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第31讲动词和动词短语动词属于实词，是用来表示动作或状态的词。根据其在句中的功能可分为四类：实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。在有些情况下，某些动词是兼类词。动词在英语学习中占有无可替代的地位。中考中关于动词的考点有：1系动词be, look, smell, get, become, turn, keep等的基本用法；2含有情态动词can, must, need, may等的基本句型及用法；3助动词的基本用法；4动词词组的辨析及应用。高频考向一动词的基本形式动词有以下五种基本形式：动词原形，动词第三人称单数形式，动词过去式，动词现在分词和动词过去分词。1第三人称单数形式的构成一般现在时中主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词也要用第三人称单数形式。不规则变化需单独记忆。2现在分词的构成3.过去式和过去分词的构成规则变化不规则变化需单独记忆。高频考向二实义动词词义辨析实义动词是本身有词义，且能独立作谓语的动词。根据后面是否带宾语，可分为及物动词和不及物动词两类。1及物动词及物动词后面要跟宾语才能使句子结构完整。如love，need，want等。它主要用于三种句型中：动词宾语如：I bought some books yesterday.我昨天买了一些书。(bought后有宾语books，为及物动词)动词宾语宾补如：The sun keeps us warm.阳光让我们保持温暖。动词双宾语(即直接宾语和间接宾语)如：My mother passed me an apple.妈妈递给我一个苹果。2不及物动词不及物动词本身有完整的意思，后不需接宾语。如：He always studies hard.他一直努力学习。(study后无宾语，为不及物动词)若不及物动词需要带宾语，其后需加适当的介词，才可以跟宾语。如：They left last week. 他们上周离开了。(left后无宾语，为不及物动词)They live in a small house in Beijing.他们在北京住在一所小房子里。(live后需介词in才可以接宾语)3有的动词既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词。如：She sings very well.她唱得很好。(sing是不及物动词)She sang an English song just now.她刚才唱了一首英文歌。(sing是及物动词)高频考向三系动词和助动词的用法1系动词系动词本身有词义，但不能独立作谓语，须与表语一起构成谓语，称作系表结构。用来表示主语状态的系动词只有be(am，is，are，was，were)；用来表示主语继续或保持一种状态或态度的系动词有keep，stay，remain，stand等；表象系动词有look，seem，appear等；表示人的感觉的系动词有feel，smell，sound，taste等；表变化的系动词有become，get，grow，turn等。2助动词助动词是辅动性动词。本身无意义或意义不完整，不能独立用作谓语，但可以与实义动词连用，共同构成谓语，表示各种时态、语态、否定句和疑问句等。常用助动词有：have: has, had, having do: does, did will：would shall：should高频考向四情态动词的用法情态动词有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，须与动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的情绪、态度和语气。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。1can(could)表能力，could为can的过去时。can与be able to的意义基本相同。但can只有一般现在时和一般过去时，而be able to能用于各种时态。表可能性。表许可。口语中可代替may。cant表有把握的否定判断，意为“不可能”。【注意】could在口语中，常代替can来向对方比较委婉客气地提出请求或表示看法。此时could不表示过去时。2may(might)用来征求对方意见，意为“可以”。口语性较强。might可以指过去时间；也可指现在时间，语气更委婉。表猜测和对可能性的判断，意为“可能；也许”。might可以指过去时间；也可指现在时间，语气更加不肯定。3must表说话人的主观意志，意为“必须，应该”。无时态变化。其否定答语常用neednt或dont have to，意为“不必”。【注意】have to意为“不得不；必须”，主要强调受到外界客观因素的迫使。它可用于多种时态，且有人称和数的变化。must的否定形式为mustnt，意为“不许；一定不要”，表示禁止和告诫。表示对事物的推测，意为“想必；一定”，只用于肯定句。且比may的语气要肯定得多。4would作情态动词时，无人称限制，表意愿，常与like，love连用。5should表义务，意为“应该”，用于各种人称。表推测，意为“想必一定；照说应该；估计”。高频考向五动词短语动词短语指动词跟一个或两个介词或副词构成的固定短语。动词短语的意义与原来动词的意思不同。1动词短语的分类：动词介词arrive in/at，ask for，begin with，be from，come from，get to，laugh at，look for，send for，wait for及物动词副词find out，give up，look up (查找)，put on，pick up，ring up，take off (脱下)，take away，turn on，turn off，think over，cut off不及物动词副词get up，go on，grow up，set off，stand up动词副词介词get on (along) with，catch up with，come up with，go on with，look forward to动词名词介词take part in，make friends with，take care ofbe形容词介词be good at，be interested in，be good for，be worried about一、用适当的情态动词填空。1Must I finish all the homework this evening?No, you _Tomorrow is Saturday, and you have enough time for it.2People _ drive after drinking alcohol (酒). Its against the law.3Do you have any plans for this summer vacation?Im not sure. I _ take a trip to Taiwan.4Is that man Mr. Smith?It _ be him. He has gone to New York on business.5Nowadays all passengers _ go through safety check before they take a train.needntmustntmay/mightcantmust二、选择括号中正确的单词或短语填空。6Its important for us to protect nature because we _(depend on, give up) its rich resources to live.7UNICEF was _ (put up, set up) in 1946 to improve childrens lives after World War.8How long can I _(borrow, keep) this novel Gullivers Travels?Only two weeks.9The school network will be shut down for safety reason.That doesnt _(surprise, worry) me at all. Im not a networm, anyway.10The famous singers songs _(sound, feel) sweet and many of us like listening to them.depend onset upkeepworrysound三、语法填空。11You _ park here! Look at the sign. It says“No parking”Sorry, I didnt notice that sign just now.12Please_ (listen) to the recording carefully and tell me what you hear.13Have you ever _(try) to get full marks?14Jill looks so painful. There _be something wrong with her.15Look at that girl! Is it Judy?No, it _ be her. She is still in London.mustnt listentriedmustcant16How lovely! The little girl is _(run) after a butterfly.17He _(study) with his classmates after school every weekday.18Excuse me. Can you tell me what time it is now?Sorry, I_. My watch doesnt work.19We _ pay for the concert. It is free.20Why not _ (bring) me a cup of water?runningstudiescantneedntbring四、根据汉语意思翻译下列句子。21We should try to _(使他高兴起来)22Jims going to be a reporter when he _(长大)23Ive _(用完) my money.24They are _(考虑) buying a new car. 25We are _(盼望) the summer holiday.26Would you mind _(照看)my pet dog for me while I am away?27Mike was ill yesterday. He had to _(放弃) his plan for the holiday.cheer him upgrows uprun out ofthinking about/oflooking forward tolooking aftergive up28Could you please _(音量调小)the radio a bit? Its too loud.Sorry, Ill do it right away.29 _(穿上) your coat, please. Its cold today.30A father in the UK has _(想出) a wonderful idea to send his kids to school on time. He takes his sons to their school in a white tank(坦克)turn downPut oncome up with
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