule：细胞；ETaste enhancers have other advantages, too. People generally do not like bitter tasting food, but reversing this technology so that the bitter taste receptors are blocked instead of stimulated may reduce the bitter taste of some healthy foods. This means, for example, that people may be persuaded to eat more soy protein.词汇讲解:stimulate：刺激；soy：大豆；protein：蛋白质；persuade：劝说；convince：劝说。FTaste enhancer technology is very new to the marketplace, and as yet it is not widely used, but it has the potential to make a significant change to the processed food industry, and to improve the healthiness of many fast foods.Identification of InformationDo the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?Write: TRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this10) _ Consumers are happy to buy healthy food even if it tastes bland or boring.11) _ Taste buds enable the body to taste foods of many flavours.12) _ Younger people can taste more flavours than older people.13) _ Bitter taste buds are more uncommon than other taste buds.14) _ Aspartame is a chemical produced in large quantities in the USA.15) _ Artificial sweeteners and other chemicals cause tooth decay(退化).16) _ Taste enhancers may be better for our health than aspartame.17) _ Soy protein is an example of a bitter tasting food.UNIT 4 MediaComputer Generation of Animated Characters词汇讲解:animated 动画片 /动画人物;paparazzo意大利语狗仔。阅读技巧:对文章标题进展合理预测。AAsk any young person to tell you the names of some famous movies and the chances are that many of those mentioned will be popular because of computer-generated special effects. Movies such as Star Wars, the Matrix and Harry Potter rely heavily on computers to create special fantasy and space effects. Others, such as the famous Lord of the Rings movies, created surprisingly lifelike humanoid characters using sophisticated computer-generated techniques. The creative effort that lies behind these creatures is amazing. However, genuinely human characters, indistinguishable from real actors, are still not quite possible, although we are getting very close to this elusive goal.词汇讲解:mentionvt. 提到, 说到；e.g. : He mentioned them by name. 他提与到他们的名字。vt. 提与，说起；e.g. : As he has not done much, he is beneath mention. 同义替换：when it mentions to当涉与到.的时候；when it refers to /when it comes to /when it concerned toe.g. : When it refers to privacy, the line could not be crossed.privacy n. 隐私；private adj. 私人的/私有的。词汇讲解:fantasy n. 想像, 幻想e.g. : Everyone should indulge in fantasy on occasion.fantasizevt. & vi. 想像; 幻想; 做白日梦。e.g. : Many men fantasize about sleeping with someone who is not their partner. fan n. 粉丝；lord n. 主人/君主；landlord n. 房东；landlady n. 包租婆。surprisingly：出乎意料的，出人意料的，指的是出乎大家想象的。humanoid adj. 有人的特点的形容动物/动画片；humanly adv. 和人相关的,用人力；humanity n. (总称)人, 人类人道, 人文学科；人性化。vegetarian n. 吃素的人；humanitarian n. & adj. 人道主义者；cannibalism n. 吃人肉; 同类相食sophisticated：adj. 老练的; 老于世故的；e.g.: Mr. Smith is a sophisticated world traveler. adj. 精细的, 尖端的；e.g.: This is a very sophisticated machine. adj.高雅的, 有教养的；近义词：Complex / Complicated：复杂的。genuine:adj. 真的, 非人造的；e.g.: This medal is made of genuine gold. adj.真诚的, 真心的；e.g.: As time went on, a genuine friendship grew up between us. artificial:adj.人造的, 人工的, 假的；e.g.: The new dam will form a large artificial lake behind it. adj.虚假的, 不真挚的, 矫揉造作的；e.g.: Her smile looks artificial. adj.人为的 Artificial intelligence 人工智能indistinguishable n. 不可区分的，无法识别的。goal:n. 球门,进球得的分；e.g.: We scored a goal in the first minute of the game. n. 努力的对象, 目标；e.g.: When he at last arrived in Rome he felt he had reached his goal. 近义词：achievement / destinationelusiveadj. 难以捉摸的; 难以找到的; 不易记住的eg: Ive been trying all day to reach him on the telephone, but hes very elusive.illusion n. 错觉, 幻想, 错误观念BThe process of imagining and developing a computer-generated character is complex, involving many stages. The first stage is to design the look of the character, and to create a three-dimensional model on the computer. The model must be able to move in a realistic manner and, most importantly, its face must mirror human faces when it laughs, frowns or talks. One
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