2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷89

2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 翻译题 It is understandable that publishers are concerned that their journals are selected by ISI for inclusion in its database. Indeed, it is sometimes argued that the survival of a particular journal depends on ISIs decision to cover it in Current Contents. A journals ultimate success depends upon its quality, distribution, and many other competitive factors including cost and timeliness. Any one of these factors, including coverage by ISI, can make the difference between success and failure.A journals reputation may not tell the complete story about its impact on the scholarly community. In fact, a study on social science journals suggests quite the opposite. Their research showed that there is a nonlinear relationship between a journals reputation and its impact, especially at the extremes of the prestige scale. They conclude that citation data “permit scholars to evaluate the importance of journals based not on opinion but on the frequency of citations” and that “frequency of citation implies scholarly acceptance, or at least acknowledgment of importance through utilization of others work.” The researchers go on to mention that “journals have prestige, but their prestige is only derived from the usefulness of the articles they publish.”Translated the following paragraph into Chinese.【答案】出版者关心他们的期刊被ISI数据库选中, 这是可以理解的。事实上, 有人争论一本期刊的命运取决于ISI是否将它收录在最新内容里。期刊的最终成功靠的是它的质量、发行以及许多其他竞争因素, 包括成本和及时性。这些因素中的任何一个, 包括ISI的覆盖范围都能决定成败。期刊的知名度并不能说明它对学术界的影响力。事实上, 一项对社会科学杂志的研究结果恰恰相反。研究表明期刊的知名度和它的影响力之间没有直接关系, 特别是在声望范围。他们总结道, “学者们根据引用数据评估期刊的重要性, 但是, 不是基于期刊的观点而是基于其引用频率。引用频率暗示了学术界的认可, 至少通过利用其他人的著作承认了这一重要性。”研究者们还说, “期刊也有声望, 但是他们的声望仅源于他们出版的文章的有用性。”2. 单选题Mens and womens brains are not only different, but the way we use them differs too. Women have larger connections and more frequent interaction between their brains left and right hemispheres. This accounts for womens ability to have better verbal skills and intuition. Men, on the other hand, have greater brain hemisphere separation, which explains their skills for abstract reasoning and visual-spatial intelligence.Both men and women tend to follow their biological programs. Men tend to retain a firm sense of direction: they need to trace the game, catch it, and find the way home, while women have a better peripheral vision that helps them to see whats happening around the house, to spot all approaching danger, to notice changes in the childrens behavior and appearance. Mens brains are programmed to hunting, which explains their narrow range of vision, while womens brains are able to decipher a wider range of information.When entering a room, men look for exits, estimating a possible threat, and ways of escape, while women pay attention to the guests 9faces to find out who they are and how they feel. Men are able to sort out information and archive it in their head. Women tend to “rewind” the information over and over again. The only way to stop thinking of the problems is to talk it over.When a woman shares her problems with a man, she is not looking for solutions: she needs someone to listen to her.Men prefer strident noises, hard handshakes, and red color. They are better at solving technical problems. Women have a sharper ear; they use more words while talking, and are better at completing tasks independently.Based on these biologically explained differences, some psychological distinctions between men and women can be established; Men grasp a situation as a whole and think globally, while women think locally, relying on details and nuances; men are more independent in their thoughts and actions, while women are more willing to follow the ideas suggested by others. Women tend to criticize themselves, while men are more satisfied with their own performance. Mens satisfaction come from career and prosperity, while women value family and kids; men have a pronounced need to fulfill their goals, and women rank relationships with others first. Women endue pain and monotonous work better than men.All the above gets even more confusing, if we take into account that 15 to 20 % of men happen to have a female type of brains, and about 10%of women have a male type of brains, which means that some percentage of men and women no matter how small it seems, are partially programmed to the behavior and way of thinking of the opposite gender.“Okay, I understand the problem” you are saying to yourself, but “whats the solution”？ That depends on whether you are a woman or a man.1.This passage mainly describes the differences between men and women in（ ） .2.When a woman narrates her problems to a man, she wants（ ）.3.Which of the following may reflect the Chinese saying “女人心, 海底针”？4.We can infer from the passage that（ ）.5.When a man has a sharper natural ability of intuition than other men, we would say that he（ ）.6.When we say “women think locally” it means that（ ）.问题1选项A.physiologyB.sociologyC.psychologyD.all of the above问题2选项A.a helperB.a listenerC.all analyzerD.problem-solver问题3选项A.Womens brains are able to decipher a wider range of information.B.Women have larger connections and more frequent interaction between their brains left and right hemispheres.C.women are better at completing tasks independently.D.woman attach greater importance to relationships.问题4选项A.men are more dependent emotionallyB.women are less dependent emotionallyC.men are less dependent in making decisionsD.women are less confident than men问题5选项A.is a woman as a matter of factB.is born to be a womanC.has a female type of brainsD.has a male type of brains问题6选项A.women are attracted more by local affairsB.women notice only the local affairsC.women pay more attention to detailsD.women dont care about the international affairs【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C第6题:C【解析】1.结合全文内容可知, 第一二段主要是生理学的角度讲述讲述男女差异, 第三四五段是社会学的角度, 第六段是心理学的角度, 所以选项D正确。2.根据第四段“When a woman shares her problems with a man, she is not looking for solutions: she needs someone to listen to her.”可知, 当女人在倾诉的时候, 她需要的不是解决方案, 而是一个倾听者, 所以选项B正确。3.“女人心, 海底针”指女人想得比较多, 心思难以琢磨。选项A“女性的大脑能够解读更广泛的信息”说明女性心思细腻, 想法多。所以选项A符合题意。其他选项都不是讲女性心思细腻, 想法多, 所以排除。4.根据原文可知, 选项A和B在文中没有提及, 根据第六段“men are more independent in their thoughts and actions, while women are more willing to follow the ideas suggested by others.”男人在思想和行动上更独立, 而女人更愿意听从别人的建议。说明男性在做决定时更独立, 选项C正确；第六段提及女人喜欢批评自己, 而男人对自己的表现更满意, 并不能说明女人不如男人自信, 所以排除。5.根据倒数第二段的内容可知, 15-20%的男性有着女性思维方式的大脑, 而10%的女性有着男性思维方式的大脑, 他们的思维方式和行为与异性一致。根据题意, 当一个男人比其他男人有更敏锐的直觉能力, 我们说她有着女性思维方式的大脑, 因为一般女性比男性的直觉要更加敏锐, 所以选项C正确。6.根据第六段“Men grasp a situation as a whole and think globally, while women think locally, relying on details and nuance.”男性从整体上把握形势, 放眼全球；而女性则从局部出发, 依靠细节和细微差别进行思考。选项C符合原文。3. 单选题Many farms in the Southern United States（ ） hay and tobacco and export them to other parts of the country.问题1选项A.storeB.fertilizeC.sowD.yield【答案】D【解析】fertilize使肥沃；sow播种；yield出产。句意：美国南部的许多农场生产干草和烟草, 并出口到美国其他地区。选项D最符合语境。4. 单选题Frankly speaking, Id rather you（ ）anything about it for the time being.问题1选项A.doB.dont doC.didD.didnt do【答案】D【解析】would rather引导的从句用虚拟语气, 动词用过去时态表示, 所以首先排除选项A和B；根据anything可指本句应该为否定语气, 所以选项D正确。5. 单选题Why would any woman in her right mind choose to walk on the balls of her feet with her heels propped up by spikes? The historical answer is that high heels reflect aristocratic tastesspecifically, the tastes of the seventeenth-century French court, which first popularized them in Europe. Not only did heels keep the wearers feet relatively mud free, they also created a physical elevation to match the social elevation of the stylish, exaggerated the strutting gait of the noble classes, and they suggested, by their very precariousness, that their owners could afford not to worry about falling on their faces. Indeed, as Bernard Rudofsky points out, seventeenth-century wearers of high heels, men and women, frequently had to be transported in sedan chairs because they could not manage cobblestones on foot. Some “heels” in that era were actually full-soled platforms, and to walk on these things at all, one needed the constant elbow support of two servants.The helplessness associated with the raised-heel style encouraged the notion that heeled persons were above having to care for themselves. In view of this, it is not surprising that even today it is women, almost exclusively, who wear heels. High heels are the cobblers contribution to what I have called the pedestal ploy. They link physical incapacity with the notion of woman as a “higher being”一too high to get along on her own.Women have taken to high heels, of course, because they feel, correctly, that they increase their attractiveness to men. Part of that increased attractiveness has to do with male fantasies of female fragility. As fashion iconoclast Elizabeth Hawes puts it, “The idea is that he, in his heavy shoes, should feel stronger and more capable than she on her fragile stilts. Never mind the realities.” Another part of it may be biological. In his discussion of rump display among mammals, Dale Guthrie notes that the “lines of the buttocks, thigh, calf and ankle have a native sexual stimulation, but this can be increased with high-heeled shoes; the curves are exaggerated when the heel is lifted.” Heels also exaggerate the lateral motion of buttocks. The ultimate function of high heels, therefore, may be to fuel the male belief that women are both impotent and seductive.1.The passage is mainly about （ ） .2.From historical point of view, high heels （ ） .3.Women on high heels suggest that （ ） .4.The most important reason for womens preference to high heels is that （ ） .5.The mens attitudes towards womens wearing high heels are that （ ） .问题1选项A.high heelsB.functions of high heelsC.history of high heelsD.women on high heels问题2选项A.were the exclusive passion of womenB.were worn by both men and womenC.symbolized the tastes of aristocracyD.were the characteristics of noble classes问题3选项A.they are always helpless as high heelsB.they are dependable as well as fragileC.they always have some superiorityD.high heels are still fashionable问题4选项A.biological weak-points can be reducedB.attractiveness to men is increasedC.social elevation can be shownD.aristocratic tastes are reflected问题5选项A.they are considered weaker than menB.they are regarded as biologically incapableC.they are just in biological need.D.they are thought to be charming and feeble【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.结合全文内容可知, 本文主要是讲高跟鞋的作用, 选项B正确。2.根据第一段的第二句“The historical answer is that high heels reflect aristocratic tastesspecifically, the tastes of the seventeenth-century French court,.”从历史的角度来看, 高跟鞋反映了贵族的品味尤其是17世纪法国宫廷的品味。选项C符合原文。3.根据第二段的第一句“The helplessness associated with the raised-heel style encouraged the notion that heeled persons were above having to care for themselves.”与高跟鞋风格相关的无助感, 助长了一种观念, 即穿高跟鞋的人不必为自己操心。也就是说, 高跟鞋对于女性来说既是可靠的, 但也很脆弱, 所以选项B正确。4.根据第三段的第一句“Women have taken to high heels, of course, because they feel, correctly, that they increase their attractiveness to men.”当然, 确切的说, 女性选择高跟鞋是因为她们觉得高跟鞋增加了她们对男性的吸引力。选项B符合原文。5.根据最后一段最后一句“The ultimate function of high heels, therefore, may be to fuel the male belief that women are both impotent and seductive.”因此, 高跟鞋的终极功能可能是让男性更加相信女性既脆弱又有魅力。选项D符合原文。6. 单选题Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are ready to take on formal learning. Educators find that （1 ） toddlers are more likely to succeed during their school careers. （2 ） their younger counterparts are more likely to（3 ） . Kindergarten children who turn five during the （4 ） half of the year seem to be at a disadvantage when it （5 ） physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development. Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten （6 ） to receive better grades and score higher on achievement （7 ） throughout their schooling experience （8） do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five. Being bright and verbally skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the （9 ） thing. It is easy to confuse the superficial poise and sophistication of many of todays children （10 ） inner maturity. Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs. Youngsters （11 ） parents push them to attain academic success in preschool are less creative, have （12 ） anxiety about tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fall to maintain their initial academic advantage （13 ） their less-pressured peers.Many psychologists and educators remain skeptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds in a formal educational setting. They question （14 ） environmental enrichment can significantly alter the built-in developmental timetable of a child reared in a non-disadvantaged home. They do not deny, however, the （15 ） of day-care centers and nursery schools that provide a homelike environment and allow children （16 ） freedom to play, develop at their own （17 ）, and evolve their social skills. But they point out that many of the things children once did in first grade are now （18）of them in kindergarten, and they worry lest more and more will now be asked of 4-year-olds. These psychologists and educators believe we are driving young children too （19 ） and thereby depriving them of their （20 ）问题1选项A.olderB.tallerC.strongerD.smarter问题2选项A.SinceB.Now thatC.TherebyD.Whereas问题3选项A.fallB.failC.fleeD.fear问题4选项A.lateB.laterC.latestD.latter问题5选项A.lies inB.deals withC.comes toD.calls for问题6选项A.helpB.wantC.tendD.prefer问题7选项A.testsB.trialsC.performanceD.competition问题8选项A.thatB.whichC.thenD.than问题9选项A.easyB.hardC.sameD.similar问题10选项A.forB.againstC.withD.towards问题11选项A.andB.withC.thoseD.whose问题12选项A.muchB.moreC.manyD.most问题13选项A.toB.againstC.overD.than问题14选项A.howB.thatC.whyD.whether问题15选项A.valueB.powerC.considerationD.responsibility问题16选项A.possibleB.reasonableC.imaginableD.considerable问题17选项A.wayB.caseC.paceD.means问题18选项A.thoughtB.remindedC.expectedD.regarded问题19选项A.wellB.hardC.badlyD.directly问题20选项A.memoryB.childhoodC.ambitionsD.simplicity【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:C第6题:C第7题:A第8题:D第9题:C第10题:C第11题:D第12题:B第13题:C第14题:D第15题:A第16题:D第17题:C第18题:C第19题:B第20题:B【解析】1.根据下文“their younger counterparts”可以推测出，填空处应该填入“older”，选项A符合原文。2.根据下文的“seem to be at a disadvantage”可以推测，年幼的学龄前儿童相比年长的学龄前儿童处于劣势，所以前后形成对比，选项D符合原文语境。3.填空处与上文的“succeed”相对应，应填入success的反义词“fail”，所以选项B正确。4.late迟的，晚的，最近的；later后来，更迟的；latest最新的；latter后者的，较后的。根据原文可知，这里指后半年满5岁的幼儿园儿童，选项B符合句意。5.lie in在于；deal with处理；comes to谈到，达到；call for要求，需要。when it comes to指涉及，谈到。句意：幼儿园的孩子如果在下半年才满五岁，在身体、情感、社交和智力发展方面就会处于劣势。选项C符合语境。6.根据句意：接近6岁的孩子进入幼儿园时，往往会获得更好的成绩。tend to表示趋向，易于.，符合原文句意，所以选项C正确。7.根据原文可知，这里指成就测试的得分也更高。所以选项A符合原文。8.根据句意，这里是将刚满5岁和刚满6岁进入幼儿园的孩子进行比较，只有选D表示比较，所以正确。9.句意：聪明、语言能力强和准备好上学似乎不是同一件事。句中有两个being，作者是将两件事进行对比，说明二者不是同一件事。10.confuse with混淆，这里指我们很容易把如今孩子们表面上的沉着和老练与内心的成熟混为一谈。选项C符合原文句意。11.“whose”在这里引导定于从句，相当于“Youngstersparents”。句意：父母强迫孩子在学前班取得学业上的成功会导致孩子缺乏创造力。选项D符合句意。12.根据句意，这里指考试的时候会更焦虑，所以选项B正确。13.maintain advantage over sb.为固定搭配，意为“对.保持优势”。选项C正确。14.句意：他们质疑，丰富的环境是否能显著改变一个在没有缺点的家庭中长大的孩子固定的发展轨迹。whether引导疑问句，意为“是否”。选项D正确。15.根据原文句意可知，这里指他们并不否认日托中心和幼儿园的价值。选项A符合语境。16.句意：它们提供一个像家一样的环境，给孩子足够的自由玩耍。选项D符合原文句意。17.at ones own pace为固定搭配，意为“按自己的节奏”。选项C正确。18.根据下文：他们担心现在会有越来越多的孩子在4岁的时候就被要求这样做。由此可以推断，上文指的是：孩子们在一年级时做的许多事情，现在在幼儿园就被期望去做。选项C更符合句意。19.根据句子结构可知，too在这里后面应接形容词，首先排除选项C和D；再根据句意可知，选项B符合原文句意，所以正确。句意：心理学家和教育家认为我们对小孩太严厉了。20.根据句意可知，这路指剥夺了孩子们的童年。选项B符合句意。选项D虽符合句意，但不符合语法结构，所以不正确。7. 单选题Paper clips, drawing pins and safety-pins were （ ）all over the floor.问题1选项A.sprayedB.separatedC.dispersedD.scattered【答案】D【解析】spray喷雾, 喷射；separate分离, 隔开；disperse分散, 多指把一群人或物等彻底驱散；scatter指人或物向四处散开, 或把物随意撒开。句意：回形针、图钉和安全别针散落在地板上。所以选项D正确。8. 写作题For this part, you are required to write a composition of no less than 200 words according to the following topic. Please write your composition clearly on the Answer Sheet provided. (20 points) Many people, especially young people, make friends through QQ chatting or other forms of instant messaging systems. Some people say that such relationships as QQ networking friends are not trustworthy because tragedies happen occasionally; others say that relationships of such kind are no difference from the traditional ones, because they encounter both good friend and bad guys through QQ chatting as they do in their traditional life styles; still others believe that whether they are trustworthy or not depends on your initial purpose and how you pursue such a relationship. Whats your opinion about it? Please choose one option and write an essay of at least 200 words. Please use adequate materials to support your position. 【答案】Should People Make Friends on Line?9. 写作题For this part, you are required to write a composition of no less than 200 words long according to the following graph. You need to interpret what the graph tries to inform and use the information from the graph and logical analysis to support your findings. Please note that AJ, Ben, Chuck. Dan, Earl, and Fred are names of 6 students. You must write your composition clearly on the Answer Sheet provided.【答案】School Attendance and Science Grades10. 填空题Families come in many shapes and sizes. Who do you include when you talk about “your family”？ Your family might be the family you were born into or the family you have created with your partner. You might include just your partner, or families one or both of you bring from previous relationships. You might live with people you regard as family even though they are not blood relatives. The possibilities are many.Families may be based on different kinds of adult relationships but the thing they have in common is that they provide a sense of belonging. They give identity and provide support and security. Your family is made up of the people you care about and the people who care about you. You might also want to include any close friends that you have a family-like relationship with, people you can rely on and trust. These relationships might be the people you look to when your extended family live elsewhere or are not available to give you active support.Having a concept of your family that goes beyond mum, dad and the kids is also important when adult relationships break up. When parents separate, children often find security in wider and different family connections. Often these take in different generations and wider circles of friends.The word “family” can mean different things to different people. But no matter how our families are made up. Most share some common values. Its worth thinking about what these are. When we start thinking values of families, its likely that most families will come up with a fairly common set of principles. For instance, most would say the support one another, trust one another, care for each other when things get tough, share their resources and make sure everyone