高考英语 第二部分 第十一讲 特殊句式和主谓一致课件 外研版

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第二部分第二部分 语法专项突破语法专项突破第十一讲特殊句式和主谓一致第十一讲特殊句式和主谓一致一、倒装一、倒装种类种类倒装条件倒装条件例句例句全部全部倒装倒装(1)表示方式或方位的副词表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语,如或介词短语,如here,there,now,then,up,down,in,away,off,out,on the wall,under the tree等置于句首,且主语是名词等置于句首,且主语是名词时。时。Hearing the dog barking fiercely,away fled the thief.注意注意上述情况中,上述情况中,若主语是人称代词,若主语是人称代词,则不用倒装。则不用倒装。Away they went.(2)代词代词such放在句首,且放在句首,且在句中作表语时。在句中作表语时。Such are the facts;no one can deny them.种类种类倒装条件倒装条件例句例句全部全部倒装倒装部分部分倒装倒装(3)为平衡句子结构或使为平衡句子结构或使上下文衔接紧密上下文衔接紧密,常将作常将作表语的形容词、副词、分表语的形容词、副词、分词或介词短语提到句首词或介词短语提到句首,引起全部倒装。引起全部倒装。Present at the meeting were Professor White and many other guests.Hanging on the wall is a beautiful picture.(1)only修饰副词、介词修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句,且放短语或状语从句,且放在句首时。在句首时。Only after they had discussed the matter for several hours did they reach a decision.Only then did I know the importance of learning.种类种类倒装条件倒装条件例句例句部分部分倒装倒装(2)含有否定意义的副词或词含有否定意义的副词或词组组(never,seldom, little, hardly, by no means, not until等等)位于句首时。位于句首时。(2012高考江西卷高考江西卷)Never before has she seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert.(3)hardly. when, no sooner. than, not only. but(also).等引导两个分句时,若等引导两个分句时,若hardly, no sooner, not only位位于句首,前一个分句用部分于句首,前一个分句用部分倒装,后一个分句不变。倒装,后一个分句不变。Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.Not only was the coat soft,but it was also warm.种类种类倒装条件倒装条件例句例句部分部分倒装倒装(4)so/neither/nor置于句首置于句首,意为意为“也也”或或“也不也不”,表示前面所说的情况也适表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时。用于另一个人或事物时。He is a doctor.So is his wife.Lily cant ride,neither/nor can Lucy.(5)so/such.that.句型中,句型中,当当suchn.或或soadj./adv.位于句首时,主句部分倒位于句首时,主句部分倒装,装,that从句不倒装。从句不倒装。So small was the market that I could hardly see it.So carelessly did the drive that he almost killed himself.种类种类倒装条件倒装条件例句例句部分部分倒装倒装(6)though/as引导让步状语从句引导让步状语从句时,意为时,意为“尽管尽管”,通常把句,通常把句中状语、表语或动词提前;若中状语、表语或动词提前;若表语是名词,其前不用冠词。表语是名词,其前不用冠词。常见结构:状语常见结构:状语/表语表语/动词动词though/as主谓结构主谓结构Try as he would, he might fail again.Unsatisfied though he was with the payment, he took the job just to get some work experience.(7)当当if引导的虚拟条件从句中引导的虚拟条件从句中含有含有had, were或或should等时,等时,如将如将if省略,则要将省略,则要将had, were或或should等移到主语之前。等移到主语之前。Had I attended the meeting,I would have met Jim.1(2013高考福建卷高考福建卷)Not until he went through real hardship _the love we have for our families is important.Ahad he realizedBdid he realize Che realizedDhe had realized解析:考查倒装和动词的时态。句意:直到他经历了真正的解析:考查倒装和动词的时态。句意:直到他经历了真正的困难,他才意识到我们对家人的爱的重要性。由题干中句首困难,他才意识到我们对家人的爱的重要性。由题干中句首的关键信息的关键信息Not until可知此处要用部分倒装,排除可知此处要用部分倒装,排除C、D两项两项;而而A项用了过去完成时,表示项用了过去完成时,表示“realize表示的动作发生在从表示的动作发生在从句谓语句谓语went through表示的动作之前表示的动作之前”,这显然不合逻辑,这显然不合逻辑,所以排除所以排除A项;而项;而B项无论从语序还是从时态上讲,都是非常项无论从语序还是从时态上讲,都是非常正确的。正确的。B2(2013高考湖南卷高考湖南卷)Not once_to Michael that he could one day become a top student in his class.Aoccurred itBit did occurCit occurredDdid it occur解析:句意:迈克尔成为班里的第一名这样的情况一次也没解析:句意:迈克尔成为班里的第一名这样的情况一次也没有发生过。否定副词有发生过。否定副词not置于句首用于强调时,句子要用部分置于句首用于强调时,句子要用部分倒装,故答案为倒装,故答案为D。解答这类题目需要了解用于倒装的各种。解答这类题目需要了解用于倒装的各种前提,准确理解句子含义。前提,准确理解句子含义。D3.(2013高考江西卷高考江西卷)Only when he apologizes for his rudeness_to him again.AI will speakBwill I speakCdo I speakDI speak解析:句意:只有他为他的粗鲁道歉时解析:句意:只有他为他的粗鲁道歉时,我才会再跟他讲话。我才会再跟他讲话。only时间状语从句放在句首时,句子要部分倒装。时间状语从句放在句首时,句子要部分倒装。will表示表示愿意做某事。愿意做某事。B二、强调句二、强调句强调句强调句(1)It is/was.that/who可以对除谓语以外的可以对除谓语以外的成分进行强调。当强成分进行强调。当强调部分为调部分为“人人”时,时,可用可用that或或who,其他,其他情况下用情况下用that。(2013高考大纲全国卷高考大纲全国卷)It was only after he had read the papers that Mr.Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete.强调强调句句(2)一般疑问句:一般疑问句:Is/Wasit.that/who.?特殊疑问句:疑问词特殊疑问句:疑问词is/wasitthat who.?The patient looks much better.What is it that has made him what he is today?Was it on a lonely island that he was saved one month after the boat went down?(3)“not.until.”句型句型的强调句:的强调句:It is /was not until.that.(2012高考湖南卷高考湖南卷)It was not until I came here that I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.强调强调谓语谓语动词动词温温馨馨提提示示do/does/did动词原形动词原形(只用于肯定句,并且只只用于肯定句,并且只有现在时和过去时有现在时和过去时)I do hope you can take my plan into consideration.He did write to you last night.如何判断强调句型如何判断强调句型判断一个句子是否是强调句型,最简单的方法是判断一个句子是否是强调句型,最简单的方法是“还原法还原法”,即去掉强调句句型的特有结构,即去掉强调句句型的特有结构It is/was.that/who.,若去掉这个结构后句子仍然成立,若去掉这个结构后句子仍然成立,就是强调句型,否则,为其他句型。试比较:就是强调句型,否则,为其他句型。试比较:It was at 6 oclock that I got up today.It was 6 oclock when I got up today.It was two years ago that I began to learn English.It was two years since I began to learn English.1(2013高考天津卷高考天津卷)It was not until near the end of the letter _ she mentioned her own plan.AthatBwhere Cwhy Dwhen解析:考查强调句型:解析:考查强调句型:It is/was被强调部分被强调部分that其他其他部分。句意为部分。句意为“直到快写到信的结尾的时候,她才提到了自直到快写到信的结尾的时候,她才提到了自己的计划己的计划”。句中被强调的部分是时间状语。句中被强调的部分是时间状语not until near the end of the letter。A2(2013高考重庆卷高考重庆卷)It was with the help of the local guide_the mountain climber was rescued.AwhoBthatCwhenDhow解析:句意:正是在当地导游的帮助下那位爬山者获救了。解析:句意:正是在当地导游的帮助下那位爬山者获救了。这是一个这是一个It is/was.that.强调句型。判断的标准是:把强调句型。判断的标准是:把It is/was和和that去掉,然后调整句子的顺序看句子是否成立。去掉,然后调整句子的顺序看句子是否成立。如果成立,就是强调句型,反之则不是。而本题将如果成立,就是强调句型,反之则不是。而本题将It was和和that去掉并调整顺序后为去掉并调整顺序后为“The mountain climber was rescued with the help of the local guide.”,句子完整无,句子完整无缺,因此是强调句型,所以答案为缺,因此是强调句型,所以答案为B。B三、省略三、省略状语状语从句从句当状语从句的主语当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致和主句的主语一致或从句的主语为或从句的主语为it且从句中有且从句中有be动词动词时,可以省略状语时,可以省略状语从句中的主语和从句中的主语和be动词。动词。(2014芜湖一中高三模拟芜湖一中高三模拟)Every day after I went home, if not tired from work, I will go out for a walk with my wife.(2013高考天津卷高考天津卷)Although small,the company has about 1,000 buyers in over 30 countries.宾语宾语从句从句“替代性替代性”省略:省略:not与与be afraid, hope, think, believe, suppose, expect等连用,代替否定的宾语等连用,代替否定的宾语从句,从句,so代替肯定的宾语从句,代替肯定的宾语从句,但表示否定意义时,但表示否定意义时,hope与与be afraid只用只用I hope/am afraid not的形式,而的形式,而think, believe, suppose等有两种形式,即:等有两种形式,即:I think/believe/suppose not和和I dont think/believe/suppose so.Do you think it will rain?I hope not/so.Do they mind you smoking there?I dont think so/I think not.动词动词不定不定式式不定不定式符式符号号to的省的省略略(1)感官动词或使役动词感官动词或使役动词(如如feel, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, let, make, have等等)后接不定后接不定式作宾语补足语时省略式作宾语补足语时省略to,但在被动语态中不能但在被动语态中不能省略省略(let除外除外)。I heard someone sing in the next room.My mother wouldnt let me go to see the film.(2)在在do nothing but do, cant help but do, why not do, would rather do. than do.,prefer to do. rather than do.等句型中省略等句型中省略to。I would prefer to swim rather than play football.动动词词不不定定式式不定不定式的式的省略省略(1)使用不定式符号使用不定式符号to来代替不定式来代替不定式后被省略的动词,常在后被省略的动词,常在be afraid, expect, forget, hope, intend, like,love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want,wish等的后边。等的后边。I asked him to see the film, but he didnt want to.(2)在某些形容词如在某些形容词如glad,happy,pleased,delighted等后面使用不定式符号等后面使用不定式符号to来代替省略的动词。来代替省略的动词。Will you join in the game?Id be glad to.(3)如果不定式中含有如果不定式中含有be,have,have been,通常保留通常保留be, have和和have been。Are you a sailor?No, but I used to be.1(2013高考江西卷高考江西卷)If_to look after luggage for someone else,inform the police at once.AaskedBto askCasking Dhaving asked解析:句意:如果被要求为他人照看行李,请立即通知警察。解析:句意:如果被要求为他人照看行李,请立即通知警察。主句为祈使句,省略了主语主句为祈使句,省略了主语you,根据语境可知,条件状语,根据语境可知,条件状语从句中从句中ask与与you之间为动宾关系,故选之间为动宾关系,故选A项。项。A2(2013高考新课标全国卷高考新课标全国卷)The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police_.Anot to do Bnot toCnot do Ddo notB解析:考查动词不定式符号解析:考查动词不定式符号to的保留、不定式符号的保留、不定式符号to后面的后面的省略以及不定式的否定形式。句意省略以及不定式的否定形式。句意:那个司机想把他的小汽车那个司机想把他的小汽车停在路边,但是警察让他不要把车停在路边。通过分析题干停在路边,但是警察让他不要把车停在路边。通过分析题干,再结合句意可知,动词不定式符号再结合句意可知,动词不定式符号to后面省略了后面省略了“park his car near the roadside”,全句补充完整是,全句补充完整是“The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not to park his car near the roadside.”。在此种用法中可以只在句中保留不定式符号。在此种用法中可以只在句中保留不定式符号to,从而把与前面重复的内容省略;动词不定式的否定形式是直从而把与前面重复的内容省略;动词不定式的否定形式是直接在不定式符号接在不定式符号to的前面加上否定副词的前面加上否定副词not/never,故答案,故答案选选B项。项。四、祈使句四、祈使句祈使句的谓语一律用动词原形,祈使句的谓语一律用动词原形,否定形式用否定形式用“dont动词原形动词原形”,强调形式在肯定式的谓语动词前强调形式在肯定式的谓语动词前加加do,否定式在前加,否定式在前加never。(1)“祈使句祈使句and陈述句陈述句(一般一般将来时将来时)(If.,主句,主句)”。它的。它的两种特殊形式:两种特殊形式:名词词组名词词组and陈述句陈述句(名词名词词组中通常含有词组中通常含有more, another, further, earlier等词等词)祈使句破折号陈述句祈使句破折号陈述句(2)祈使句祈使句or陈述句陈述句(If.not.,主句,主句)Dont be so sure.Do come on time this evening.Never come late!Work hard and you will succeed.Hurry up or we will be late.Just a little patience and well look it into soon.Try some of this juiceperhaps youll like it.1.(2013高考北京卷高考北京卷)Dont turn off the computer before closing all programs,_you could have problems.Aor BandCbut Dso解析:句意:在关掉所有的程序之前不要关电脑,要不然你解析:句意:在关掉所有的程序之前不要关电脑,要不然你会遇到问题的。会遇到问题的。or否则,要不然,表示一种否定的条件;否则,要不然,表示一种否定的条件;and连接表示顺承的并列句;连接表示顺承的并列句;but连接表示转折的并列句;连接表示转折的并列句;so连接表示因果的并列句。由语境可知正确答案为连接表示因果的并列句。由语境可知正确答案为A项。掌握并项。掌握并列连词的用法以及前后分句的逻辑关系是解题关键。列连词的用法以及前后分句的逻辑关系是解题关键。A2(2013高考四川卷高考四川卷)Read this story,_you will realize that not everything can be bought with money.Aor BandCbut Dso解析:本题四个选项都为常见连词,解析:本题四个选项都为常见连词,or否则,否则,and而且,而且,but但是,但是,so因此。题干的意思是:因此。题干的意思是:(如果你如果你)读这个故事,你将读这个故事,你将会意识到并不是一切东西都能用金钱买到。分析句子结构可会意识到并不是一切东西都能用金钱买到。分析句子结构可知知,本题为本题为“祈使句祈使句and/or陈述句陈述句”结构,本句中前面的结构,本句中前面的祈使句表示条件,后面的陈述句表示此条件下的结果,又由祈使句表示条件,后面的陈述句表示此条件下的结果,又由句意可知应用连词句意可知应用连词and。B3(2011高考辽宁卷高考辽宁卷)Bring the flowers into a warm room _ theyll soon open.Aor BandCbut Dfor解析:句意:把那些花搬进一间暖房,它们很快就会开花。解析:句意:把那些花搬进一间暖房,它们很快就会开花。本题考查本题考查“祈使句祈使句and简单句简单句”这个特殊句型。该句型这个特殊句型。该句型中的祈使句相当于中的祈使句相当于if引导的条件状语从句。本句还可改为:引导的条件状语从句。本句还可改为:If you bring the flowers into a warm room,theyll soon open.B五、反意疑问句五、反意疑问句如陈述部分为肯定形式,则简如陈述部分为肯定形式,则简短问句为否定形式;如陈述部短问句为否定形式;如陈述部分为否定形式,则简短问句为分为否定形式,则简短问句为肯定形式。肯定形式。在复合句的反意疑问句中,简在复合句的反意疑问句中,简短问句的主语、谓语要与主句短问句的主语、谓语要与主句的主语、谓语保持一致。的主语、谓语保持一致。陈述部分如含有陈述部分如含有never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,nobody,nothing等否定词或等否定词或半否定词时,这部分应视为否半否定词时,这部分应视为否定形式,简短问句要用肯定形定形式,简短问句要用肯定形式。式。It is a fine day,isnt it?He isnt a teacher,is he?It is the first time that you have come here,isnt it?He was hardly twelve then,was he?祈使句祈使句的反意的反意疑问句疑问句(1)肯定的祈使句,简短肯定的祈使句,简短问句用问句用will you/wont you;否定的祈使句,简短问句否定的祈使句,简短问句用用will you。Have a little more coffee,will you/wont you?(2)Lets.,shall we?Let us.,will you?Lets go out for a walk,shall we?Let us go home now,will you?陈述陈述部分部分含有含有must时时(1)当当must作作“必须必须”讲讲时,其反意疑问句用时,其反意疑问句用neednt;当含有;当含有mustnt时,其反意疑问句用时,其反意疑问句用must/may。You must go now,neednt you?You mustnt smoke here,must you?(2)当当must表示推测时,表示推测时,其反意疑问句同去掉其反意疑问句同去掉must还原之后的句子所还原之后的句子所使用的反意疑问句。使用的反意疑问句。You must be hungry now,arent you?Im sure yourre hungry now,arent you?She must have arrived yesterday,didnt she?Im sure she arrived yesterday,didnt she?温温馨馨提提示示反意疑问句规则要牢记反意疑问句规则要牢记(1)当陈述部分为肯定式,反意疑问部分为否定式时,当陈述部分为肯定式,反意疑问部分为否定式时,其回答一般不会造成困难,一般照实际情况回答即可:其回答一般不会造成困难,一般照实际情况回答即可:Its new,isnt it?是新的,对吗?是新的,对吗?Yes,it is.对,是新的。对,是新的。(2)当陈述部分为否定式,反意疑问部分为肯定式时,当陈述部分为否定式,反意疑问部分为肯定式时,其回答往往与汉语不一致,要特别注意:其回答往往与汉语不一致,要特别注意:Tom doesnt know it,does he?汤姆不知道这事,对吧?汤姆不知道这事,对吧?No,he doesnt./Yes,he does.对,他不知道。对,他不知道。/不,他知道。不,他知道。(3)如果陈述部分是如果陈述部分是I/We dont think/believe/suppose/imagine宾语从句,则简短宾语从句,则简短问句的主语要与宾语从句的主语保持一致。问句的主语要与宾语从句的主语保持一致。I dont think he is forty,is he?1.(2012高考江苏卷高考江苏卷)There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent,_?Ais there Bisnt thereCis he Disnt he解析:考查反意疑问句。空格前的部分为一个主从复合句,解析:考查反意疑问句。空格前的部分为一个主从复合句,主句为主句为there is little doubt,that引导的是同位语从句,修引导的是同位语从句,修饰饰doubt。反意疑问部分应该和主句一致。反意疑问部分应该和主句一致,C、D两项可先排除。两项可先排除。主句中有否定词主句中有否定词little,所以反意疑问部分应使用肯定结构,所以反意疑问部分应使用肯定结构,故选故选A。A2(2011高考重庆卷高考重庆卷)I told them not everybody could run as fast as you did,_?Acould he Bdidnt ICdidnt you Dcould they解析:句意:我告诉他们并不是每一个人都能跑得像你一样解析:句意:我告诉他们并不是每一个人都能跑得像你一样快,不是吗?对于含宾语从句的反意疑问句,其附加问句常快,不是吗?对于含宾语从句的反意疑问句,其附加问句常与主句一致,又因主句为一般过去时的肯定形式,故附加问与主句一致,又因主句为一般过去时的肯定形式,故附加问句用一般过去时的否定形式。句用一般过去时的否定形式。B六、主谓一致六、主谓一致含含all,most,half,rest等等的名词词组作主语,所指的的名词词组作主语,所指的内容是复数意义时,谓语动内容是复数意义时,谓语动词用复数;反之,用单数。词用复数;反之,用单数。在主谓倒装句中,谓语动词在主谓倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。的数应与其后的主语一致。All of my classmates work hard.All of the water is up now.Between the two windows hangs a picture.用用and或或both.and连接并列主语,连接并列主语,其内容是复数的,谓语动词用复其内容是复数的,谓语动词用复数。若数。若and连接的两个单数主语指连接的两个单数主语指同一人、同一物或同一概念,谓同一人、同一物或同一概念,谓语动词用单数。语动词用单数。主语后面接连接性短语时,谓语主语后面接连接性短语时,谓语动词的数与主语的数保持一致。动词的数与主语的数保持一致。此类连接性短语有此类连接性短语有as well as,as much as,along with,with,like,rather than,together with,but,except,besides,including,in addition to等。等。The teacher and writer has already come to the meeting.Both my brother and my sister are workers.Your sister as well as your parents is very kind to me.She,like you and Betty,is very clever.以以or,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but also.等连接的名词等连接的名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词的数应与或代词作主语时,谓语动词的数应与就近的名词或代词一致。就近的名词或代词一致。lots of,plenty of,a great/large number of等以及分数、百分数表示等以及分数、百分数表示“许多许多”,后接可数名词时,谓语动,后接可数名词时,谓语动词用复数。词用复数。(large) quantities of修修饰可数名词或不可数名词作主语时,饰可数名词或不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数;谓语动词一般用复数;a(large)quantity of作主语时,谓语作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于后面的名词。动词的单复数形式取决于后面的名词。Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.Are not only you but also he wrong?There are large quantities of food in the shop.A number of students like English very much.the number of复数名词,复数名词,the amount of不可数名词等构成不可数名词等构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词用单的短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数。数。many a名词单数,名词单数,more than one名词单数,名词单数,“no/each/every/many a名词单数名词单数andno/each/every/many a名名词单数词单数”作主语,谓语动词用单作主语,谓语动词用单数。数。当其他名词性从句或动名词短语当其他名词性从句或动名词短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。形式。The amount of money spent on the project is great.Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers. More than one question was raised.What he said leaves much for us to think about.1(2013高考江苏卷高考江苏卷)Generally,students inner motivation with high expectations from others_essential to their development.Ais Bare Cwas Dwere解析:句意:一般说来,别人对其期望值高的学生,他们的解析:句意:一般说来,别人对其期望值高的学生,他们的内在动机对自身的发展是至关重要的。分析句子结构可知,内在动机对自身的发展是至关重要的。分析句子结构可知,该句的主语部分为该句的主语部分为students inner motivation with high expectations from others,中心词,中心词inner motivation显然显然为第三人称单数。再根据为第三人称单数。再根据generally(一般说来一般说来)判断该句话讲判断该句话讲的是通常情况,所以用一般现在时。解答该类题目的关键在的是通常情况,所以用一般现在时。解答该类题目的关键在于找准中心词。于找准中心词。A2(2013高考湖南卷高考湖南卷)The university estimates that living expenses for international students_around $8,450 a year,which_a burden for some of them.Aare;is Bare;areCis;are Dis;is解析:句意:这所大学估计,国际学生的生活费用每年大约解析:句意:这所大学估计,国际学生的生活费用每年大约8 450美元,这对他们中的一些学生来说是一个负担。第一个美元,这对他们中的一些学生来说是一个负担。第一个空的主语为空的主语为living expenses“生活费用生活费用”,所以谓语动词用,所以谓语动词用复数形式;复数形式;“which_a burden for some of them”是是一个非限制性定语从句,一个非限制性定语从句,which指代前面的指代前面的“生活费用高生活费用高”这件事,故此处谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。这件事,故此处谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。A
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