2022年考博英语-电子科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第186期

2022年考博英语-电子科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The word “science” is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. However, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confusing, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge (facts).Even in the true science, distinguishing facts from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger so long as a clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions the scientists continue to experiment and observe until they are proved or discredited. The exact status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion.The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature of that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end, specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes - for instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put in economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their findings would one day result in applications of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discoveries of one bit of information opens the door to the discovery of another. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago, however, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of cell. The host of scientists devoting their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.1. To define science we may simply call it（ ）.2. Pure science, leading to the construction of a microscope,（ ）.A scientist interested in adding to our knowledge about oxygen would probably call his approach（ ）.3. Which of the following statements does the author imply?4. The best title for the passage is（ ）.问题1选项A.the study of unrelated subjectsB.an attempt to explain natural phenomenaC.the study of unrelated fieldsD.classified knowledge问题2选项A.may lead to antiscientific, “impure” resultsB.necessarily precedes applied science, leading to the discovery of a cellC.is not always as pure as we supposeD.necessarily results from applied science and the discovery of a cell问题3选项A.applied scienceB.agriculture scienceC.pure scienceD.environmental science问题4选项A.Scientists engaged in theoretical research should not be blamed for ignoring the practical side of their discoveries.B.Today few people have any notions of the meaning of science.C.In science, it is not difficult to distinguish fact from fiction.D.Practical-minded people can understand the meaning and objectives of pure science.问题5选项A.The Nature of Science and ScientistsB.Biology and the Scientific AgeC.Hypotheses and TheoriesD.On Distinguishing Facts from Fictions【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干关键信息“to define science” 定位至第一段: Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge (正是为了使解释尽可能简单，假定科学被定义为“分类知识”),故选D “分类知识”。2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词the construction of a microscope定位至第五段:however, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell (然而，人们应该不会忘记:显微镜的建造必须早于细胞的发现),因此B项“一定会领先于应用科学，导致细胞的发现”正确。3.判断推理题。题干为:一位对增加我们关于氧气的常识感兴趣的科学家可能称他的方法为?第四段指出:two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science (两种基本的方法导致了新信息的发现。一种是为了满足好奇心，被称为纯科学),因此这个科学家的方法可以被称为产科学,故选C。4.判断推理题。A:从事理论研究的科学家不应该由于忽视他们发现的实用性而被谴责,第五段指出: The host of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of the discoveries (许多致力于纯科学研究的科学家并不为忽视发现的实用性而道歉),因此A项符合原文所述。B:现在很少有人能真正理解科学的含义,第一段指出: The word science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning (现代人经常听到科学这个词,几乎每个人都对它的含义有一些概念),因此B不符合原文所述。C:就科学而言,区分事实和虚构并不是很难,根据第二段首句“Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy (即使在真正的科学中，区分事实和虚构并不总是容易的)”可知C项不正确。D:追求实用性的人能够理解纯科学的含义和目标。根据第五段首句“Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science (有时候有实际头脑的人会忽略纯科学的意义)”可知D项与原文不符。故选A。5.主旨大意题。文章主要讲的是科学的定义、科学的分类以及科学家的特性，因此，A项“科学和科学家的特性”最适合做文章标题。2. 单选题There are many kinds of metals,（ ）its special properties问题1选项A.each havingB.every havingC.each hasD.one has【答案】A【解析】句意:这里有很多种金属，每一种都有它特有的属性。语法题。考查独立主格。“its special properties它特有的属性”的逻辑主语是空格前“metals金属”,因此这里使用独立主格结构来 表示补充说明。3. 单选题She has always（ ）her neighbors for the past twenty years.问题1选项A.been fed up withB.been on good terms withC.gotten around toD.gone along with【答案】B【解析】句意:在最近二十年里，她一直与自己的邻居保持着良好的关系。语法题。考查现在完成时。由题干关键词“for the past twenty years.在最近的二十年里”与“has always 直”可知此处表示延续状态,所以用现在完成时(has been),故排除C，D。be fed up with表示“厌烦”,不是持续状态。Be on good terms with 同某人关系好,是持续状态。故选B。4. 单选题The joys of travel, having long（ ）the disabled, are opening up to virtually anyone who has the means.问题1选项A.omittedB.threatenedC.worriedD.fascinated【答案】A【解析】句意：对于残疾人来说已经久违的旅行的快乐，现在几乎对每个有出行工具的人都敞开了大门。考查动词辨析。omit 省略，遗漏；threat 威胁，恐吓；worry 担忧；fascinate 使着迷。此处用omit表示“对于残疾人来说已经久违的旅行的快乐”。故选A。5. 单选题“Which coat did your husband buy?” “The black one, but I（ ）the green one.”问题1选项A.would rather have boughtB.would rather buyC.would have rather boughtD.rather had bought【答案】A【解析】句意:“你的丈夫买了哪一件外套？ ”“黑色的那件外套，但我宁愿买绿色的那件。”语法题。考查虚拟语气。这里表示对过去已发生事情的假设,所以表示对过去的虚拟: would rather have+done。故选A。6. 单选题We are dealing with two different perspectives that（ ）, intersect, but dont seem to yield a synthesis.问题1选项A.overrunB.overlapC.overworkD.overuse【答案】B【解析】句意:我们正在处理有部分重叠、交叉却似乎不能生成综合体的两种不同的透视图。考查动词辨析。Overrun 泛滥，横行，肆虐，多用(时间、钱财等)，超时;overlap部分重叠，部分地同时发生;overwork工作过度;overuse 使用过度（或过久）。由题干中关键信息intersect交叉”可知“部分重叠”符合。7. 单选题It made him uncomfortable to（ ）his plan and think of something new.问题1选项A.switchB.transferC.shiftD.alter【答案】D【解析】句意:改变计划或另想新的路子,都使他感到不舒服。考查动词辨析。switch 转换,挥动;transfer 使转移,调任;shift 转移,替换;alter 改变,更改。因此D符合句意。8. 单选题As a start toward better policy making, the administration should put forward a detailed analysis（ ）each major proposed policy change.问题1选项A.justifyingB.criticizingC.designingD.prohibiting【答案】A【解析】句意:作为更好政策制定的开始，行政机构应提出一个详细的分析来证明每个被提议的主要政策变化都是有道理的。考查动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的现在分词形式。Justify 证明 正当（或有道理、合理），替辩护；criticize 批评，评论;design 设计，计划，构思; prohibit 阻止，禁止。因此A符合句意。9. 填空题Memory is undoubtedly one of the most important human facilities. （1）it there would be no learning from experience, no intellectual functioning, no（2）of language, nor any of the qualities that are generally（3）with being human. Yet, with the possible exception of consciousness itself, memory （4）the most mysterious of the minds（5）. Despite the fact that more research has been（6）to the study of memory than to any other mental function, comparatively（7）is known about how the mind remembers things, and why it also appears to（8）.Memory is often thought of（9）the ability to recall past events.（10）someone were asked to remember what he ate for lunch yesterday, he would probably be able to give a brief（11）, and if we were to（12）back with what he had（13）eaten, it would be possible to see how well he bad remembered it.Memory,（14）, is more than just the ability to recall. If the（15）person were asked what he ate for lunch a year ago, he would probably be very（16）to recall it. Yet if we could（17）him of what he actually ate, lie might well say, “Ah yes, now I remember.” He would（18）the items and still could be said to have retained（19）memory of the event. Thus, retention does not（20）imply recall.【答案】1.Without2.development3.associated4.remains5.function6.devoted7.little8.forget9.as10.If11.description12.check13.actually14.however15.same16.unlikely17.remind18.recall19.some20.necessarily【解析】1.词汇题。分析句子可知, it后面的句子是完整的，因此，空格处应该填入介词；此外,段首句讲到记忆是人体功能最重要的一部分，而后文用并列的否定词“no或nor” 说明在记忆的某种情况下，就不会有智力功能。因此应该填入“without”。2.词汇题。空格处和of language一起应该和learning from experience(从经验中学习) ,intellectual functioning(智力发挥作用)是并列的,因此此处填“development”表示“语言的形成”。3.固定搭配。Be associated with 与有关。4.词汇题。分析句子结构可知, memory是主语, the most mysterious是形容词的最高级做表语,因此空格处应该是系动词。“with the possible exception of”，表示“可能除之外”，空格处应该填“remains”，与前文中“除之外”形成对比关系。5.词汇题。根据后文“mental function”的提示可 知，空格处可填入“function”表示“人脑功能”。6.固定搭配。此处想表达“针对记忆，进行了大量研究”，此处可以填入“devoted”即符合句意。Be devoted to 献身于,致力于。7.词汇题。根据关键词“despite”，以及“comparatively”可推知前后文句意的对比关系，前面句意为:更多的研究致力于记忆的研究，而不是任何其他的心理功能。所以此处应该填入与“more research”相对的词。因此填入表示对比逻辑关系的“little”。8.词汇题。空格前是动词不定式to,因此空格应该为动词。通过前半句关键词“remembers things”可知,此处应填对应词“forget”。9.固定搭配。be thought of as+n. 被认为是。10.词汇题。通过分析句子谓语动词“were asked”以及“would probably be able to”可知,这是if引导的虚拟条件句。11.词汇题。空前brief为形容词,所以空格处应该是名词。句意: 如果被问及昨天中餐吃了什么，可能给出大概的描述。因此此处填“description”。12.词汇题。所在句为If引导的虚拟条件句。此处“back with”对应前面的remember,故填“check”，check back with 确认。13.词汇题。空格前后分别是had和eaten,即动词的过去完成时。因此空格处为副词。根据句意可知“actually”合适。14.逻辑分析。上段的中心句为: 记忆通常被认为能回想过去事情的能力。此段开头为:记忆不仅仅是回忆的能力。因此是对上段的对比转折。15.词汇题。此处应该填入修饰 “people的形容词,句意为:如果一个_人被问及一年前吃过什么, 而且此处是对上文例子的一种情况的描述。因此被问及的应该是同一个人。16.固定搭配。be unlikely to 不可能做某事。17.固定搭配。Remind sb. of 提醒某人。18.词汇题。根据前文句意可知空格处应该谈论继续想起这个事情的情况。因此填“recall”与“retain”对应。19.词汇题。此处应填形容词修饰memory,句意为: 已经保留了这件事的某些记忆。因此，可填“some”。20.词汇题。空格后是动词imply,因此空格处应为副词。此句是对此段中心句的总结,因此可填necessarily。10. 单选题We all left the meeting, being convinced that the project was（ ）.问题1选项A.fertileB.inevitableC.inherentD.feasible【答案】D【解析】句意:我们都离开了会场，并确信这个项目可行。考查形容词辨析。fertile肥沃的，富饶的，能生育的；inevitable 必然的，不可避免的;inherent 固有的，遗传的;feasible 可行的，可能的。因此D符合句意。11. 单选题Englands team, who are now superbly fit, will be doing their best next week to（ ）themselves for last year defeat.问题1选项A.reviveB.resortC.remedyD.revenge【答案】D【解析】句意:现在的英格兰队踌躇满志，决心在下周的比赛中全力以赴，以雪去年失败之耻。考查动词辨析。revive （使）苏醒，复活，重新使用；resort与to构成搭配resort to sth.诉诸于；remedy 改正，纠正；revenge报仇, 雪耻。故D正确。12. 单选题His argument does not suggest that mankind can（ ）to be wasteful in the utilization of these resources.问题1选项A.resortB.grantC.affordD.entitle【答案】C【解析】句意:他的论据未标明，人类在这些资源的使用上能浪费得起。考查动词辨析。resort 常去，求助，诉诸，resort to 依靠，求助于；;grant 授予，允许，承认，grant to 同意给予，准予；afford 给予，提供，承担得起;afford to （有条件）做，承担得起，负担得起；entitle 给称号，使有权利。因此C符合句意。13. 单选题He has given（ ）excuses for being late; but none of them is true.问题1选项A.numberB.numeralC.numerableD.numerous【答案】D【解析】句意:他给出很多迟到的理由，但是没有一个是真的。考查形容词辨析。number 数字，号码；numeral 数字，数码;numerable 可数的，可计算的；numerous 很多的，许多的。根据后面句意“但是没有一个是真的”可知D符合句意。14. 单选题If we（ ）our relations with that country, well have to find another supplier of raw materials.问题1选项A.diffuseB.diminishC.terminateD.preclude【答案】C【解析】句意:如果我们终止与那个国家的关系，那么我们将必须找到另一个原材料供应商。考查动词辨析。diffuse传播，普及，使分散;diminish使减少，使变小; terminate 使终止，使结束，解雇;preclude 排除，妨碍，阻止。根据后半句句意可知C符合句意。15. 单选题The philosophy teacher was indeed amazed by the students（ ）in handing the computer.问题1选项A.availabilityB.probabilityC.variabilityD.versatility【答案】D【解析】句意:这位哲学老师的确为这些学生在操控计算机上的多才多艺感到惊讶。考查名词辨析。Availability 可利用，可用性，有用（效）性；probability可能性，机率；variability 可变性，变异性；versatility 多功能性，多才多艺，用途广泛。因此D符合句意。16. 单选题There is supposed to be a safety（ ）which makes it impossible for trains to collide, thus it can avoid heavy losses.问题1选项A.applianceB.accessoryC.machineD.mechanism【答案】D【解析】句意:应该要有一个可以避免火车相撞的机制，从而避免重大损失。考查名词辨析。appliance 器具，器械，装置，家用电器；accessory 配件，附件，法从犯，（衣服的）配饰；machine 机械；mechanism 机制，机械 装置。因此D符合句意。17. 单选题Luckily, there were no secondary infections and both of the patients（ ）.问题1选项A.livedB.revivedC.survivedD.existed【答案】C【解析】句意:幸运的是没有继发感染且这两位病人活下来了。考查动词辨析。四个选项均为对应动词的过去式。Live住,居住,生存; revive (使)苏醒,复活,重新使用; survive生存,存活,继续存在,幸存; exist 存在,实际上有,生活。故C符合句意。18. 单选题Please（ ）yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.问题1选项A.restrainB.hinderC.restrictD.prohibit【答案】A【解析】句意:请不要在公共场所吸烟以及随地吐痰！这可是违法的！考查动词辨析。restrain制止，阻止，管制，忍住，后可接反身代词和from,构成restrain oneself from.表示戒掉习惯，符合题意。hinder 妨碍，阻止，后不接from,故排除。restrict 限制，后接介词 to,构成restrict to表示仅限于，不符合句意，故排除。prohibit 禁止，可以直接接宾语，后面不接from，也排除。因此选A。19. 单选题Hard work can（ ）your success in learning a foreign language.问题1选项A.assureB.guaranteeC.warrantD.promise【答案】B【解析】句意:努力工作能保证你在学习一门外语上取得成功。考查动词辨析。Assure 使确信,向保证,弄清,查明; guarantee保证,担保,保障; warrant使有必要,使正当; promise 许诺,承诺,答应。因此B符合句意。20. 单选题The two countries have（ ）friendly relations for many years.问题1选项A.retainedB.sustainedC.maintainedD.remained【答案】C【解析】句意:这两个国家多年来保持着友好关系。考查动词辨析。四个选项均为对应动词的过去分词形式。Retain持有,保留; sustain维持(生命、生存),使稳定持续,遭受; maintain维持,保持,维修; remain仍然是,保持不变,剩余,遗留,续存在。因此C符合句意。