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第二部分题型应对探究段首题空格为主旨句解题攻略在某段第一句设空的内容通常是该段落主旨句。学生需要通过认真研读该段的内容，然后从选项中查找下文的同义词或其他相关词或句，从而确定答案。有时则需反复读设空处后面一两句或更多内容，确定关键信息词，然后在各个选项中查找关联词和信息句。一般正确答案选项与所设空后的第一句在意义上是紧密衔接的，因此正确选项和原文的内容是连贯且符合逻辑的。典例(2019全国卷)37_More than that，how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal？First，you need to evaluate yourself，your values，your strengths，your weaknesses，your achievements，your desires，etc.Only then should you set your goals.BSo how should you motivate yourself?DSo why should we try to set specific goals?FMotivation is what you need most to do a good job.解析：B主旨句。句意：那么，你应该如何激励自己呢？该题中，设空处位于文章段落的开头，可能会是该段的主旨句。设空处后面how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal也是引出该段话题或是对主旨句的进一步说明。另根据句子结构一致的原则，可找到与此问句结构一致的选项B；So how should you motivate yourself？故选B。空格为承上启下句解题攻略在某段第一句设空的内容也有可能为承上启下的句子，这就需要学生做到瞻前顾后，既熟悉上一段结尾的内容，又结合下一段的内容，分析所选的答案是否能够将两段内容连贯起来。典例(2018全国卷)“I adore dancing，”says Lester Bridges，the owner of a dance studio in Iowa.“I cant imagine doing anything else with my life.”Bridges runs dance classes for all ages.“Teaching dance is wonderful.37_D_ Its great to watch them.For many of them，its a way of meeting people and having a social life.”38_“I can tell you about one young couple，”says Bridges.“Theyre learning to do traditional dances.They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile.39._F_”ASo why do we dance?DMy older students say it makes them feel young.FDancing seems to change their feeling completely.解析：A本题空格在段首，需要填一个主旨句或一个承上启下句。解本题可用关联逻辑法。上文提到跳舞能使人感到年轻，是一种结识人和社会生活的一种方式，由本段中的“They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile.”可知，跳舞可以让原本情绪低落的他们变得开心，故A项(那么我们为什么跳舞呢？)符合语境，起到承上启下的作用。段尾题空格为承上启下句解题攻略还有一种可能，即这一空是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否能与选项紧密连接起来。典例(2018浙江卷6月)Moving into a new home in a new neighborhood is an exciting experience.Of course，you want to make sure that you become an accepted and valuable part of your new neighborhood.The easiest way to accomplish this is to make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbor should._31_FPeople tend to take pride in keeping everything in their street fresh and inviting.GHere are a few tips to help you win over everyone in the neighborhood quickly.解析：G本题设空处为第一段段尾。空格前一句“The easiest way to.a good neighbor should.”，同时结合下文几段的具体做法可知，G项“这里是几个能帮你快速在社区中获得大家的友谊的窍门”能很好地起到过渡作用，本设空类型为过渡句类。故选G项。空格为总结、概括句解题攻略做题时一要注意空格前的一句或两句；二是注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结的信号词，如to conclude，in a word，thus，hence，in short，to sum up，therefore，as a result等词语；三是要注意与前文的逻辑关系，找到关键的线索词句，如表示转折、对比、并列或排比的关系。如果第一段的段尾是空格，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。典例(2019洛阳高三二模)There is no doubt that analyzing the exact data is important to assessment of an actual event.But data should be dealt with wisely.We often get wrong data which mislead us.Remember，data have no feeling but we humans have.Data dont mean much to people if we do not have the abilities to analyze the data with the knowledge and confidence to judge whether they are true or false._AThus we should try our best to be wise thinkers.解析：A本题设空在段尾，空格前的一句论述内容是“如果我们没有能力运用所学知识和自信去分析数据正确与否，那么数据对我们来说就毫无意义”。所得出的结论就是“因此我们要尽最大努力成为一名睿智的思考者”，结合线索词Thus可知A选项是正确答案。故选A项。段中题段中设空即主题句的展开句。尤其注意分析空前后的逻辑关系和行文逻辑及内容的连贯性，注意句间的衔接手段。其特点主要以转折手法引出主题句，或者是用来承上启下的过渡句，也可能是补充前文具体的事实、事例和说明。因此第一步需要依据信息词将选项进行排除之后，把剩下的几个可能正确的选项依次代入设空处，最终判断和确定一个选项和空白处前后内容能达到语意连贯，逻辑关系清晰，最后便得出了正确答案。下面是依据逻辑关系解题的常用方法。根据并列或递进关系解题解题攻略 并列或递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有first(第一)，second(第二)，third(第三)；firstly(第一，首先)，secondly(第二，其次)，thirdly(第三)；first(首先)，next(其次)，then(那么，然后)；in the first place(第一，首先)，for another(其次)；to begin with(首先，第一)，to conclude(最后)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的并列关系，空格处很有可能是个并列的句子。 如果空格前后两句之间有also(也，而且)，further(进一步地，而且)，furthermore(而且，此外)，likewise(同样地，也)，similarly(相同地，类似地)，moreover(而且，此外)，in addition(另外)，whats more(更重要的是)，not only.but also(不但而且)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的递进关系，空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。典例(2019北京卷)Much of the work in todays world is accomplished(完成)in teams.Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals._46_Companies spend millions hiring top business people.Is their money well spent?BSports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top talent.解析：B细节句。设空处后的“Companies spend millions hiring top business people.”与本空为并列关系，故答案为B项：体育团队的老板们花数百万美元吸引顶尖人才。根据转折或让步关系解题解题攻略转折或让步关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有however(然而)，nevertheless(然而，不过)，still(还，仍然)，though(可是，不过，然而)，yet(然而)，on the contrary(正相反)，in contrast(与此相反，相比之下)，in comparison(比较起来，与比较)，by comparison(相比之下)等连接词，则表明前后两句话是逻辑上的逆转，空格处很有可能表示转折或让步关系。典例(2017全国卷)I was，nevertheless，talked into going on another funfilled holiday in the wilderness._38_Instead，we had a popup camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner.My natureloving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.AThis time there was no tent.解析：A根据后文转折副词Instead后的描述“我们这次有野营车，里面有舒服的床和空调”可知，这次的野营没有帐篷，故选A项。根据因果关系解题解题攻略如果前后的句子之间出现as a result(结果)，thus/therefore(因此)，so/such.that(如此以至于)等标志性词语，表明前后句有着因果关系。典例(全国卷)If you find a public speaking course that looks as though its going to give you lots of dos and donts，walk away！Your brain is so full of what youre going to be talking about._54_.As far as were concerned，there are basically no hard and fast rules about public speaking.Your audience can be your friends.GSo trying to force a whole set of rules into it will just make things worse解析：G本题可利用因果关系解题。空格前面一句“Your brain is so full of what youre going to be talking about.(你的大脑充满了要谈的内容。)”表示原因，而G项中的So在此处表示结果。故选G项。根据解释例证关系解题解题攻略前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和演绎(从观点到例子)。典例(2019全国卷)Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives，keeping in mind your beliefs，values and strengths.Remember that goals are flexible._39_They also need to be measurable.You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals.EThey can change according to circumstances.解析：E细节句。句意：它们可以根据情况来改变。设空处前面的句子提到Remember that goals are flexible.(要记得目标是灵活的。)，接下来可能会接着解释它们会改变。选项E中的They与上句话中的goals指代一致。故选E。小题夯基练1(2019全国卷节选)In an online class, developing healthy patterns of communication with professors is very important._36_While I have only listed two of each, there are obviously many other situations that can arise. Students should be able to extend the logic(逻辑)of each to their particular circumstance.AThats what they are for.BTurn to an online instructor for help.CIf more information is needed, they will ask.DRemember that online professors get a lot of emails.EBelow are some common dos and donts for online learners.FEveryone has taken a notsogreat class at one time or another.GAsk questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.解析：E过渡句。设空处前提出与在线(online)课程教授有着良好的沟通很重要，下文介绍了该做的和不该做的事情，因此答案为E项。2(2018全国卷节选)The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls，ceilings，and floors.Whether youre looking at wall paper or paint，the time，effort and relative expense put into it are significant._40_.AWhile all of them are usefulBWhatever youre looking forCIf youre experimenting with a colorDSmall color choices are the ones were most familiar withEIts not really a good idea to use too many small color piecesFSo it pays to be sure，because you want to get it right the first timeGColor choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways解析：F该空位于段尾，应属于总结句。根据空前的“the time，effort and relative expense put into it are significant”可知，大型物品的颜色选择所需要的时间、精力、费用很大，这恰与F项构成因果关系。3(2018全国卷节选)Your metabolism (新陈代谢)gets a head start._38_If you work out in the mornings，then you will be getting the calorie(卡路里)burning benefits for the whole day，not in your sleep.AYou will stick to your diet.BYour quality of sleep improves.CYou prefer healthy food to fast food.DThere is no reason you should exercise in the morning.EYou can keep your head clear for 410 hours after exercise.FAfter you exercise，you continue to burn calories throughout the day.GIf you are planning to do exercise regularly，or youre doing it now，then listen up!解析：F设空处位于段中，属于段中题。这一段说的是晨练有助于人体的新陈代谢，能让你一整天都感受到晨练消耗卡路里带来的好处。F项“晨练之后你还会在一天时间里继续消耗卡路里”中的关键词“throughout the day”与文中的“the whole day”呼应。故选F。4(2018北京卷节选)_55_However, anger can easily turn violent, and it is best to know the reasons for anger to appear in order to prevent its presence.With these main reasons in mind, we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and prevent cases of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings.AOur attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well.BBut some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger.CAnger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait, and is usually advised to reduce it.DAnger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry.解析：D下一句提到：但是生气很容易转变为暴力，所以最好了解一下愤怒的原因来阻止它的存在。该句和上一句之间是转折关系，结合剩余选项可知，D选项(愤怒是一种特别强烈的感情，或许人们认为他们有理由生气。)和下文构成转折关系，故选D。5Unfortunately，weve all been victims of betrayal.Whether weve been stolen from，lied to，misled，or cheated on，there are different levels of losing trust.Sometimes people simply cant trust anymore._37_Its understandable，but if youre willing to build trust in a relationship again，we have some steps you can take to get you there.ALearn to really trust yourself.BIt is putting confidence in someone.CStop regarding yourself as the victim.DRemember that you can expect the best in return.ETheyve been too badly hurt and they cant bear to let it happen again.FThis knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.GSeeing the positive side of things doesnt mean youre ignoring what happened.解析：E此题从行文逻辑上判断属因果关系。上句意为“有时候，人们简直无法再信任(别人)了，”而本句应是解释人们无法信任别人的原因。故E项符合题意。6Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right._74_ The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 percent smaller than those taken before sleep，showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping.DThe processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.EThats why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.F“Sleep is the price we pay for learning，”says Giulio Tononi，who developed the idea.GTononis team measured the size of these connections，or synapses，in the brains of 12 mice.解析：G该段首句说“现在我们有最直接的证据证明他的假设是对的”，那接下来应该具体描述该证据。此处，该空后面一句话解释了实验的结果和意义。综合看来，只有G 项符合语境，指出了研究团队、实验对象及实验内容。7Every animal sleeps，but the reason for this has remained foggy.When lab rats are not allowed to sleep，they die within a month._71_AWe should also try to sleep well the night before.BIts as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.CSimilarly，when people go for a few days without sleeping，they get sick.解析：C首句指出“每种动物都要睡觉，但原因仍然是个谜”。接下来是具体例证，如实验室的老鼠被剥夺了睡眠，一个月内就会死亡，C项“同样，如果人类连接几天不睡觉，就会生病”与前句是并列关系，故选C。大题提能练A根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。With time and experience，most adults know that not getting enough sleep can be harmful to us.Too bad，teens dont see that connection so clearly.Its up to parents to convey the importance of sleeping enough._36_Play up the positives.Sometimes it helps to point out the benefits that come with changing a behavior.In this case，not only will quality sleep help teens focus better in school and feel happier overall，it can improve the appearance of their skin._37_Lay stress on consistency.A lot of teenagers，and even grownups，think they can spend less time on shuteye during the week if they make up for it on the weekend.Not true.An extra hour or two of sleep on Saturday and Sunday can do us more harm than good._38_ As a result，it is hard to fall asleep at the appropriate time on Sunday evening.Give the hard facts._39_ Thats why its so important to explain what it feels like to be too tired to get behind the wheel.Promise your teen that he can always call you to pick him up no matter where he is or what time it is，if hes too sleepy to drive._40_ Sleep isnt as fun as texting with friends and it seems less necessary than cramming for an exam.Help your teen view sleep as a priority(优先事项)by making it one in your own life as well.Set up a family charging station for electronic devices outside of the bedrooms，so phones can be powered up overnight without tempting(引诱)anyone to check messages.Leave your own devices there when you go to bed.Rarely is anything so important that it cant wait until after a good nights sleep.ALead by example.BSet aside quality family time.CThese four tips will show you how.DIt disturbs a persons internal body clock.EIt is important for us to realize the importance of a good sleep.FIts reported that one out of five traffic accidents involves a sleepy driver.GIt also keeps them from getting sick and helps them keep a healthy weight.语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。作为一名家长，如何让自己的孩子拥有足够的睡眠呢？对此，作者提出了一些有用的建议。36C考查承上启下。综合全文的内容和结构我们可以看出，本文主要提出了一些建议，关于如何让孩子拥有足够的睡眠，而C项“这四条建议将会告诉你如何做”是一个承上启下的句子，符合它在本文中的位置。37G考查细节支撑。综合第二段的内容我们可以看出，这一段主要讲述足够的睡眠给孩子们带来的好处。而G项“它还让他们远离疾病，并帮助他们保持健康的体重”在内容上符合本段的大意。38D考查细节支撑。根据本空前面的内容我们可以看出本段讲述星期一到星期五不按时睡觉而在周末补觉所带来的恶果，选项D的意思在逻辑上与前后的内容一致。故本空应选D。39F考查承上启下。根据本空后面一句的内容我们可以确定，本空所选的句子应与开车有关。而F项讲述的是睡眠不足带来交通事故的危险。因此，本题应选F。40A考查段落主旨。本空位于段首。根据短文的结构我们可以看出，本空是本段的主题句，应是祈使句。再结合本段的大意我们可以确定，本段讲述的是家长要以身作则。而A项符合相关的要求。B根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。When the cold weather hits，swimming is probably an activity thats far from your mind._36_.Here are some reasons why swimming in winter is great!Work your musclesEvery time you swim，it is like doing a miniresistance workout.Each kick and pull works your muscles more than you might imagine，especially your arms，shoulders and gluteusthe muscles that are inactive all day when youre sitting at your desk.Swimming also works your abs(腹肌)and will reduce your waistline._37_.Lift your spirits Exercise gives off chemicals in your body called endorphins(内啡肽)These cause a positive feeling into your body which makes you happy._38_.The repetition，movement and breathing can help you to relax and thats why swimming is also regarded as a relaxing exercise._39_Swimming is one of the best activities you can do all year round which benefits your body and your mind.Swimming has been found to increase blood flow to the brain，which leads to more oxygen.That means youll experience alertness improved，better memory and cognitive(认知的)function.Meet new people_40_.You can meet people from all walks of life when swimming.Have a chat in the lap pool，join a swimming club，or get involved in social water sports to get to know people in your community.Besides，the great thing about swimming is that you can do itrain or shine.Although your backyard pool，the river，or beach cools down over winter，most inside swimming pools run heated pools yearround，so youve got no excuse to stop swimming!AGood for your brainBGreatly beneficial to your bodyCThese chemicals can control your thought and actionDSwimming has been shown to reduce stress and tensionEWhile swimming is an individual sport，its also very social FSo，along with building fitness，it is a wonderful fullbody exerciseGBut swimming is one of the best activities everyone can undertake in winter语篇解读 这是一篇说明文，作者在文中介绍了冬泳的几点优势。36G考查承上启下。该空的前一句表明冬季的时候人们往往不再考虑游泳，空后一句“Here are some reasons why swimming in winter is great”说明下文将介绍冬季游泳的益处，G项中的But 表明转折关系，G项在此处起着承上启下的作用。37F考查段落总结。第二段的主题是“锻炼你的肌肉”，该空上文说明游泳能锻炼身体各部分的肌肉，比如胳膊肩膀的肌肉，臀肌和腹肌，故F项中的fullbody exercise起到总结的作用。38D考查细节支撑。本段主题是“让你开心起来”，上文的“makes you happy”和下文的“help you to relax”“relaxing”暗示D项“已证明游泳可以减少压力和紧张”符合段意。39A考查段落主旨。本空是第四段的主题句，依据第四段的“increase blood flow to the brain.experience alertness improved，better memory and cognitive(认知的) function”可知，本段主要讲述了冬泳对大脑的益处，故选A项。40E考查细节支撑。依据下文的“You can meet people from all walks of life when swimming”可知，游泳也可以是一种社交活动，这与E项中的“its also very social” 相符。C根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Nothing is more important to academic achievement than being a good reader.Parents know their children best and can provide the oneonone time and attention that will lead them to success in reading._36_.Set aside a “Reading Time”dailyStudies show that regularly reading out loud to children will produce significant gains in reading comprehension.Whether your children are preschoolers or preteens，it will increase their desire to read independently.Surround kids with reading materialsChildren with a large number of reading materials in their homes score higher on standardized tests.Attract your kids to reading by having a large supply of appealing books and magazines at their reading level._37_.Make it a full part of childrens lives.Have family reading timeSet a daily 15to30minute time when everyone in the family reads together silently._38_.Just 15 minutes of daily practice is enough to increase their reading fluency.Encourage reading activities_39_.Have them read menus，roadside signs，game directions，weather reports，movie time listings，and other practical everyday information.Also，make sure they always have something to read in their spare time when they could be waiting for appointments or riding in a car._40_To help your children improve their reading，use textbooks，computer programs，booksontape，and other materials available in stores.Games are especially good choices because they let children have fun as they work on their skills.AUse aids that help with readingBOffer help with reading problemsCSeeing you read will inspire your children to readDAssist your children to seize opportunities for readingEHere is a list of ways to help your children become more efficient readersFPut the reading materials in cars，bathrooms，bedrooms，and even family roomsGThe more encouragement children receive，the more likely they are to become good readers语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。本文提供了父母帮助孩子们成为更高效的读者的方法。36E考查承上启下。由第一段中的关键信息“being a good reader.provide the oneonone time and attention that will lead them to success in reading”及对下文各段标题等进行综合分析可知，此空应填入E选项(以下是帮助你的孩子成为更高效的读者的方法清单)起到承上启下的作用。37F考查细节支撑。结合该段的标题Surround kids with reading materials及该段的相关信息“having a large supply of appealing books and magazines”“Make it.lives”综合分析，此处该填入F项(把阅读材料放在车里、浴室、卧室、甚至家庭娱乐室里)。38C考查细节支撑。根据该段的标题Have family reading time及段落的相关信息“everyone in the family reads together silently”即可判断选项C(看到你阅读就会激励你的孩子阅读)正确。39D考查细节支撑。根据该段的标题Encourage reading activities及段落信息“read menus，roadside signs，game directions，weather reports，movie time listings，and other practical everyday information”综合分析，选项D的表述“Assist your children to seize opportunities for reading”符合语境。40A考查段落主旨。该段的首句提到为了帮助孩子们提高阅读技巧可使用一些辅助手段，即“use textbooks，computer programs，booksontape，and other materials available in stores”，由此可判断，选项A(使用帮助阅读的辅助手段)作为该段标题符合语境。D根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Coming facetoface with your inadequacies(缺点)can be painful，to say the least._36_ It even makes you question yourself.Your kneejerk reaction may be to get defensive or even dismiss the critique entirely.But handling negative feedback with grace will not only make you look gracious，but it could ultimately help you grow as a person.Heres how to do it.1Be objective about the criticismBefore you jump to conclusions and begin to challenge the other persons opinion，take a step back and look at it objectively.Next time you get a bad review，dont immediately allow your
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