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Book Test #4: Section 1Sample Essay - Score of 6The power of success can be disastrous when placed in the wrong hands. Naturally, there are those who will always choose to manipulate conditions to succeed in their own endeavors, not taking into consideration the lives of those around them. On the other hand, there may be those who do not necessarily pursue selfish ends, but simply do not know where to take success once it has been achieved, thus resulting in their own self-sabotage.Throughout history, we have seen success used wrongfully in the hands of the unworthy. Powerful leaders of nations, kingdoms, and empires, having succeeded in gaining leadership, have then used their influence wrongfully in achieving their own selfish (and sometimes twisted) goals. Nero, the Roman emperor who beat his pregnant wife to death and has been suspected of instigating the great fire of Rome in an attempt to boost his own political influence. Henry VIII of England, for whom women were beheaded for not bearing him a son, and who is rumored to have eaten eight chickens a night while English peasants starved. The notorious Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who carried out the Spanish Inquisition. The list is endless. Even in literature, we see the corruption and downfall of society and mankind as a whole as a result of the abuse of success in the possession of those who do not deserve it, as seen in William Shakespeares tragedy of King Lear. In the story, societal order is replaced with chaos when there is a power shift from Lear to his evil daughters, Regan and Goneril. This order only returns to a slight degree when virtue (in the form of Lears good daughter, Cordelia) returns to England. Success is hazardous when awarded to the unvirtuous.However, there may be those who are not necessarily evil of greedy in their pursuits, but merely do not know how to handle success. This proves to be just more disastrous to the individual than to anyone else, since it is the individual who will then sabotage his own success to return to his former comfort zone. Success is meant to be grown upon, not exploited or feared.Success, when achieved by the unworthy or inexperienced, is a most disastrous element. Success is not about being happy at the expense of those about you it is about using ones newly gained happiness to improve the lives of others. If one reflects on the wise words of Ralph Waldo Emerson, one will never go astray: “To know that one person has breathed easier because you have lived -this is to have succeeded.”Section31 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct AnswerD : Choice (D) is correct. A symbol stands for or suggests something else by reason of association. Often an invisible idea is represented by a visible person or artifact. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read The rebels saw the huge statue of the dictator as a symbol of the totalitarian regime and swiftly toppled the monument. Statues or monuments frequently symbolize the governance of the political figures or regimes they depict. Such symbolization in the minds of the rebels would explain their impulse to destroy it.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerA : Choice (A) is incorrect. An indictment is an expression of strong disapproval. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read The rebels saw the huge statue of the dictator as an indictment of the totalitarian regime and swiftly toppled the monument. If the rebels thought the statue represented a disapproval of the regime they would be more likely to preserve than destroy it. Explanation for Incorrect AnswerB : Choice (B) is incorrect. An illusion is a misleading image. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read The rebels saw the huge statue of the dictator as an illusion of the totalitarian regime and swiftly toppled the monument. It could be possible that the rebels saw the statue as a misleading image of the regime, but the sentence does not clearly support or explain such an interpretation. Explanation for Incorrect AnswerC : Choice (C) is incorrect. A copy is an imitation. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read The rebels saw the huge statue of the dictator as a copy of the totalitarian regime and swiftly toppled the monument. It is illogical to say that a statue of a dictator is an imitation of a regime.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerE : Choice (E) is incorrect. A mockery is an insulting action or speech. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read The rebels saw the huge statue of the dictator as a mockery of the totalitarian regime and swiftly toppled the monument. If the rebels thought the statue was insulting the regime, they would be more likely to preserve than destroy it.2 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct AnswerA : Choice (A) is correct. Adept means highly skillful. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read Residents of the isolated island were forced to master the art of navigation, becoming the oceans most adept sailors. It makes sense to say that those who had mastered the art of navigation became adept, or highly skilled, sailors.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerB : Choice (B) is incorrect. Temperamental means unpredictable in behavior. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read Residents of the isolated island were forced to master the art of navigation, becoming the oceans most temperamental sailors. That the islanders were masters of navigation would probably mean that they did not behave unpredictably. Explanation for Incorrect AnswerC : Choice (C) is incorrect. Congeniality means friendliness. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read Residents of the isolated island were forced to master the art of navigation, becoming the oceans most congenial sailors. Masters of navigation are not necessarily friendly sailors.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerD : Choice (D) is incorrect. Vulnerable means open to attack or injury. If this term were inserted into text, the sentence would read Residents of the isolated island were forced to master the art of navigation, becoming the oceans most vulnerable sailors. Master navigators would likely be less open to injury or attack than other, less experienced sailors.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerE : Choice (E) is incorrect. Reclusive means withdrawn or preferring solitude. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read Residents of the isolated island were forced to master the art of navigation, becoming the oceans most reclusive sailors. While living on an isolated island might cause the sailors to prefer solitude, reclusivity does not describe their mastery of sea travel.3 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct AnswerB : Choice (B) is correct. Penchant means an inclination, and to pilfer means to steal. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read The spotted bowerbird has a penchant for amassing the bright shiny objects it needs for decorating its bower: it will enter houses to pilfer cutlery, coins, thimbles, nails, screws, even car keys. In this sentence, the statement following the colon expands on what precedes it. Describing how bowerbirds steal objects from homes expands on the idea that they tend to amass bright shiny objects for their bower.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerA : Choice (A) is incorrect. Knack means a skillful ability, and to assess means to evaluate. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read The spotted bowerbird has a knack for amassing the bright shiny objects it needs for decorating its bower: it will enter houses to assess cutlery, coins, thimbles, nails, screws, even car keys. Although a bowerbird may be skillful at gathering shiny objects, it is unlikely that the bird would enter a house simply to assess, or evaluate, the objects found in a house, without then stealing them.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerC : Choice (C) is incorrect. Purpose means a reason, and to dispense means to distribute or get rid of. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read The spotted bowerbird has a purpose for amassing the bright shiny objects it needs for decorating its bower: it will enter houses to dispense cutlery, coins, thimbles, nails, screws, even car keys. Although a bowerbird may have a reason for amassing shiny objects, it would enter a house to find objects, not get rid of them.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerD : Choice (D) is incorrect. A predilection is a preference, and to disturb means to disrupt or unsettle. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read The spotted bowerbird has a predilection for amassing the bright shiny objects it needs for decorating its bower: it will enter houses to disturb cutlery, coins, thimbles, nails, screws, even car keys. If a bowerbird had a predilection, or preference, for gathering shiny objects, the bird wouldnt enter a house simply to disturb the objects found there; it would want to gather them.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerE : Choice (E) is incorrect. A remedy is a cure, and to raid means to loot or plunder. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read The spotted bowerbird has a remedy for amassing the bright shiny objects it needs for decorating its bower: it will enter houses to raid cutlery, coins, thimbles, nails, screws, even car keys. Although a bowerbird may enter a house to raid shiny objects, it doesnt make sense to say that the bird has a remedy, or cure, for amassing shiny objects.4 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct AnswerA : Choice (A) is correct. Inseparable from means incapable of being separated, and legitimacy means conforming to socially accepted standards. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read Not only was the science of Hildegard of Bingen inseparable from her theology, but her religious visions helped give her scientific works legitimacy by winning her the support of medieval church authorities. The Not only. . . but construction indicates that the second clause of the sentence will be consistent with, and may extend the meaning of, the first clause. It makes sense that the support of the influential medieval church for theologically based scientific works would provide her works with legitimacy.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerB : Choice (B) is incorrect. Unconcerned with means not related to, and prestige means high social respect or regard. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read Not only was the science of Hildegard of Bingen unconcerned with her theology, but her religious visions helped give her scientific works prestige by winning her the support of medieval church authorities. If the support of the church won her scientific work high social regard, then it would likely be related to theology.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerC : Choice (C) is incorrect. Derived from means to come from another place of origin, and profundity means depth of meaning. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read Not only was the science of Hildegard of Bingen derived from her theology, but her religious visions helped give her scientific works profundity by winning her the support of medieval church authorities. Although her science may have been derived from her theology, it doesnt follow that the churchs support would make her work more profound.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerD : Choice (D) is incorrect. Related to means connected with, and accuracy means correctness. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read Not only was the science of Hildegard of Bingen related to her theology, but her religious visions helped give her scientific works accuracy by winning her the support of medieval church authorities. Although her science may have been related to her theology, it doesnt follow that the churchs support would make her work more accurate.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerE : Choice (E) is incorrect. Diminished by means lessened by or weakened, and detachment means objectivity. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read Not only was the science of Hildegard of Bingen diminished by her theology, but her religious visions helped give her scientific works detachment by winning her the support of medieval church authorities. Although her scientific work could have been weakened by her theology, it doesnt make sense to say that her visions or the churchs support gave her scientific works objectivity. It is more likely that such support would weaken her works objectivity.5 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct AnswerA : Choice (A) is correct. Elitist means favoring a small, high-status group, and perquisites are privileges. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read Opponents of the research institute label it an elitist anachronism; its scholars, they allege, have perquisites rivaling those of pre-Revolutionary French nobility. A research institute that provides perquisites, or privileges, that are so excessive that they rival those of pre-Revolutionary French nobility can appropriately be called elitist, or favoring a small, high-status group. Explanation for Incorrect AnswerB : Choice (B) is incorrect. Monarchical means pertaining to a king, and tribulations are sufferings. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read Opponents of the research institute label it a monarchical anachronism; its scholars, they allege, have tribulations rivaling those of pre-Revolutionary French nobility. The pre-Revolutionary French nobility were not known for their suffering, and it is unlikely that the opponents of the research institute would criticize the institutes scholars for having tribulations, or sufferings.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerC : Choice (C) is incorrect. Irreproachable means faultless, and luxuries are extravagant comforts. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read Opponents of the research institute label it an irreproachable anachronism; its scholars, they allege, have luxuries rivaling those of pre-Revolutionary French nobility. Opponents of an institution would not call it faultless and would criticize the institution for lavishing luxuries on its scholars.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerD : Choice (D) is incorrect. Reprehensible means deserving blame, and afflictions are sufferings. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read Opponents of the research institute label it a reprehensible anachronism; its scholars, they allege, have afflictions rivaling those of pre-Revolutionary French nobility. Although opponents might label the institute reprehensible, or blameworthy, they would not be likely to criticize the institutes scholars for having afflictions, or sufferings. Furthermore, the pre-Revolutionary nobility were not known for their suffering. Explanation for Incorrect AnswerE : Choice (E) is incorrect. Commendable means praiseworthy, and privileges are deserved rights or luxuries. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read Opponents of the research institute label it a commendable anachronism; its scholars, they allege, have privileges rivaling those of pre-Revolutionary French nobility. Opponents who accuse the institute of providing excessive privileges would not characterize it as commendable, or praiseworthy. 6 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct AnswerC : Choice (C) is correct. While the author of Passage 2 is critical of Linnaeus legacy, the author of Passage 1 expresses appreciation of his contribution to natural history, describing it as enormous and essential. Explanation for Incorrect AnswerA : Choice (A) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 does not regard Linnaeus with cynicism, or scornful distrust. On the contrary, the passage expresses great respect for his significant contribution to science. Explanation for Incorrect AnswerB : Choice (B) is incorrect. Neither author expresses any bafflement, or confusion, regarding Linnaeus or the historical role he played in the field of science.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerD : Choice (D) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 does not express nostalgia, or bittersweet longing, for Linnaeus or for the era in which he lived. Explanation for Incorrect AnswerE : Choice (E) is incorrect. While Passage 1 asserts that scientists misused the system of classification, there is no suggestion that the author feels resentful of, or personally wronged by, Linnaeus.7 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct AnswerD : Choice (D) is correct. Unlike Passage 1, Passage 2 uses a first-person narrative voice that openly expresses the authors wariness regarding Linnaeus contribution to natural science.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerA : Choice (A) is incorrect. Specific scientific facts do not appear in either passage.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerB : Choice (B) is incorrect. Neither writer uses literary allusion, or an indirect reference to a work of literature.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerC : Choice (C) is incorrect. It is Passage 1, not Passage 2, that includes historical background information on Linnaeus and on the role that classificatory systems have played in science.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerE : Choice (E) is incorrect. Neither passage uses direct citations.8 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct AnswerA : Choice (A) is correct. Although the two authors judge Linnaeus work differently, they agree that his classificatory system has had a great influence on the field of natural science.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerB : Choice (B) is incorrect. The author of Passage 2 claims that Linnaeus system limits modern human understanding of the natural world, but the author of Passage 1 does not mention science after the nineteenth century.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerC : Choice (C) is incorrect. Neither passage implies that interest in biology was declining or that Linnaeus work renewed curiosity in the field.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerD : Choice (D) is incorrect. These passages do not discuss the classification systems ability to resolve disagreements within the scientific community. On the contrary, the author of Passage 2 writes about Linnaeus work to raise, not settle, questions regarding the validity of classification.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerE : Choice (E) is incorrect. Neither passage refers to scientific discoveries that may have laid the foundation for Linnaeus famous system.9 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct AnswerD : Choice (D) is correct. The author of Passage 1 argues that unlike his followers, Linnaeus probably saw his system of classification as a tool, not the goal, of science. The author of Passage 2 does not make this distinction.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerA : Choice (A) is incorrect. Neither author implies that Linnaeus has not received enough recognition as a scientist.Explanation for Incorrect AnswerB : Choice (B) is incorrect. Lines 12-17 intimate that the impact of Linnaeus system was not entirely advantageous, but this section of Passage 2 does not dismiss the contributions of scientists who have integrated hi
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