2022年考博英语-西南科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第39期

2022年考博英语-西南科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题That mythical beast, homo economicus, is utterly clear about the purpose of work: to get paid. He is keener on leisure than work, and if money can be got without effort, he downs tools. If real people feel the same, then plentiful out-of-work benefits should be found in the same places as work-shy citizens.Yet a cross-country comparison of benefits and attitudes to work published on January 28th finds precisely the opposite pattern. Researchers ranked 13 countries according to their generosity (measured by comparing typical benefits to those out of work with the average wage of a production worker) and their citizens commitment to work (gauged by asking whether they would work if they did not need the cash, and whether they regarded a job as merely a way to earn a living). The more generous a state is, the keener on work its people are, they found. Britons, whose benefits were least after those that Americans get, were least keen of all on work.One reason may be the skills make-up of the British workforce. The researchers found, logically enough, that professionals and graduates were more positive about work than the unskilled and non-graduates. Fewer Britons than Norwegians (who came top on work commitment) have professional jobs or degrees. But this does not entirely explain their comparative immunity to the attractions of hard work: Britons of every social class and level of education were less keen on work than their counterparts elsewhere.Could the “dependency culture” currently excercising British politicians be solved by raising benefits? Unlikely, says Alison Park, editor of the annual British Social Attitudes Report, in which the study appeared: attitudes to work vary from country to country for many reasons. The generosity of what the report terms “encompassing” states, all Nordic with Lutheran traditions, may have been made possible by a strong work ethic, rather than a stronger commitment to work having emerged as a result of it.And work incentives are affected by features of welfare systems other than overall generosity: “corporatist” states such as Germany, which pay higher benefits to those with a longer work history, may be encouraging positive attitudes to work by such conditionality. Britain s little benefits, by contrast, are largely independent of previous employment, which may mean they are seen as an alternative to work, rather than as one of the good things that flow from it.6. “Work-shy citizens” in the last sentence of paragraph 1 probably refers to people who are（ ）.7. From paragraph 2, we learn that（ ）.8. Britons are unmotivated in their work mainly due to（ ）.9. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?10. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?问题1选项A.incompetent for their workB.ashamed of their workC.unwilling to do their workD.irresponsible for their work问题2选项A.Britons average wage is the lowest in EuropeB.Britons rely heavily on government welfaresC.Britons prefer leisure to workD.Britons are not enthusiastic in work问题3选项A.weak work ethicB.insufficient work skillsC.lazy lifestyleD.defective welfare system问题4选项A.Americans are probably less interested in their work than Britons.B.Norwegians exceed Britons in professional education.C.People in Nordic countries are more committed to their work than Germans.D.The welfare of “encompassing” states might be better than that of “corporatist” states.10. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?问题5选项A.Attitude to Work: Diligent or Idle?B.Attitude to Work: Cant or Wont?C.Welfare System: Stimulator or Inhibitor?D.Welfare System: More Generous or More Reasonable?【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.事实细节题。题干：第一段最后一句中的“work-shy citizens”可能指的是_的人。通过关键词“work-shy citizens”可以定位到第一段最后一句话前后内容If real people feel the same, then plentiful out-of-work benefits should be found in the same places as work-shy citizens.（如果现实中的人也一样如此，那么大量的失业福利应该在那些不愿工作的公民身上找到。），可知C选项“不愿去做他们的工作”符合题意。选项A“无法胜任他们的工作”，B选项“对自己的工作感到羞愧”，D选项“对他们的工作不负责任”。根据“失业福利”这个单词可知，Work-shy citizens指的是不愿工作而导致失业的人，所以A，B，D选项均不符合题意。综上所述，本题的正确答案是C选项。2.推理判断题。题干：从第2段，我们可以学习到_。根据第二段最后一句话The more generous a state is, the keener on work its people are, they found. Britons, whose benefits were least after those that Americans get, were least keen of all on work.（一个国家越慷慨，其人民就越热衷于工作。英国人紧随美国人之后，福利最微薄，他们对工作最不感兴趣。）可知，D选项“英国人对工作没有热情”，符合题意。A选项“英国人的平均工资是欧洲最低的”，文章表达的英国福利最差，并不是说平均工资最低，属于概念混淆，所以A选项不正确。B选项“英国人严重依赖政府福利”，英国人享受的福利是最差的，所以B选项的表述也不正确。C选项“比起工作，英国人更喜欢休闲”，文中并没有提及英国人喜欢休闲，属于无中生有，所以C选项也不正确。综上所述，本题的正确答案是D选项。3.事实细节题。题干：英国人在工作中缺乏积极性主要是因为_。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第一句话One reason may be the skills make-up of the British workforce. The researchers found, logically enough, that professionals and graduates were more positive about work than the unskilled and non-graduates.（其原因之一可能是英国劳动力的技能的构成。研究人员发现，符合逻辑的是，专业人士和大学毕业生对工作的态度比无技能和没有大学学历的人更积极。），所以B选项“工作技能不足”符合题意。A选项“薄弱的职业道德”，C选项“懒惰的生活方式”，D选项“有缺陷的福利系统”，这三个选项在此处并没有提及。综上所述，本题的正确答案为B选项。4.推理判断题。题干：下列哪个选项可以从文章中推断出来？A选项“美国人对工作的兴趣可能不如英国人”，通过文章第二段最后一句话The more generous a state is, the keener on work its people are, they found. Britons, whose benefits were least after those that Americans get, were least keen of all on work.（一个国家越慷慨，其人民就越热衷于工作。英国人紧随美国人之后，福利最微薄，他们对工作最不感兴趣。），可知，美国人的福利待遇比英国好，所以美国人比英国人更加热爱工作，A选项不正确。通过文章第三段Fewer Britons than Norwegians (who came top on work commitment) have professional jobs or degrees.（拥有专业工作或学位的英国人少于挪威人（挪威人在工作承诺方面排名第一），可知，B选项“挪威的职业教育超过了英国”，符合题意。通过文章第五段第二句话“corporatist” states such as Germany, which pay higher benefits to those with a longer work history, may be encouraging positive attitudes to work by such conditionality.（像德国这样的“社团主义”国家会给那些工龄较长的人更好的福利，他们可能通过这样的制约性来鼓励积极的工作态度。），所以德国人会更加投入工作，可推断出C选项“北欧国家的人比德国人对工作更投入”和D选项“包容国家的福利可能比社团主义国家更好”均不正确。综上所述，本题的正确答案为B选项。5.主旨大意题。题干：下列哪一个是文章的最好的标题？文章第一段就指出，工作的目的就是获得报酬。第二段以英国人为例，说明人们对工作的积极性和国家的慷慨程度和福利有关。第三段指出英国人对工作不热情的另一个原因是缺乏技能。第四段指出每个国家对工作态度不同的原因有很多种，强烈的职业道德也是原因之一。第五段以德国的例子说明工作的动力还会受到福利体制的特点影响。文章主要说的是人的工作态度是积极的还是消极的受到方方面面的因素影响，所以本题选B选项“工作态度：不能还是不愿意？”正确。A选项“工作态度：勤奋还是懒惰?”对主旨的概括不够贴切，C、D选项都在说福利待遇，不能全面概括文章内容。综上所述，本题的正确答案为B选项。2. 单选题Environmental issues raise a host of difficult ethical questions, including the ancient one of the nature of intrinsic value. Whereas many philosophers in the past have agreed that human experiences have intrinsic value and the utilitarians at least have always accepted that the pleasures and pains of nonhuman animals are of some intrinsic significance, this does not show why it is so bad if dodos become extinct or a rain forest is cut down. Are these things to be regretted only because of the loss to humans or other sentient creatures? Or is there more to it than that? Some philosophers are now prepared to defend the view that trees, rivers, species (considered apart from the individual animals of which they consist), and perhaps ecological systems as a whole have a value independent of the instrumental value they may have for humans or other sentient creatures.Our concern for the environment also raises the question of our obligations to future generations. How much do we owe to the future? From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist, the answer would seem to be: nothing. For we can benefit them, but they are unable to reciprocate. Most other ethical theories, however, do give weight to the interests of coming generations. Utilitarians, for one, would not think that the fact that members of future generations do not exist yet is any reason for giving less consideration to their interests than we give to our own, provided only that we are certain that they will exist and will have interests that will be affected by what we do. In the case of, say, the storage of radioactive wastes, it seems clear that what we do will indeed affect the interests of generations to come.The question becomes much more complex, however, when we consider that we can affect the size of future generations by the population policies we choose and the extent to which we encourage large or small families. Most environmentalists believe that the world is already dangerously overcrowded. This may well be so, but the notion of overpopulation conceals a philosophical issue that is ingeniously explored by Derek Parfit in Reasons and Persons (1984). What is optimum population? Is it that population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible? Or is it the size at which the total amount of welfarethe average multiplied by the number of peopleis as great as possible? Both answers lead to counterintuitive outcomes, and the question remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics.1. The first paragraph is mainly about（ ）.2. We owe nothing to the future generations（ ）.3. Population policy we take should be considered（ ）.4. According to this passage, optimum population（ ）.5. The proper title for this passage should be（ ）.问题1选项A.the intrinsic value of human experiencesB.the intrinsic value of the experiences of nonhuman animalsC.the intrinsic value of ecological system as a wholeD.an ancient ethical question about the nature of intrinsic value问题2选项A.in the authors opinionB.from a social contract view of ethicsC.for a utilitarianD.for most environmentalists问题3选项A.positiveB.negativeC.complexD.reasonable问题4选项A.refers to the population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possibleB.refers to the population size at which the total amount of welfare will be as great as possibleC.is a difficult philosophical issue which remains to be resolved in the futureD.is a difficult philosophical issue which Derek Parfit has successfully settled in Reasons and Persons问题5选项A.A Mystery in Applied EthicsB.Our Obligations to Future GenerationsC.Environmental EthicsD.Environmental issues【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。题干：第一段主要是关于_。A选项“人类经历的内在价值”，B选项“非人类动物经历的内在价值”，C选项“生态系统作为一个整体的内在价值”， D选项“一个关于内在价值本质的古老伦理问题”,前三个选项在第一段中都有提到，但并不是主要问题的所在，而第四个选项，在第二句话中就点了出来，前三个选项是第四个选项的展开说明，故D是正确答案。2.推理判断题。题干：我们不欠后代任何东西_。根据关键词“owe to”“future generations”可以定位到文章第二段第三句话From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist, the answer would seem to be: nothing.（从伦理学的社会契约观点或道德自我主义者的角度来看，答案似乎是：什么都不亏欠。），可知，B选项“伦理学的社会契约观点”，是正确的。文章并没有提及作者个人观点，所以A选项“在作者的观点看来”排除。从文章第二段第五句话Most other ethical theories, however, do give weight to the interests of coming generations. Utilitarians, for one, would not think that the fact that members of future generations do not exist yet is any reason for giving less consideration to their interests than we give to our own.（然而，其他大多数伦理理论确实考虑到了后代的利益。举例来说，功利主义者不会认为，后代成员还不存在这一事实，是我们对后代利益的考虑少于我们对自己利益考虑的任何理由。），所以C选项“功利主义者”排除。环境保护主义者也认为，我们应该为后代考虑，所以D选线项“环境保护主义者”排除。综上所述，本题的正确答案是B选项。3.事实细节题。题干：我们采取的人口政策被认为是_。根据关键词“population policy”可以定位到文章第三段，第一句话明确指出The question becomes much more complex, however（然而，问题会变得越来越复杂），所以本题的正确答案是C选项。4.细节推理题。题干：根据文章，最适宜的人口数量_。文章第三段后半部分提出了最合适的人口数量的问题。用两个问句提出对这一问题的两种可能的答案，即Is it that population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible? Or is it the size at which the total amount of welfarethe average multiplied by the number of peopleis as great as possible? (是在人口规模上，平均福利水平会尽可能高吗？或者是总福利的规模平均乘以人口的数量尽可能大？)，并在结尾的最后一句话中指出，and the question remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics.（这一问题仍是应用伦理学中最令人不解的谜之一。），其意就是仍有待于将来解决，所以C选项“这是一个只能留到将来解决哲学问题”是正确答案。A选项“最适宜的人口数量指平均福利水平尽可能高的人口规模”，B选项“最适宜的人口数量指福利总额最大的人口规模”，A，B选项都是文章提出的问题，未被证实，所以不正确，D选项“最适宜的人口数量是一个困难的哲学问题，德里克帕菲特在理性与人中成功地解决了这个问题”德里克帕菲特只是在书中提到What is optimum population?但是并没有解决，所以D选项不正确，综上所述，本题的正确答案是C选项。5.主旨大意题。题干：最适合文章的标题应该是_。本文主要讨论的并不是环境问题，而是由环境问题而引出的道德问题，A选项“应用道德中的谜”是最后一段提到的，B选项是“我们对下一代的责任”是第二段提到的，二者都不足以代表整篇文章的思想内容。所以本题的正确答案应该是C选项“环境伦理”。3. 单选题The criminal always paid（ ）cash so the police could not track him down.问题1选项A.onB.atC.forD.in【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。此题考查固定词组。pay in cash是一固定词组，意为“付现金”。句意：那名罪犯总是用现金付款，因此警方无法追捕到他。根据选项和句意可知，D选项符合题意。4. 单选题Farmers were encouraged to keep their livestock in pens rather than letting them（ ）freely.问题1选项A.roamB.wanderC.wonderD.roar【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项roam“闲逛，漫步”；B选项wander“游荡，漫游”；C选项wonder“想知道，纳闷”；D选项roar“咆哮，呼喊”。句意：鼓励农民们把家畜关进栏圈，而不是让它们到处乱跑。由rather than可知，句子后半句表达的意思应该“和把家畜关进栏圈”相反，C，D不符合句意。roam常指在广阔地方以自得其乐的愉快心情作无固定目标的漫游，wander多指人无目的地到处徘徊或闲荡，A选项与其意思对应。因此A选项符合句意。5. 单选题The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was（ ）to the issue at hand.问题1选项A.irrationalB.unreasonableC.invalidD.irrelevant【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项irrational“不合理的，无理性的”；B选项unreasonable “不合理的，不切实际的”；C选项invalid“无效的，有病的”；D选项irrelevant“不相干的，不切题的”。句意：法官裁定该证据不可采信，因为它与手头的问题无关。由选项意思和句意可知，D选项符合句意。6. 单选题A great amount of work has gone into（ ）the Cathedral to its previous splendor.问题1选项A.refreshingB.restoringC.renovatingD.renewing【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项refresh“振作，恢复活力”；B选项restore“恢复，修复”，强调恢复原貌；C选项renovate“更新，修复”，强调整修一新；D选项renew“使更新，使修复”。句意：为了使大教堂恢复昔日的辉煌，进行了大量的工作。由选项意思和句意可知，B选项符合句意。7. 单选题Whether you are logging on to your personal computer, using a credit card, or disarming a door security system, passwords or PINs (personal identification numbers) guard access to numerous regular operations.It is estimated that within ten years, consumers could be faced with handling more than 100 passwords! Given the popularity of passwords, how can you choose ones that are sufficiently complicated to be secure yet are simple enough to remember?There are basic guidelines to bear in mind. Dont use as a password your name or that of a member of your family, even in modified form. Also avoid using your telephone number, your Social Security number, or your address. Such information can easily be obtained by a determined hacker.In addition, if possible, dont use passwords made up entirely of letters or digits. A relatively simple computer program can crack such a code quickly. Finally, do not use a word that can be found in any dictionary, even a foreign-language one. Huge lists are available that contain words, place names, and proper names from all languages. Programs can test for variations of these words, such as if they are spelled backward, capitalized, or combined.So, what kinds of passwords should be used? Usually ones that have a minimum of six to eight characters and that have a mixture of upper-and lower-case letters, digit and punctuation symbols. How difficult is it to crack such a combination of characters? One source says, “A machine that could try one million passwords per second would require, on the average, over one hundred years.”How can you choose a combination that is easy to remember? Some suggest that you take the title of a favorite book or film or a line from a song or poem and use the first letter from each word as your password, adding capital letters, punctuation, or other characters. For example, “to be or not be” could become “2B/not 2B.”Other suggestions include taking two short words and link them with a punctuation character, such as “High? Bug” or “Song; Tree”.Taking into account the suggestions outlined above can help you to protect important information from unwanted hackers. Remember, too, the importance of changing your passwords regularly. Just a final comment: Whatever passwords you decide to use, dont pick any of the examples given above.1. What is the main idea of this passage?2. Why shouldnt we use a word that can be found in any dictionary as a password?3. If you are choosing a password for your computer, which of the following is the best choice?4. How can you choose a password that is both secure and simple to remember?5. The word “Given” in Paragraph 2 can be best replaced by（ ）.问题1选项A.How to strengthen security through a password.B.How to choose a password that is easy to remember.C.How to prevent your password from being cracked.D.How to choose a safe and convenient password.问题2选项A.Because it can be easily remembered by a computer hacker.B.Because computer programs can crack it.C.Because computer hackers are determined to crack it.D.Because the lists are so huge that the words are not easy to remember.问题3选项A.iaHgnahsB.19730508C.2B/not 2BD.Re-B, pl2问题4选项A.Taking the title of your favorite book or film.B.Taking a line from a song or poem you like best.C.Making up a nonsensical word which cannot be found in any dictionary.D.Using two short words linked with a punctuation character.问题5选项A.FixedB.GrantedC.SupposedD.Presented【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。题干：这篇文章的主旨是？这文章全文是关于“密码”。文章第一段就出现了passwords和PINs。第二段即引出文章主旨，如何选择既安全又简单易记的密码。后面的内容对这个问题做出了回答，所以选项D“如何选择一个安全方便的密码”正确。A选项“如何通过密码加强安全性”，是文章第五段的主要内容。B选项“如何选择一个容易记住的密码”，是文章第六段的主要内容。C选项“如何防止你的密码被破解”，是文章第三，四段的主要内容。综上所述，本题的正确答案是D选项。2.事实细节题。题干：为什么我们不能用一个在任何字典里都能找到的词作为密码呢?由题干定位到第四段第三、四、五句话Finally, do not use a word that can be found in any dictionary, even a foreign-language one. Huge lists are available that contain words, place names, and proper names from all languages. Programs can test for variations of these words, such as if they are spelled backward, capitalized, or combined.（最后，不要使用任何词典中都能找到的词，即使是外语词典。巨大的列表是可用的，包含单词，地名，和来自所有的语言的专有名称。比较简单的计算机程序能够很快地破译这类密码，比如它们是倒写、大写还是组合。），所以本题B选项“因为计算机程序可以破解它”，符合题意。A选项“因为电脑黑客很容易记住它”，是因为容易被破解所以不能用，并没有提到是否容易记忆，A选项排除。C选项“因为电脑黑客会下定决心破解它”，文章提到是有程序可以破解，而不是黑客会下决心破解，所以C选项不符合题意。D选项“因为单词表是如此之大以至于单词不容易记住”，在文中并没有提及。综上所述，本题的正确答案是B选项。3.推理判断题。如果你正在为你的电脑选择一个密码，以下哪个是最好的选择?根据第四段第一句话In addition, if possible, dont use passwords made up entirely of letters or digits.（另外，如果可能的话，不要使用完全由字母或数字组成的密码。），可排除A和B选项。这篇文章的最后一句讲到Just a final comment: Whatever passwords you decide to use, dont pick any of the examples given above.（无论你决定选择什么密码，不要采用上面提到的任何一个例子。），而C选项正是文章所给的例子，所以排除。所以只有D选项，有不同种类的符号、数字、横线等的组合，才是最好的选择。综上所述，本题的正确答案是D选项。4.推理判断题。题干：如何选择既安全又容易记忆的密码呢？根据文章第七段Other suggestions include taking two short words and link them with a punctuation character（还有建议就是使用两个简短的单词，并用标点符号将它们连接起来），可知D选项“用两个简短的单词连上一个标点符号”，符合题意。根据文章第六段第二句Some suggest that you take the title of a favorite book or film or a line from a song or poem and use the first letter from each word as your password, adding capital letters, punctuation, or other characters.（有人建议你用最喜欢的书或电影的标题，或一首歌曲或一首诗的台词，把每个单词的首字母作为你的密码，加上大写字母、标点符号或其他字符。），可知，A选项“选你最喜欢的书或电影的名字”和B选项“从你最喜欢的歌或诗中选取一句”，都不全面，选择书或者电影名字会容易被程序破解，所以B，C都不正确。C选项“编了一个在任何字典里都找不到的无意义的词”，随便编出来的没有意义的词会很容易忘记，所以C选项排除。综上所述，本题的正确答案是D选项。5.推理判断题。题干：第二段的“Given”，可以由单词_替代。由题干定位到第二段It is estimated that within ten years, consumers could be faced with handling more than 100 passwords! Given the popularity of passwords, how can you choose ones that are sufficiently complicated to be secure yet are simple enough to remember?（据估计，在10年内，消费者可能要处理100多个密码！考虑到密码的流行，你如何选择一个足够复杂的安全而又足够简单的记忆密码呢?），A选项“确定，固定”，B选项“授予，允许”，C选项“假定，设想”，D选项“提出，提供”。文章是对10年后情况的推测，所以应该选择C选项符合题意。8. 单选题Jim had to（ ）all his skill（ ）to defeat his tennis opponent.问题1选项A.call into playB.call . to mindC.call to attentionD.call . into action【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项，没有call sth. into play的搭配，B选项call sth to mind“想起，记起”；C选项，没有call sth. to attention的搭配，call attention to sth.“提醒，唤起注意”D选项call sth. into action“将某事付诸行动”。句意：吉姆不得不使出浑身解数来击败他的网球对手。由选项意思和句意可知，D选项符合句意。9. 单选题I am surprised（ ）this city is a dull place to live in.问题1选项A.that you should thinkB.by what you are thinkingC.that you would thinkD.with what you