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专题19 阅读理解说明文类方法与技巧题型介绍：材料特点这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。具体说来它有以下几个特点：1. 文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。2. 句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。3. 常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。命题形式：命题特点科普类阅读的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。方法概述高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐而科普类文章往往具有跨学科行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握【试题特点】 注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象 贴近学生的学习生活实际,有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用 能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析解决实际问题的能力 (4)科学方法图示判断题 科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关系为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解准确率。分析备选项时应对照原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，以便最终做出正确判断。命题方式考点一、细节事实理解。一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题范畴，难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问1.Which of the following statements is(not) true/correct?2.Which of the following is not mentioned?3.All of the following are true except.4.According to the passage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc.？1.直接事实题 在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。 如：A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U.S.This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.This huge dam is in the Black Canyon.It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road，which is on the top of the dam.This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside.The elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom.There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco.Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936.Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States.Hoover Dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada.Q：Hoover Dam lies_ .A.between Arizona and NevadaB.in the Black CanyonC.between New York and San FranciscoD.both A and B【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是D项。2.间接事实题 解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian，host of the well-received TV programme“Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin，Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.Born in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she was only six years old，Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.Before she took part in the competition，she had been an airhostess in Cathay Airline for seven years.However， it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage，dancing,singing,making-up and other proper manners，designed by the Asia TV Station.“Its really a hard job for me.I wont enter for such competition any more.Anyhow，I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title.This time，in Shanghai，Id love to make a deep impression on my TV audience，”said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.Q：Which of the following is NOT true?A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B.Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents.C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.【解析】A、C和D项都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文所给的是：taken to Hongkong可判断不是moved to Hongkong with her parents，因此选B。 3、数据推算。If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time,you will save_ .A.$100B.$300C.$350D.$400 这类题目要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。在做此类题时：1.要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。2.弄清众多信息中那些属于有用信息，那些属于干扰信息。3.不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。考点二、主题理解或写作意图推断。一、主旨阅读理解题考查的内容1.短文的标题（title,headline）；2.短文或段落的主题（subject）；3.中心思想(main idea)；4.作者的写作目的(purpose)。二、此类题的设问方式1.What would be the best title for the text?2.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?3.What is the passage mainly about?4.The main purpose of announcing the above events is_.考点三、推理推断。推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。此类题的设问常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等词，这类题的设问方式主要有：1.We can infer from the Passage that_.2.What can be inferred from the Passage?3.Which of the following can be inferred from the Passage?4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_.5.The author suggests in this paragraph that_.6.The writer implies that_.7.It can be inferred that_.8.It can be concluded from the Passage that_.9.On the whole,we can conclude that_.10.From the text we can conclude that_.11.After reading the Passage we may conclude that_.12.What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage?13.The author is inclined to think that_.14.When the writer talks about,what he really means is that_.15.Whats the writers attitude/feeling towards.?16.In the writers opinion,.考点四、词义、句义猜测。词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。此类题的设问方式主要有1.The word “.”in Line.means/can be replaced by.2.As used in the passage,the phrase “.”suggests.3.From the passage,we can infer that the word/phrase “.” is/referred to.4.The word “.” is closest in meaning to.猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。1.定义法。如:Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即 “退火”。It will be very hard but also very brittlethat is,it will break easily.从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。The herdsman,who looks after sheep，earns about 650 yuan a year.定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为“牧人”。2.同位法。如:They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times.同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即“城堡”。We are on the night shiftfrom midnight to 8 a.m.this week.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。3.对比法。如:She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。4.构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)。如:Perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.But the next hundred?possibility 是 possible 的同根名词,据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是“可能性”。5.因果法。如：The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again.从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为“永远的，永久”。体验高考2017北京卷DHollywoods theory that machines with evil(邪恶的) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a wellknown mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics(控制论), put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not inborn, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard. The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teamsyet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutroninduced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.67Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may _Arun out of human controlBsatisfy humans real desiresCcommand armies of killer robotsDwork faster than a mathematician68Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to _Aprevent themselves from being destroyedBachieve their original goals independentlyCdo anything successfully with given ordersDbeat humans in international chess matches69According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to _Ahelp super intelligent machines work betterBbe secure against evil human beingsCkeep machines from being harmedDavoid robots affecting the world70What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?AIt will disappear with the development of AI.BIt will get worse with human interference.CIt will be solved but with difficulty.DIt will stay for a decade.【文章大意】 本文为科普类文章，讲的是随着科技的发展，人工智能 (AI)可能会超出人类的控制。68A 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句话“a wish to preserve its own existence.”可知答案为A。69D细节理解题。根据第三段第二句话“but never allowing them to affect the real word.”可知人们利用防火墙是为了避免机器人影响整个世界，故选 D。70C推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句话“seems to be possible but not easy.”推出超级智能机器人的安全问题有可能得到解决但是会有困难，故选C项。2017江苏卷BBefore birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning (胎教)，birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advances，some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch (孵化). Newborn chicks can then imitate their mums call within a few days of entering the world.This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer，a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia，and her colleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched，the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothersa sound that served as their regular “feed me！” call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds，the researchers sought the redbacked fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analysing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby redbacked fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their mums. And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies begging calls. In addition，the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mums voice were rewarded with the most food.This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological (神经系统的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. “As a parent，do you invest in quality children，or do you invest in children that are in need？”Kleindorfer asks. “Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”58The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “_”Abe the worst Bbe the bestCbe just as bad Dbe just as good59What are Kleindorfers findings based on?ASimilarities between the calls of mums and chicks.BThe observation of fairy wrens across Australia.CThe data collected from Queenslands locals.DControlled experiments on wrens and other birds.60Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which _Acan receive quality signals Bare in need of trainingCfit the environment better Dmake the loudest call【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普说明文。文章介绍了一项新发现：幼鸟在被孵化前母鸟便教它们识别声音了。母亲呼唤它们的鸟蛋越频繁，则它们的孩子越会发出相似的声音；幼鸟的声音越像它们母亲的声音，则它们获得的食物奖励就越多。58. B词义猜测题。第一段将人类婴儿与幼鸟进行了对比，画线词组所在句上文讲出生前人的辨别声音的能力很强，下文讲一些母鸟在幼鸟被孵化之前就教它们学唱歌了。据此可以判断，在胎教方面，鸟儿的表现是最好的，推测“rule the roost”意为“be the best”，故选B项。60. C推理判断题。第四段“In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mums voice were rewarded with the most food.(一项单独的实验表明模仿母鸟声音最接近的幼鸟会得到最多的食物)”和最后一段研究人员的研究结果表明，母鸟会选择质量优良的孩子，因此可以推断，母鸟通过胎教来确定质量优良的幼鸟，即最会模仿它们声音的幼鸟。质量优良的幼鸟无需过多帮助就能更好地适应环境，故选C项。 2017江苏卷DOld problem，new approachesWhile clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life，global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions (排放) peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today，we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least，the US National Climate Assessment says that：“There is no onesize fits all adaptation.” Nevertheless，there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways，especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His notforprofit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries，schools，and health clinics，and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity(连接) to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level：his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers (冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphels inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200，000m3 of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norphels ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.Increasing Earths reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the lifegiving ice. The outcome is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its list of “100 ideas to save the planet”More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like thiseither by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that weve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, its a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.65The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies _Aadaptation is an everchanging processBthe cost of adaptation varies with timeCglobal warming affects adaptation formsDadaptation to climate change is challenging66What is special with regard to Rezwans project?AThe project receives government support.BDifferent organizations work with each other.CHis organization makes the best of a bad situation.DThe project connects flooded roads and highways.67What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?AStoring ice for future use.BProtecting the glaciers from melting.CChanging the irrigation time.DPostponing the melting of the glaciers.68What do we learn from the Peru example?AWhite paint is usually safe for buildings.BThe global warming trend cannot be stopped.CThis country is heating up too quickly.DSunlight reflection may relieve global warming.69According to the author, polluting industries should _Aadapt to carbon pollutionBplant highly profitable cropsCleave carbon emission aloneDfight against carbon pollution70Whats the authors preferred solution to global warming?ASetting up a new standard.BReducing carbon emission.CAdapting to climate change.DMonitoring polluting industries.【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了世界各地适应如今全球变暖的气候的方法。65. A句意理解题。根据第二段第二句“We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions.”可知，我们并不是在讨论适应一个新的标准，而是适应不断变化的条件。据此可以判断，这句话的意思是：适应是一个不断变化的过程。故选A项。66. C细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster.”以及该段其他内容可知，Rezwan所在的组织充分利用洪水灾害为人们提供便利，故选C项。68. D细节理解题。根据第五段“Increasing Earths reflectiveness can cool the planetBy painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.”以及第六段“painting the entire m
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