2022年考博英语-黑龙江大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第17期

2022年考博英语-黑龙江大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Womens minds work differently from mens. At least, that is what most are convinced of. Psychologists view the subject either as a matter or frustration or a joke. Now the biologists have moved into this minefield, and some of them have found that there are real differences between the brains of men and women. But being different, they point out hurriedly, is not the same as being better or worse.There is, however, a definite structural variation between the male and female brain. The difference is in a part of the brain that is used in the most complex intellectual processesthe link between the two halves of the brain.The two halves are linked by a trunk line of between 200 and 300 million nerves, the corpus callosum. Scientists have found quite recently that the corpus callosum in women is always larger and probably richer in nerve fibers than it is in men. This is the first time that a structural difference has been found between the brains of women and men and it must have some significance. The question is “what?” and, if this difference exists, are there others? Research shows that present-day women think differently and behave differently from men. Are some of these differences biological and inborn, a result of evolution? We tend to think that is the influence of society that produces these differences. But could we be wrong?Research showed that these two halves of the brain had different functions, and that the corpus callosum enabled them to work together. For most people the left half is used for word handing, analytical and logical activities; the right half works on pictures, patterns and forms. We need both halves working together. And the better the connections, the more, harmoniously the two halves work. And, according to research findings; women have the better connections.But it isnt all that easy to explain the actual differences between skills of men and women on this basis. In schools throughout the world girls tend to be better than boys at “language subjects” and boys better at maths and physics. If these differences correspond with the differences in the hemispheric trunk line, there is an unalterable distinction between the sexes.We shant know for a while, partly because we dont know of any precise relationship between abilities in school subject and the functioning of the two halves of the brain, and we cannot understand how the two halves interact via the corpus callosum. But this striking difference must have some effect and, because the difference is in the parts of the brain involved in intellect, we should be looking for differences in intellectual processing.1.Which of the following statements is CORRECT?2.According to the passage it is commonly believed that brain differences are caused by（ ） factors.3.“These differences” in paragraph 5 refer to those in（ ）.4.At the end of the passage the author proposes more work on（ ）.5. What is the main purpose of the passage?问题1选项A.Biologists are conducting research where psychologists have given up.B.Brain differences point to superiority of one sex over the other.C.Results of scientific research fail to support popular belief.D.The structural difference in the brain between the sexes has long been known.问题2选项A.biologicalB.psychologicalC.physicalD.social问题3选项A.skills of men and womenB.school subjectsC.the brain structure of men and womenD.activities carried out by the brain问题4选项A.the brain structure as a wholeB.the functioning of part of the brainC.the distinction between the sexesD.the effects of the corpus callosum问题5选项A.To outline the research findings on the brain structure.B.To explain the link between sex and brain structure.C.To discuss the various factors that cause brain differences.D.To suggest new areas in brain research.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。文章第一段第三句提到了心理学家的态度，他们把这个问题要么看成一件事，要么看成一种挫折，要么看成一个笑话（Psychologists view the subject either as a matter or frustration or a joke），然后提到生物学家进入了这个雷区（Now the biologists have moved into this minefield），由此可以推测出心理学家已经放弃，而生物学家正在开展，因此选项A符合题意。2.细节事实题。文章第三段提到我们更倾向于认为这些差异是社会造成的（We tend to think that is the influence of society that produces these differences），因此选项D符合题意。3.细节事实题。文章第五段提到在此基础上，要解释男女技能之间的实际差异就不那么容易了（But it isnt all that easy to explain the actual differences between skills of men and women on this basis），由此可知选项A符合题意。4.细节事实题。文章最后一段提到我们无法理解这两部分是如何通过胼胝体相互作用的，但这种显著的差异肯定会产生一定影响（we cannot understand how the two halves interact via the corpus callosum. But this striking difference must have some effect），由此可知选项D符合题意。5.主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了科学家在两性之间大脑结构的研究，选项A符合题意。2. 单选题Remember that only a few of the living things that are produced can live. In general, thoselive that are best fitted for living（ ）they do.问题1选项A.whereB.whatC.whyD.how【答案】A【解析】考查语法。where引导定语从句，即those live that are best fitted for living where they do (will live).句意：记住只有少数被生产出来的生物才能生存。一般来说，只有那些生活在最适合它们生活的地方的生物才能生存。3. 翻译题Which would you choose: an online course delivered by one of the worlds most knowledgeable instructors, supported by award winning documentary filmmakers and a team of graduate teaching assistants, or the same course taught in person by an average instructor? Different students would of course choose differently. But there is ample reason to believe that experience with the first option would eventually lead a substantial proportion of students to prefer it, even if they were charged the same amount for either approach. But because of economies of scale, the remote option would enjoy a substantial cost advantage. As Philip Cook wrote in his 1995 book, “The Winner-Take-All Society,” these are precisely the conditions that give rise to winner-take-all markets. As technology has expanded the reach of the most able performers, they have been capturing ever larger shares of worldwide markets across a host of domains.【答案】你会选择哪一种课程：是由世界上最有知识的导师之一讲授，由获奖纪录片制片人和研究生助教团队支持的在线课程，还是由一名普通教师亲自教授的课程？不同的学生当然会做出不同的选择。但我们有充足的理由相信，第一种选择的经验最终会让相当一部分学生更喜欢它，即使这两种方式收取的费用相同。但由于规模经济，远程选项将享有巨大的成本优势。正如菲利普库克在他1995年的著作赢者通吃的社会中所写的那样，正是这些条件催生了赢者通吃的市场。随着科技扩大了最有能力的执行者的范围，他们在许多领域的全球市场中占据了越来越大的份额。4. 单选题The material（ ）the apparatus is made is a good nonconductor of heat.问题1选项A.with whichB.of whichC.from whichD.with what【答案】B【解析】考查语法。be made of sth“由组成”。故B项正确。句意：制造这种仪器的材料是一种很好的热绝缘体。故B项正确。5. 单选题Try the product out in the comfort of your own home with absolutely no（ ）to buy.问题1选项A.commitmentB.engagementC.persuasionD.preservation【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。commitment“承诺，许诺”；engagement“订婚，婚约，约会”；persuasion“劝说，说服”；preservation“保存，保留”。句意：可以在自己家里随意试用本产品且根本不用承诺买该产品。A项符合题意。6. 单选题Mary once_ with another musician to compose a piece of pop music.问题1选项A.mergedB.collaboratedC.coincidedD.constituted【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. merged（尤指商业结构）合并；（使）融合，逐渐消失 B. collaborated合作C. coincided一致；符合；同时发生 D. constituted组成；构成【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】空格后有with表示和一起，表伴随。根据逻辑关系，应该是二人合作一起创作音乐。B选项符合句意，正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。【句意】玛丽有一次与另一位音乐家合作谱写了一首流行乐曲。7. 不定项选择题From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age. We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases. A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery. It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining disease. The expectation of life has increased enormously. But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we witness the incredible slaughter of men, women and children on the roads. Man versus the motor-car! It is a never-ending battle which man is losing. Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personality. There is no doubt that the motor-car often brings out a mans very worst qualities. People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind a steering wheel. They swear, they are ill-mannered and aggressive, willful as two-year-old and utterly selfish. All their hidden frustrations, disappointments and jealousies seem to be brought to the surface by the act of driving.The surprising thing is that the society smiles so gently on the motorist and seems to forgive his behavior. Everything is done for his convenience. Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic; towns are made ugly by huge car parks; the countryside is desecrated by road networks; and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than a statistic, to be conveniently forgotten.It is high time a world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life. With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough. A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate. Here are a few examples of the things that might be done. The driving test should be standardized and made far difficult than it is; all the drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so; the age at which young people are, allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21; all vehicles should be put through strict annual tests for safety. Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a persons driving ability. Present drinking and driving laws (where they exist) should be made much stricter. Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specification for manufacturers, as has been done in the USA. All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned. These measures may sound inordinately harsh. But surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all, the world is for human beings, not for motor-cars.1. The main idea of this passage is_.2. What does the author think of society toward motorists?3. Why does the author say: “his car becomes the extension of his personality?”4. Which of the followings is NOT mentioned as a way against traffic accidents?5. The attitude of the author is_.问题1选项A.traffic accidents are mainly caused by motoristsB.thousands of people the world over are killed each yearC.the laws of some countries about driving are too laxD.only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents问题2选项A.Society smiles on the motorists.B.Huge car parks are built in the cities and towns.C.Victims of accidents are nothing.D.Society condones their rude driving.问题3选项A.Driving can show his real self.B.Driving can show the other part of his personality.C.Driving can bring out his character.D.His car embodies his temper.问题4选项A.Build more highways.B.Stricter driving tests.C.Test drivers every three years.D.Raise age limit and lay down safety specifications.问题5选项A.ironicalB.criticalC.appealingD.militant【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1. 【选项释义】The main idea of this passage is_. 这篇文章的主要观点是_。 A. Traffic accidents are mainly caused by motorists A. 交通事故主要是由开车的人引起的B. Thousands of people the world over are killed each year B. 全世界每年有成千上万的人被杀C. The laws of some countries about driving are too lax C. 有些国家有关驾驶的法律太宽松了D. Only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents D. 只有更严格的交通法规才能防止事故发生【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】全文主要讲当今社会交通事故发生率提高。第一段首先指出问题：全世界每年都有成千上万的人被杀害或惨死；第二段讲到：汽车常常显露出一个人最坏的品质；第三段讲述因为汽车出现许多问题；第四段提出作者的中心观点：现在是时候制定一套世界准则来减少这种无谓的生命浪费了。作者提出一些举措来防止事故的发生。综合全文，文章先是提出因为交通导致的许多问题，最后提出应该要增加交通措施防止事故发生。因此选D。【干扰项排除】A选项“交通事故主要是由开车的人引起的”，文中没有提及交通事故的发生主要是由开车的人引起的，该选项属于无中生有；B选项“全世界每年有成千上万的人被杀”，文中提到“全世界每年都有成千上万的人被杀害或惨死，而我们却袖手旁观”但是这不是文章的主旨，文章主要说交通事故，该选项以偏概全；C选项“有些国家有关驾驶的法律太宽松了”，文中提到了有些国家法律太松，但是这是为了引出文章中的主旨要采取手段防止事故的发生，该选项属于本末倒置。2.【选项释义】What does the author think of society toward motorists? 作者是如何看待社会对待司机的？A. Society smiles on the motorists. A. 社会对司机笑容可掬。B. Huge car parks are built in the cities and towns. B. 在城市和城镇建造了巨大的停车场。C. Victims of accidents are nothing. C. 事故的受害者不算什么。D. Society condones their rude driving. D. 社会容忍他们粗野的驾驶行为。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到Para. 3第一句，该处讲到“令人惊讶的是，社会对司机笑容可掬，似乎原谅了他的行为”，又因为上文说到“他们所有隐藏的沮丧、失望和嫉妒似乎都在开车的过程中显露出来”综合理解，作者认为社会宽容了司机的行为。比对选项，D选项恰好是此信息的同义转换，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“社会对司机笑容可掬”，这是作者对社会存在的一个现象进行的比喻，并不是作者的态度，属于过度推断；B选项“在城市和城镇建造了巨大的停车场”，虽然可以在文中定位到该选项，但是该选项不是作者是如何看待社会看待司机的，而是一个客观事实，该选项属于张冠李戴；C选项“事故的受害者不算什么”，文中虽然可以推测出该选项，但是该选项也是对客观现象的描述，并不是作者认为的，该选项属于过度推断。3.【选项释义】Why does the author say: “his car becomes the extension of his personality?” 为什么作者说:“他的车成为了他个性的延伸?” A. Driving can show his real self. A. 驾驶可以展示他真实的自我。B. Driving can show the other part of his personality. B. 驾驶可以显示他性格的另一部分。C. Driving can bring out his character. C. 驾驶能显示出他的性格。D. His car embodies his temper. D. 他的汽车体现了他的脾气。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到Para. 2第一句，该处讲到“他的汽车就成了他个性的延伸”，后面的句子讲到“毫无疑问，汽车常常显露出一个人最坏的品质（worst qualities）。”还讲到“他们所有隐藏的沮丧、失望和嫉妒似乎都在开车的过程中显露出来”。换言之，驾驶能展示一个人真正的自我，由此可以说是个性的延伸。比对选项，A选项恰好是此信息的同义转换，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“驾驶可以显示他性格的另一部分”，属于展现真正自我中的一部分，该选项以偏概全；C选项“驾驶能显示出他的性格”，属于展现真正自我的一部分，该选项属于以偏概全；D选项“他的汽车体现了他的脾气”，属于展现真正自我的一部分，该选项属于以偏概全。4. 【选项释义】Which of the followings is NOT mentioned as a way against traffic accidents? 下面哪一项没有被提到作为一种预防交通事故的方法? A. Build more highways. A. 修建更多的公路。B. Stricter driving tests. B. 更严格的驾驶考试。C. Test drivers every three years. C. 每三年对司机进行一次测试。D. Raise age limit and lay down safety specifications. D. 提高年龄限制，制定安全规范。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息词a way against traffic accidents可定位到Para. 4第五句，该处讲到“驾驶考试应该标准化，难度要比现在高得多”，即更严格的驾驶考试；还讲到“所有的司机应该每三年左右参加一次考试”；和“年轻人可以驾驶任何车辆的年龄应该提高到至少21岁”。比对选项，B、C、D都提到了，A没有提到。【干扰项排除】B选项“更严格的驾驶考试”、C选项“每三年对司机进行一次测试”以及D选项“提高年龄限制，制定安全规范”通过解题思路可知都是文章中被提到作为一种预防交通事故的方法，和题干相悖，属于反向干扰。5. 【选项释义】The attitude of the author is_. 作者的态度是_。A. ironical A. 讽刺的B. critical B. 批评的C. appealing C. 恳求的D. militant D. 好战的【考查点】观点态度题。【解题思路】文中先是指出交通事故的产生越来越多，然后指出交通事故的原因，最后对各国宽松的交通法律进行批评。综合来看，作者的态度是批评的。【干扰项排除】A选项“讽刺的”，C选项“恳求的”，D选项“好战的”都属于无中生有。8. 单选题He knows much about stylistics, （ ）about literature.问题1选项A.still lessB.rather moreC.let aloneD.of course【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。still less“更何况”；rather more“更加”； let alone“更不用说”；of course“当然”。句意：他对文体学很了解，更不用说文学了。still less常用于否定句，不合题意。故C项正确。9. 单选题We can allow a 0.5% discount on all orders of $1000; orders _ $2000 are subject to a 2%discount.问题1选项A.exceedingB.reducingC.proceedingD.promoting【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. exceeding 超过（数量） B. reducing 减少C. proceeding 开始；继续做 D. promoting 促进；提升【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据句意：对所有1000美元的订单，我们可以给0.5%的折扣。分号后面的折扣更大，应该指如果是更多美元的订单，我们给出的折扣更多。应该选A. exceeding超过，表示更多。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。【句意】所有1000美元的订单，我们可以给0.5%的折扣。超过2000美元的订单须加2%的折扣。10. 单选题My pain（ ）apparent the minute I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”问题1选项A.must beB.had beenC.must have beenD.had to be【答案】C【解析】考查语法。must have done表示对过去肯定的假设。句意：我的疼痛一定很明显，因为当我走进房间时，我见到的第一个人问道“你还好吧？”。由for可推断我的疼痛比较明显。故C项正确。11. 单选题Charles Reznikoof (1894-1976) worked relentlessly, never leaving New York but for a brief stay in Hollywood, of all places. He was admired by Pound and Kenneth Burke, and often published his own works; in the Depression era, he managed a treadle printing press in his basement. He wrote three sorts of poems: exceptionally short imagistic lyrics; longer pieces crafted and cobbled from other sources, often from the Judaic tradition; and book-length poems wrought from the testimony both of Holocaust trials and from the courtrooms of tum-of-the-century America. Two of these full-length volumes were indeed titles “Testimony”, as was an earlier prose work; it was a word that kept him close company. When asked late in life to define his poetry, it was not the word he chose.“Objectivist”, he wrote, naming his long standing group, and mimicking poetic style with a single prose sentence: “images clear but the meaning not stated but suggested by the objective details and the music of the verse; words pithy and plain; without the artifice of regular meters; themes, chiefly Jewish, American, urban.” If the sentence sounds hard-won, this is perhaps because it was. Four decades earlier, he wrote in a letter to friends, “There is a learned article about my verse in Poetry this month, from which I learn that I am an objectivist.” The learned fellow was Louis Zukofsky, brilliant eminence of the objectivists, “with whom I disagree as to both form and content of verse, but to whom I am obliged for placing some of my things here and there.” So read Reznikoofs conclusion in 1931, with its fillip of polite resentment.Movements and schools are arbitrary and immaterial things by which poetic history is told. This must have rankled Reznikoof, who spent his writing life tracing the material and the necessary.Born a child of immigrants in Brooklyn in 1894, he was in journalism school at 16, took a law degree at 21. Though he was little interested in legal practice, the ideas would be near the heart of his writing. Ideal poetic language, he wrote, “is restricted almost to the testimony of a witness in a court of law.” If this suggests a congenital optimism about the law, it made for astonishingly care-filled poetry. Reznikoof is unsurpassed in conveying the sense that world is worth getting right. Not the glorious or the damaged world, but the world that is everything that is the case. Reznikoofs faith in the facts of the case takes on an intensity no less social than spiritual, no greater when surveying the Old Testament than New York. This collection gathers all his poems (but for those already book-length) by the technique of compressing onto single pages as many as five or six at a time. This can lessen the force; each is a sort of American haiku, though no more impressionistic than a hand-operated printing press. One such, numbered 69 in the volume “Jerusalem the Golden” runs in its length: “Among the heaps of brick and plaster lies a girder, still itself among the rubbish.” This exemplary couplet is sometimes taken to represent Reznikoofs poetry itself, immutable and certain amid the transitory.1.By saying “it was a word that kept him close company” (Line 8, Paragraph 1) the author implies（ ）.2.Reznikoffs attitude to the fact that he was grouped as objectivist is（ ）.3.The word “rankled” (Line 2, Paragraph 3) probably means（ ）.4.We can learn from the 4th paragraph that（ ）.5.By citing the poem in the last paragraph, the author intends to（b）.问题1选项A.Charles Reznikoff always wrote works about testimonyB.Charles Reznikoof was always involved in the testimony affairsC.Charles Reznikoof liked to write testimonyD.Charles Reznikoof is busy lawyer问题2选项A.approvalB.indifferenceC.oppositionD.suspicion Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE问题3选项A.interestedB.angeredC.pleasedD.consoled问题4选项A.Reznuikoff liked to learn lawB.Reznikoff was more interested in spiritual world than in social worldC.it is astonishing that Reznikoff wrote care-filled poetryD.Reznikoff was greatly influenced by his legal experience in his poetry writing问题5选项A.show that the force is lessened in this wayB.show that the poem is not imp