2022年考博英语-吉林大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第48期

2022年考博英语-吉林大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题The（ ） prevents the people in the two neighboring nations from living in peace.问题1选项A.brevityB.amenityC.enmityD.fidelity【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。brevity “简洁”；amenity “舒适，愉悦”；enmity “敌意，憎恨”；fidelity “忠诚”。题干中提到有一种东西会阻止两邻国友好相处，这种东西很明显是enmity，选项C符合题意。2. 单选题His criticism injured Jennys（ ） .So she is feeling sad now.问题1选项A.divinityB.indignityC.egoD.mind【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。divinity “神圣， 神性”；indignity “侮辱，轻蔑”；ego “自尊心，自我意识”；mind “精神，理智，决心”。句意：他的批评伤害了Jenny的自尊心。所以她现在非常伤心。选项C符合题意。3. 单选题The Indian wars greatly（ ） the dangers of frontier life.问题1选项A.accumulatedB.challengedC.multipliedD.enriched【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。accumulate “积聚；堆积”；challenge“挑战”；multiply “繁殖，乘，增加”；enrich “使丰富”。句意：印度战争极大增加了边境生命的危险性。选项C符合题意。4. 单选题One of the biggest （ ）to the economic reform of this area has been the lack of access to international markets.问题1选项A.propheciesB.transactionsC.argumentsD.hindrances【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。prophecy “预言”；transaction “交易”；argument “论证，争吵”；hindrance “障碍，妨碍”。句意：这些领域经济改革中最大的障碍便是没有进入国际市场。选项D符合题意。5. 单选题Some minerals are quite common, others are regionally （ ）, and still others are rare on the earth.问题1选项A.attributedB.distributedC.contributedD.scattered【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。attribute “认为 是；把 归于”；distribute “分配，散发”；contribute “贡献”；scatter “分散，散开”。句意：有些矿藏很常见，有些则是区域性分布，还有些是地球上罕见的。选项B符合题意。6. 单选题The recent news of the successful cloning of an adult sheep in which the sheeps DNA was inserted into an unfertilized sheep egg to produce a lamb with identical DNA has generated an outpouring of ethical concerns. These concerns are not about Dolly, the now famous sheep, nor even about the considerable impact cloning may have on the animal breeding industry, but rather about the possibility of cloning humans. For the most part, however, the ethical concerns being raised are exaggerated and misplaced, because they are based on erroneous views about what genes are and what they can do. The danger, therefore, lies not in the power of the technology, but in the misunderstanding of its significance.Producing a clone of a human being would not amount to creating a “ carbon copy ” an automaton of the sort familiar from science fiction. It would be more like producing a delayed identical twin. And just as identical twins are two separate people biologically, psychologically, morally and legally, though not genetically so to embrace a belief in genetic determinism the view that genes determine everything about us, and that environmental factors or the random events in human development are utterly insignificant. The overwhelming consensus among geneticists is that genetic determinism is false.As geneticists have come to understand the ways in which genes operate, they have also become aware of the myriad ways in which the environment affects their “expression”. The genetic contribution to the simplest physical traits, such as height and hair color, is significantly mediated by environmental factors. And the genetic contribution to the traits we value most deeply, from intelligence to compassion, is conceded by even the most enthusiastic genetic researchers to be limited and indirect. Indeed, we need only appeal to our ordinary experience with identical twinsthat they are different people despite their similaritiesto appreciate that genetic determinism is false.Furthermore, because of the extra steps involved, cloning will probably always be riskierthat is, less likely to result in a live birth that in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer. For example, it took more than 275 attempts before the researchers were able to obtain a successful sheep clone. While cloning methods may improve, we should note that even standard IVF techniques typically have success rate of less than 20 percent. So why would anyone go to the trouble of cloning?1.What process resulted in the successful cloning of an adult sheep?2.According to the essay, in what respect the relationship between a cloned human being and its counterpart is similar to the relationship of twins?3.What does the concept of genetic determinism state?4.What are examples of genetic contribution?5.According to the passage, where does the danger of cloning lie in?问题1选项A.In vitro fertilization.B.Embryo transfer.C.The insertion of a mature sheeps DNA into an unfertilized egg.D.The adoption of physical and genetic characteristics.问题2选项A.Both a cloned human being and a part of twins have the same conceptions of morality.B.The environment one is born into affects their conceptions of reality.C.The connection is strictly genetic.D.The similarities are biological, legal, moral and psychological.问题3选项A.That each individuals DNA determines their capabilities in life regardless of environmental morality.B.Environmental factors greatly influence persons actions and beliefs.C.Both genes and environments determine human traits.D.Identical twins have the capacity to be completely independent beings and have individual ideas.问题4选项A.Hair and eye color.B.A childs attitude towards their parents.C.A persons values.D.Fashion style.问题5选项A.The power of technology.B.Ethical and moral issues.C.The mistaken understanding of its significance.D.The exact replication of dangerous people.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.文章第一段第一句话提到 in which the sheeps DNA was inserted into an unfertilized sheep egg to produce a lamb with identical DNA, 所以选项C符合题意。2.文章第二段提到克隆人的产生就像一对完全相同的双胞胎。接着指出双胞胎是两个人，除了基因相似外，生理、心理、道德和法律上都是相对独立的，所以选项A、C、D可以排除，选项B符合题意。3.文章第二段the view that genes determine everything about us, and that environmental factors or the random events in human development are utterly insignificant, 所以选项A符合题意。4.文章第三段the genetic contribution to the simplest physical traits,such as height and hair color “基因只会对非常简单的特点有所影响，比如身高和头发颜色”，所以选项A符合题意。5.文章第一段最后一句话The danger, therefore, lies not in the power of the technology,but in the understanding of its significance. “因此危险并不是在于技术的力量，而是在对其重要性的理解上。”选项C符合题意。7. 单选题around the globe more quickly and easily, has resulted in the removal of state controls on trade and investments, the disappearance of tariff barriers and the spread of new information and communications technologies. In societies around the world, the effects of globalization have influenced social development. Not only are the influences of globalization apparent in markets, their forces are felt in the processes or working towards equality between men and women. Reda Bebars of Egypt, stressing that the advancement of women would not be achieved by passing legislation, said that social development on the national scale must be strengthened and a climate conducive to development must be created if the goals set in Beijing (at the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women) are to be realized.The problems stem from the fact that women are very differently positioned in relation to the markets in different parts of the world. In certain places, where women are socially excluded from leaving their homes, the challenge is to find ways for women to participate. In other places, the challenge is to create markets which are more friendly to womens participation. Ilham Ibrahim Mohamed Ahmed of Sudan condemned the debt burden carried by developing countries, economic sanctions, arbitrary measures and denial of access to new technological developments as obstacles to the growth of womens rights. Women remain very much in the minority among Internet users and still face huge imbalances in the ownership, control and regulation of new information technologies.“The gains of globalization have not been equitably distributed and the gap between rich and poor countries is widening”，said Zhang Lei of the Peoples Republic of China.The gains of globalization thus far have for the most part been concentrated in the hands of better-off women with higher levels of education and with greater ownership of resources and access to capital.“Work in China and Vietnam shows that globalization has brought new opportunities to young women with familiarity with English in new service sector jobs, but has made a vast number of over-35-year-olds redundant, because they are either in declining industries or have outdated skills”，Swasti Mitter of the UNs Women Watch Online Working Group on Womens Economic Inequality said.1.According to the essay, what role has English played during the process of globalization?2.What needs to occur in order for the goals of the fourth womens conference to be realized?3.Where have the profits of globalization gone?4.What does the sentence “.but has made a vast number of over 35-year-olds redundant.” in the last paragraph mean?5.What reason does the passage suggest for the fact that women remain the minority of Internet users?问题1选项A.It has created new education opportunities.B.It has speed up the process of globalization.C.It has opened new opportunities for young women.D.It has increased the number of skilled women.问题2选项A.Enforce Legislations calling for the advancement of women.B.Need to create a climate that encourages social development on a national scale.C.Create new technological opportunities for women in China.D.Abolish economic barriers between China and the West.问题3选项A.In rich countries with strict tariff barriers.B.In China and Vietnam.C.In the hands of smart women.D.In the hands of richer members of the society.问题4选项A.Globalization has caused many over 35-year-old women to lose their jobs.B.Over 35 year old women are stuck in industries that are no longer thriving.C.There is a great need for over 35-year-old women due to the process of globalization.D.There was a baby boom 35 years ago and there are many 35 year old women working.问题5选项A.They do not speak English well enough.B.They do not know how to use computers as well as men do.C.Men remain the majority of people who control the internet industry.D.It does not apply, because this problem does not exist in China.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.文章最后一段Work in China and Vietnam shows that globalization has brought new opportunities to young women with familiarity with English in new service sector jobs 提到中国和越南的工作表明全球化为那些英语熟练的年轻女性提供了就业机会，选项C符合题意。2.文章第一段 Reda Bebars说道 “要想实现1995年在北京召开的第四次世界妇女大会的目标，必须加强全国范围的社会发展并且还必须创造一个有利于发展的社会环境。”（ social development on the national scale must be strengthened and a climate conducive to development must be created if the goals set in Beijing (at the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women) are to be realized），选项B与之描述一致，符合题意。3.文章第三段The gains of globalization have not been equitably distributed and the gap between rich and poor countries is widening”以及第四段的内容“The gains of globalization thus far have for the most part been concentrated in the hands of better-off women with higher levels of education and with greater ownership of resources and access to capital.” 可知选项D “全球化的收益掌握在了社会上那些更加富裕的人的手里”符合题意。4.文章提到全球化为会英语的年轻女性提供了更多的就业机会，但是与之不同的是，35岁以上的女性却失去了工作机会，选项A “全球化使得许多35岁以上的妇女失去了工作”。选项A符合题意。5.文章第二段最后一句话Women remain very much in the minority among Internet users and still face huge imbalances in the ownership, control and regulation of new information technologies 提到女性在互联网用户中只是少数并且依然在新信息技术的掌握、控制和管理方面面临着绝大的不公正。选项C的描述与之相近，符合题意。8. 单选题Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors habits among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we cant figure out how to change peoples habits,” said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to-Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, youll find that many of the products we use every day chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitaminsare results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didnt drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off spring, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns.” said Carol Beming, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble the company that sold $ 76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers lives, and its essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Beming have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through cruel and endless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.1.According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap（ ） .2.The example of brushing teeth shows that some of consumers habits are developed due to3.Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to4.How did Carol Beming see creating automatic behaviors among consumers?5.What is the authors attitude toward the influence of advertising on peoples habits?问题1选项A.should be further cultivatedB.are deeply rooted in historyC.should be changed graduallyD.are basically private concerns问题2选项A.perfected art of productsB.commercial promotionsC.automatic behavior creationD.scientific experiments问题3选项A.show the urgent need of daily necessitiesB.reveal their impact on peoples habitsC.indicate their effect on peoples buying powerD.manifest the significant role of good habits问题4选项A.It may not bring huge profits for companies.B.It has become a new field of scientific researchC.It means a heavy investment for companiesD.It is necessary for the success of new products.问题5选项A.IndifferentB.NegativeC.PositiveD.Biased【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.文章第二段第一句there are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we cant figure out how to change peoples habits提到这个博士的观点：因为我们不知道如何改变人们的习惯，所以有像手脏了而不用肥皂洗手的根本公共健康问题仍然是导致人类死亡的事物。而这种习惯需要培养。选项A符合题意。2.文章第四段a century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands提到在广告普及之前很少有人会有规律地刷牙，由此可知选项B “商业促销”符合题意。3.文章第五段提到人们以前从来不会在不用餐的情况下喝水。然后饮料公司开始生产灌装水，现在办公室的人会不假思索地喝水。曾经口香糖也大部分是青春期男孩购买，现在被商业广告塑造成清新口气和牙齿清新剂。这些都是因为人们的习惯被改变了。选项B符合题意。4.文章倒数第二段第一句Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns提到当产品成为每天或每周的生活方式时，这些产品就成功了。选项D符合题意。5.文章最后一段最后一句As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods提到这些策略被用来销售有问题的美容膏或不健康的食品时，随之而来的便是无休止的争论。可知作者对商业广告影响人们的习惯是抱消极态度的。选项B符合题意。9. 单选题The realm of product liability is one that has always put legal scholars and practitioners at odds. Viewed by some as genuine efforts to protect the public from dangerous goods and others as an excuse for dirty lawyers to sue rich companies, the matter has yet to be resolved. Product liability, and its implications for disgruntled consumers wishing to sue the makers of what they buy, continues to be debated.Those who argue that current product liability laws are positive assert that without such laws, manufacturers would be free to do as they please without regard for the safety of the consumers who buy their products. As a result, they argue, shoddy merchandise would emerge, with every possible comer cut in order to lower costs, at the expense of quality. Not only would the shoddy merchandise be a rip-off, however, but the products could likely be harmful as well. Proponents of this point of view hail the new wave of warning labels and increased quality assurance that has resulted from recent product liability legislation, confident in their conviction that it has made the American marketplace a safer place to shop.Opponents of the current status-quo, however, cite the overwhelming amount of litigation that has taken place as a result of stricter product liability. A moderate approach is advised by this group, between the necessary safeguards that world prevent abuse of the system by the companies and the excessive consumer-protection laws that allow producers to be sued at the drop of a hat. These people argue that greed and the alluring possibility of easy money lead unscrupulous buyers to look for any excuse to bring minor grievances to court, hoping for a million dollar outcome.As the situation stands now, the former camp is getting its way, reflecting societys priority of safety over economics. Recent lobbying by producers has begun to shift the tide, however. As abuse of product liability laws continues and grows, courts are beginning to note the trend and take appropriate measures, casting a keener eye on such cases so as to distinguish between frivolous cases and more serious claims. In regard to the future of product liability legislation and its relation to our ever increasingly litigious society, only time will tell.1.It is stated that consumers who bring product liability problems to litigation（ ） .2. Manufacturers in the text tend to（ ） .3.Those who favor less strict product liability laws believe that（ ） .4.The authors attitude toward the issue seems to be （ ）.5. The main purpose of this text is to（ ） .问题1选项A.are primarily motivated by the possibility of quick money through a lawsuitB.suffer injuries from faulty merchandise and deserve appropriate compensationC.will find their options limited in the future as product liability laws will move toward a more moderate positionD.bring their issues to litigation based on both legitimate and profit seeking grounds问题2选项A.invariably produce dangerous products that require legislation to ensure safetyB.hold profit and cost-cutting in higher regard than consumer safetyC.be the victims of a legal institution that unfairly targets themD.be bound by the current system, causing t