2022年考博英语-西南大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷80

2022年考博英语-西南大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The （ ）that she suggested for discussion were based on the most recent medical research.问题1选项A.contributionsB.occupationsC.expostulationsD.amendment【答案】D【解析】考察名词词义辨析。contribution “贡献”；occupation “职业；占有”；expostulation “劝告”；amendment “修正；改善”。句意：她建议讨论的修正案要基于最近的医学研究。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题His career was not noticeably （ ）by the fact that he had never been to college.问题1选项A.preventedB.restrainedC.hinderedD.refrained【答案】C【解析】考察动词词义辨析。prevent “防止”；restrain “抑制，阻止”；hinder “阻碍”；refrain “抑制，自制，避免”。句意：他的事业没有因为他没上过大学而受到明显的障碍。选项C符合题意。3. 单选题Although, recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing. Consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical, reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissionsshort of a massive shift away from the private automobileis to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner burning fuels such as compressed natural gas liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules bum more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds, and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of large molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have a set of heavy fuel tanksa serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels; they have hither energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanols most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than gasoline clone vehicles fueled with methanol, they would need comparatively less fuel. Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the Engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.According to the passage, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because: （ ）.3.The passage suggests which of the Following about air pollution?4.The author describes which of the following as the most appealing feature of methanol?5.It can be inferred that the author of the passage most likely regards the criticism of methanol in the last paragraph as（ ）.问题1选项A.countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solution to a problemB.reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problemC.identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problemD.discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it问题2选项A.the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbons.B.the combustion of gasoline involves an intricate series of reactions.C.gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure.D.gasoline is composed of small molecules.问题3选项A.Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will not help lower urban air-pollution levels.B.Attempts to reduce the pollutions that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicle emits havebeen largely unsuccessful.C.Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants emitted by gasoline- fueled vehicles.D.Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical source of urban air pollution.问题4选项A.It is substantially less expensive than ethanol.B.It could be provided to consumers through the existing motor fuel distribution systemC.It has a higher energy content than other alternative fuels.D.Its use would substantially reduce ozone levels.问题5选项A.flawed because of the assumptions on which it is basedB.inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics argumentsC.misguided because of its exclusively technological focusD.invalid because it reflects the personal bias of the critics【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.文章第一段最后一句There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissionsshort of a massive shift away from the private automobileis to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner burning fuels such as compressed natural gas liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol是本文的主旨句，提出如何来减少机动车尾气排放。所以选项C符合题意。2.文章第二段第三句The combustion of large molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series of reactions提到大分子的燃烧有着更复杂的反映，选项B符合题意。3.题干中出现了air pollution, 因此可以将重点放在第一段。第一段主要提及了尽管污染减少，但还是需要有效的方法来改善环境。第一段最后一句话可以推出选项A符合题意。4.文章第三段最后一句Methanols most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.提到甲醇最吸引人的特点就是会大幅度减少臭氧水平。选项D符合题意。5.根据文章第四段第二句Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol可知选项A符合题意。4. 单选题One motivational analyst who became curious to know there had been such a great rise in impulse buying at supermarkets was James Vicary. He suspected that some special psychology must be going on inside the women as they shopped in supermarkets. His suspicion was that perhaps they underwent such an increase in tension when confronted with so many possibilities that they were forced into making quick purchases. He set out to find out if this were true. The best way to detect what was going on inside the shopper was through the use of a galvanometer or lie detector. That obviously was impractical. The next best thing was to use a hidden motion-picture camera and record the eye-blink rate of the women as they shopped. How fast a person blinks his eyes is a pretty good index of his state of inner tension. The average person, according to Mr. Vicary, normally blinks his eyes about 32 times a minute. If he is tense, he blinks them more frequently; and, under extreme tension, he may blink up to 50 or 60 times a minute. If he is notably relaxed, on the other hand, his eye-blink rate may drop to a subnormal twenty or less.Mr. Vicary set up his cameras and started following the ladies as they entered the store. The results were startling, even to him. Their eye-blink rate, instead of going up to indicate mounting tension, went down and down, to a very subnormal fourteen blinks a minute. The ladies fell into what Mr. Vicary calls a hypnoidal trance, a light kind of trance that, he explains, is the first stage of hypnosis. Mr. Vicary has decided that the main cause of the trance is that the supermarket is packed with products which in former years would have been items only kings and queens could have afforded and here in this fairyland they were available to all. Mr. Vicary theorizes: Just within this generation, anyone can be a king or queen and go through these stores where the products say buy me buy me”.1.Vicarys curiosity was aroused by the fact that（ ）.2.According to the article, eye-blink rate is an indication of （ ）.3.Mr. Vicarys test（ ）.4.After his tests, Mr. Vicary concluded that（ ）.5.The article implied but not stated（ ）.问题1选项A.there was a decrease in sales in supermarketsB.women were showing strong resistance to products in supermarketsC.there seemed to be no logic in womens buying habitsD.women were shopping very carefully问题2选项A.the truth or falsity of a statementB.the mental ability of a personC.blood pressureD.the emotional state of a person问题3选项A.proved his original hypothesis to be trueB.proved that the tension of a woman shopper, after entering store, decreased rather than increasedC.nullified the eye-blink rate as a measurement of tensionD.showed that a womans reaction to the products in a supermarket is impossible to determine.问题4选项A.shopping was apt to create serious nervous disordersB.a supermarket is fantastic placeC.women are entranced by the many wonderful items available in supermarketsD.women develop an inferiority complex when in supermarkets问题5选项A.Quick purchases are the result of inner tensionB.The first stage of hypnosis is a light tranceC.Research conducted by motivation analysis can disprove their original premisesD.Supermarkets seeking a fairyland atmosphere should install hidden movie cameras【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.文章第一段提到Vicaiy对女性冲动购物越来越好奇，从而想去探究一番，选项A “超市上销量减少”，选项B “女性对超市产品表现出强烈的抵制”，选项D “女性购物很谨慎”，这三个都不是引发这位研究者好奇心的原因，选项C符合题意。2.文章第一段How fast a person blinks his eyes is a pretty good index of his state of inner tension提到眨眼睛的频率可以反映一个人内心的紧张程度，选项D符合题意。3.文章第二段提到Vicary拿起了隐藏的摄像机，进入了商店。通过实践得知，并没有像他预想的那样，女性进入商店后，她们的眨眼率没有增加，而是减少了(their eye-blink rate, instead of going up to indicate mounting tension, went down and down, to a very subnormal fourteen blinks a minute)，选项B符合题意。4.文章第二段提到女性进入商店后，进入了一种Vicarys称之为催眠的状态。Vicary认为超市中摆满了在以前只有王室才用得起的商品，而现在一般人都可以用，而这就是使女性进入催眠的缘由，选项C “女性为超市里那些商品着迷”符合题意。5.题干的要求是文章暗含了但是没有写出来的是什么。文章讲述了Vicary出于对女性冲动购物的好奇而用影藏摄像机在超市进行跟拍，想根据女性购物使眨眼的次数来判断她们购物时的紧张程度。但是跟他预期不同的是，她们眨眼的次数不但没有上升，反而下降了，原因是女性在购物的时候，全身放松，非常舒坦。所以这个结果推翻了原来的结论，选项C符合题意。5. 单选题Opinion poll surveys show that the public see scientists in a rather unflattering light.Commonly the scientist is also seen as being male. It is true that most scientists are male, but the picture of science as a male activity may be a major reason why fewer girls than boys opt for science, except when it comes to biology, which is seen as female.The image most people have of science and scientists comes from their own experience of school science, and from the mass media_ Science teachers themselves See it as a problem that so many school pupils find school science an unsatisfying experience, though over the last few years more and more pupils, including girls, have opted for science subjects.In spite of excellent documentaries, and some good popular science magazines, scientific modes in the media still usually alternate between miracle and scientific threat. The popular stereotype of science is like the magic of fairy tales: it has potential for enormous good or awful harm. Popular fiction is full of “good” scientists saving the world, and mad scientists trying to destroy it.From all the many scientific stories which might be given media treatment, those which are chosen are usually those which can be framed in terms of the usual news angles: novelty, threat, conflict or the bizarre. The routine and often tedious work of the scientist slips from view, to be replaced: with a picture of scientists forever offending public moral sensibilities (as in embryo research), threatening public health (as in weapons research), or fighting it out with each other (in giving evidence at public enquiries such as those held on the issues connected with nuclear power).The mass media also lends to over-personalize scientific work, depicting it as the productof individual genius, while neglecting the social organization which makes scientific work possible. A further effect of this is that science comes to be seen as a thing in itself: a kind of unpredictable force a tide of scientific progress.It is no such thing, of course. Science is what scientists do; what they do is what a particular kind of society facilitates, and what is clone with their work depends very much on who has the power to change their discoveries into technology, and what their interests are.1.According to the passage, ordinary-people have a poor opinion of science and scientists partly because （ ）.2.Fewer girls than boys study science because（ ）.3.Media treatment of science tends to concentrate on（ ）.4.According to the author, over-personalization of scientific work will lead science（ ）.5.According to the author, what a scientist does（ ）.问题1选项A.of the misleading of the mediaB.opinion polls are unflattering.C.scientists are shown negatively in the mediaD.science, is considered to be dangerous问题2选项A.they think that science is too difficultB.they are often unsuccessful in science at schoolC.science is seen as a mans jobD.science is considered to be tedious问题3选项A.the routine everyday work of scientistsB.discoveries that the public will understandC.the more sensational aspects of scienceD.the satisfactions of scientific work问题4选项A.isolation from the rest of the worldB.improvements on school systemC.association with femalenessD.trouble ha recruiting young talent问题5选项A.should be attributed to his individual geniusB.depends on the coordination of the societyC.shows his independent powerD.is unpredictable【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.文章第三段提到人们对于科学的认知大多来源于他们在学校关于最科学的学习以及大众媒体。文章第五段和第六段讲述了大众媒体对科学工作的负面描述和夸大（The mass media also lends to over-personalize scientific work），因而导致了人们对科学和科学家们有误解，选项A符合题意。2.文章第二段第二句It is true that most scientists are male, but the picture of science as a male activity may be a major reason why fewer girls than boys opt for science, except when it comes to biology, which is seen as female提到看为什么大部分科学家是男性，女性很少的原因，因为她们认为科学就是男性的工作，因此选项C符合题意。3.文章第五段The routine and often tedious work of the scientist slips from view, to be replaced: with a picture of scientists forever offending public moral sensibilities, threatening public health, or fighting it out with each other提到媒体关注的重点不再是科学实验这些繁琐的工作，而是将关注点放在科学家们没有公共道德情感、危害公众健康或者相互争斗等等，选项C符合题意。4.文章第六段第一句The mass media also lends to over-personalize scientific work, depicting it as the product of individual genius, while neglecting the social organization which makes scientific work possible提到大众媒体将科学工作过分私人化。作者认为如果脱离了社会组织，科学工作将无法进行。选项A符合题意。5.文章最后一段提到科学家们的工作是为了促进社会的进步what they do is what a particular kind of society facilitates，因此他们依靠的是整个社会的协作，选项B符合题意。6. 单选题The doctor pondered for a while, trying to recall which of several medications would be best to （ ）the patients suffering.问题1选项A.alleviateB.restrictC.decreaseD.diminish【答案】A【解析】考察动词词义辨析。alleviate “减轻，使缓和”；restrict “限制，约束”； decrease “减少”；diminish “减少，减损”。句意：医生仔细考虑了一会，试图回想起哪一种药能够最有效地减轻病人的痛苦。选项A符合题意。7. 单选题Weve just installed a fan （ ）to cooking smells from the kitchen.问题1选项A.ejectB.expelC.excludeD.exile【答案】B【解析】考察动词词义辨析。eject “喷射，驱逐”；expel “驱逐”；exclude “排除，排出”；exile “放逐，流放”。句意：我们刚刚安装了一台风扇来排出厨房的烟气。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题Scientists, who are now aware of how nautiluses regulate their buoyancy, have been able to dispel （ ）ideas about these creatures.问题1选项A.erroneousB.misdemeanorsC.misgivingsD.misdirection【答案】A【解析】考察形容词、名词词义辨析。erroneous “错误的”；misdemeanors “不法行为”；misgivings “担忧，疑虑”； misdirection “引错方向”。句意：意识到了鹦鹉螺是如何控制自身在水中浮力的科学家们，已经消除了对这些生物的错误认识。选项A符合题意。9. 单选题It is a generous and receptive intelligence that was （ ）from attaining its full scope by bad training, poor school and lack of opportunity.问题1选项A.foiledB.thwartedC.balkedD.inhabited【答案】C【解析】考察动词词义辨析。foil “阻止；挫败”；thwart “反对，阻碍”；balk “故意妨碍或阻止”；inhabit “居住于”。句意：糟糕的训练，落后的学校条件以及机会的缺失妨碍了一个慷慨乐于接受的大脑的完全开发。选项C符合题意。10. 单选题If something （ ）, it gradually develops and changes over a period of time into something different and usually more advanced.问题1选项A.revolvesB.evolvesC.resolvesD.involves【答案】B【解析】考察动词词义辨析。 revolve “旋转”；evolve “逐步发展，逐步演变”；resolve “决定，决心”；involve “牵涉”。句意：如果某些事物进化，逐渐发展经过一段时间变为其他的事物，通常更高级些。选项B符合题意。11. 单选题School started on a（ ）cold day in February.问题1选项A.severeB.bitterC.suchD.frozen【答案】B【解析】考察形容词、副词词义辨析。severe “严厉的”；bitter “严寒刺骨地”；such “这样的”；frozen “冻结的”。句意：在二月份极度寒冷的一天开学了。选项B符合题意。12. 单选题In recent years, we have all watched the increasing commercialization of the campus. The numerous advertising posters and the golden arches of fast food outlets may be an affront to our aesthetic sensibilities, but they are, arguably, no worse than ugly. Some of the other new features of commercialized campus life do, however, constitute a serious threat to things we rightly revere. “Privatization” and the “business model” are the potential menace.What do these notions mean? To me, they involve an increased dependence on industry and philanthropy for operating the university; an increased amount of our resources being directed to applied or so-called practical subjects, both in teaching and in research; a proprietary treatment of research results, with the commercial interest in secrecy overriding the publics interest in free, shared knowledge; and an attempt to run the university more like a business that treats industry and students as clients and ourselves as service providers with something to sell. We pay increasing attention to the immediate needs and demands of our “customers” and, as the old saying goes, “the customer is always right”.Privatization is particularly frightening from the point of view of public well-being. A researcher employed by a university-affiliated hospital in Canada, working under contract with a pharmaceutical company, made public her findings that a particular drug was harmful. This violated the terms of her contract, and so she was fired. Her dismissal caused a scandal, and she was subsequently reinstated. The university and hospital in question are now working out something akin to tenure for hospital-based researchers and guidelines for contracts, so that more public disclosure of privately funded research will become possible. This is a rare victory and a small step in the right direction, but the general trend is the other way. Thanks to profit-driven private funding, researchers are not only forced to keep valuable information secret, they are often contractually obliged to keep discovered dangers to public health under wraps, too. Of course, we must not be too naive about this. Governments can unwisely insist in secrecy, too, as did the British Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries,