高考英语阅读理解试题失误原因剖析

高考英语阅读理解试题失误原因剖析阅读理解题是高考英语的测试重点，也是高考英语试题中卷面分值最高的一种题型，它主要考查通过阅读获取信息、分析信息和处理信息的能力。英语阅读理解题是对英语知识运用的综合考查，占全卷篇幅最大、内容最多、计分最高、区分度最明显的一种题型，同时也是失分最严重的一个题型。阅读理解的语言材料广泛，涉及到我们生活的各个层面，仅仅把握时代的脉搏，与我们联系密切，比如文化，教育，经济，体育，娱乐，广告科学研究与发现等内容，从而进一步突出语言的实用性，人文性，时代性和思想性。高考英语阅读理解侧重对考生五种能力的考查：一是对信息的获取和理解能力，要求考生根据文章内容对信息进行比较辨别和理解；二是对信息的推断能力，要求考生根据文章中已给信息推断隐含信息；三是归纳判断能力，要求考生对文章给出的多个信息进行综合和归纳，得出正确结论；四是主旨归纳能力，要求考生根据文章内容，归纳出文章中心，给出正确标题；五是词义猜测能力，要求考生根据单词所在语言环境推测出单词的词义。阅读理解的语言材料广泛，涉及到我们生活的各个层面，仅仅把握时代的脉搏，与我们联系密切，比如文化，教育，经济，体育，娱乐，广告科学研究与发现等内容，从而进一步突出语言的实用性，人文性，时代性和思想性。考生具备如下能力：(1)理解主旨和要义；(2)理解文中具体信息；(3)根据上下文推断生词词义；（4）做出判断和处理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。不同的阅读理解题有不同的设题方式，下面我们来看一下它们的具体出题模式吧！事实细节题常见的设题方式： Which of the following is true? Choose the right order of the events given in the passage. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of .? Which of the following maps shows the right way to get to .?词义猜测题常用提问方式：According to the passageprobably means _.The author uses the wordto mean_.What does the underlined wordrefer to?The word (phrase, clause, ) refers to (most probable means) _.What does the wordin Parastand for?What does the writer mean when he says “”？Which of the following best explains the meaning of the wordas it is used in the text?Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word?主旨要义题题目的设题方式：The main idea/key point of this passage is that _.The passage is mainly about _.The best title for this passage is _.Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?篇章结构题常用设题方式：How is the passage organized?Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?The author develops the passage mainly by.推理判断题常用的设题方式：It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the passage that _. The passage implies, but doesnt directly state that _.Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage?那么常见的失分类型都有什么呢？一、无中生有。选项中出现了文中没有提及的新的信息，范围扩大或缩小，把原文范围扩大了依然是错误的，将原文的特指（只适用于个体）变为泛指（适用于群体）；将原文的几个条件省略为一个条件。命题专家在设计干扰项时还会把文中提到的一种现象或内容扩大范围，把原先未包括的东西包括进去，原先未达到一定程度却被说成达到了这种程度，因为这些干扰项的内容也来自文章，文中有所涉及，这类干扰项也给考生做出正确选择增加了难度。二、张冠李戴。也可称为偷换概念，即把原文中的一个概念变成一个新的概念，该类选项诱惑性并不是很强，考生只要仔细返回原文定位，肯定能够排除干扰。当选项中出现一个单词，经常是一词多义的时候，考生应警惕选项中的意思很有可能和原文的意思是不相同的。当选项中出现一个单词和原文中一个单词非常相似，或者就是一个词，只要词性发生变化，一般都是错误答案。三、以偏概全。阅读过程中，我们可能会发现文章中提到几点，在一个备选项中却只出现其中一种或两种情况，这种干扰项的特点是以偏概全，以部分代替整体。这样的干扰项通常在细节题中较多见。四、表里不一。干扰项的内容常涉及原文中提及的一些内容或现象，但选项的意思可能与原文恰恰相反。命题者设计这样的干扰项主要是利用文章信息量大的特点，考生可能不一定有时间一一找到选项在原文的出处。有些干扰项似乎与原文的意思很符合，但只是按照字面意思进行解释，并不能体现文章中作者想表达的意思。这样的干扰项常常混淆视听，造成理解错误和选择错误。特别对于推理题来说，当题目中出现imply，demonstrated，indicate，mean等词时，按字面意思解释的选项一定不是正确选项。注意选项信息与原文细节的准确性，干扰项的范围、程度、语义色彩等常改变而误导考生。有的可直接从文中找到，而大多数比较间接，需归纳、概括和推理，才能得出答案。根据上下文解释或指代关系作出判断；根据转折、对比或因果关系进行判断；根据同位或构词法判断和依靠常识和经验做出判断。事实细节题词义猜测题题 把握辑结构，找准主题句，主题句通常在文章句首，句中或句末，主题句表达中心思想，起主导作用，阅读时要对容易出现主题句的地方特别注意。主旨要意题题 所作的推理在文章中找不到相应的依据，在文章中找相应的依据时出现张冠李戴的情况。没有看清原文，只是凭主观意志想当然地认为某个选项是正确的，不加思考就加以选择。把个别信息当成主要信息，导致选择错误。应抓住每段的大意或主题句，反复细读选项和原文。作者的观点并非直接表白，有时需进行推断，必须根据已知线索进行相关推理或运算从而获知作者并未直接提到的事实或观点。按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构和按写作方法理解文章的结构。把握文章的脉络，理解段落层次之间的关系，弄清作者的写作方法。篇章结构题推理判断题以偏概全阅读理解出题类型错误类型无中生有张冠李戴信息错位，把题目考查的内容与文章的信息对应时出错，也就是关键句的确认失误。表里不一一、 细节理解题：直接法：题目设置为文中原句，可从原文中直接找出答案。二、 词义猜测题：捕捉关键词法：在阅读时应该注意与问题相关的同义词、反义词、近义词等信息词来得出正确答案。三、 主旨要意题：归纳解题法：在把握全文中心和线索的前提下进行概括、归纳得出正确答案。四、 篇章结构题：排除法：根据语言，句法结构，信息词和常识等，在没有把握的选项中用排除法得出正确答案。五、推理判断题：综合推理法：不选择照抄原文和事实细节选项，不选非事实选项，而选概括性/哲理性的选项。揣摩作者的写作意图及文章的主旨，切忌片面、狭隘引申或简单重述某些内容。解题技巧讲透一题【典例1】 (2011四川卷)AIts 5:00 in the morning when the alarm (闹钟) rings in my ears. I roll out of bed and walk blindly through the dark into the bathroom. I turn on the light and put on my glasses. The house is still as I walk downstairs while my husband and three kids sleep peacefully. Usually I go for a long run, but today I choose my favorite exercise DVD insanity. Sweat pours down my face and into my eyes. My heart races as I face my body to finish each movement. As I near the end of the exercise, I feel extremely tired, but a smile is of my face. 41Its a smile because the DVD is over, but a smile of success from pushing my body to its extreme limit.Some people enjoy shopping, smoking, food, work, or even chocolate. But I need exercise to get through each day. 42Some shake heads when they see me run through the town. Others get hurt when I refuse to try just one bite of their grandmothers chocolate cake. 42They raise their eyebrows, surprised by my “no thank you,” or by my choice to have a salad. Over the years, I have learned its okay to just say “no.” I shouldnt feel sorry for refusing food that I dont want to eat.43So what drives me to roll out of bed at 5:00 a.m.? What gives me the reason to just say to ice cream? Commitment. A commitment to change my life with a way that reduces daily anxiety, increases selfconfidence and energy, extends life and 44above all improves my body shape. This is the point where a smile appears on my face as I look at myself in the mirror or try on my favorite pair of jeans that now fit just right. Its through commitment and sweat that I can make a difference within myself inside and out.41. Why is there a smile on the authors face in the morning?A. Because she sees her family sleeping peacefully.B. Because she finishes her favorite exercise C. Because she enjoys the interesting DVDD. Because she feels a sense of achievement42. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 2？A. She doesnt like others politelyB. She likes to make others surprised C. Others dont understand what she does.D. Others try to help her by offering her food43. What does the underlined word “Commitment” in the last paragraph mean?A. Good healthB. Firm belief C. A strong powerD. A regular half44. What can we learn about the author from the text?A. She acts in a strange wayB. She wants to look different from othersC. She aims to develop a good body shapeD. She has difficult getting along with others【答案解析】41. D。细节理解题。本题易误选A，犯表里不一的错误，因为题目问的是为什么，该项只是客观描述当时的情境，而不是真正的原因。根据第一段最后一句话“Its a smile because the DVD is over, but a smile of success from pushing my body to its extreme limit.”可知作者脸上的微笑不是因为DVD的结束，而是因为一种成功的微笑，因为自己锻炼挑战了身体的极限而获得的成就感。42. C。推理判断题。本题易误选D，犯张冠李戴的错误，因为文章中作者拒绝别人提供的食物并不是帮助作者，而是表达善意。从文章第二段中的Some shake heads when they see me run through the town. 和Others get hurt when I refuse to try just one bite of their grandmothers chocolate cake. 以及They raise their eyebrows, surprised by my “no thank you,” or by my choice to have a salad.中的内容可知别人看到我跑步穿过城镇摇头；当我拒绝别人给我的可口食物时我拒绝接受，他们感到惊讶所描述的情景可以看出他们对于作者种种做法的不理解，我这样做是为了保持体形，愉悦身心。43. B。词义猜测题。本题易误选C，犯无中生有的错误，因为下文中出现了A commitment to change my life以为是坚强的意志力。根据Commitment所在的前后文来看，作者之所以能在每天早上5:00就起床锻炼，能够抵制住冰淇淋的诱惑，其根本原因在于其坚定的信念和意志力。而从A commitment to change my life with a way that reduces daily anxiety, increases selfconfidence and energy, extends life and above all improves my body shape. 一句中我们也可以看出这是一种试图通过一种方式来改变生活的坚定信念。44. C。细节理解题。本题易误选A，犯以偏概全的错误，因为全文都表现出作者与众不同的行为。根据最后一段中的“above all improves my body shape.” 可知作者加强锻炼，克制饮食的主要目的是为了保持一个好的体型，由此即可确定答案。作者行文并非古怪，而是他人不理解，故排除A项；文中并未强调作者要让自己显得与众不同，故排除B项；作者在于人交往方面并无障碍，故排除D项。41.（考查5W中的why）为什么早晨作者的脸上有微笑42.（考查Which引导的选择句）从第二段我们可以得知什么信息43.（考查5W中的What）猜测划线词的含义44.（考查5W中的what）从文章中我们能够了解作者的什么 先读问题，做到心中有数。第一段：Its a smile because the DVD is over, but a smile of success from pushing my body to its extreme limit.第二段：Some shake heads when they see me run through the town. They raise their eyebrows, surprised by my “no thank you,” 思维导图快速浏览全文，捕捉关键信息。第三段：So what drives me to roll out of bed at 5:00 a.m.? What gives me the reason to just say to ice cream?第三段：above all improves my body shape在文章中准确定位与题目相关的表达，大部分题目围绕细节信息而设题，解答此类习题时，可以根据原文直接得出答案。做其他题目的时候要注意只看到原文的具体细节，没有从大局出发了解文章的整体意思，未能准确把握作者的意图，被涉及细节的选项所蒙蔽，造成错误。有的试题需要结合上下文推断出答案。准确定位，锁定答案。【小小窍门】 事实细节题：题目中的信息与原文有关细节信息进行语义上的转换的选项，但要注意到转换的准确性，干扰项常常将细节信息中的范围、程度、语义色彩等改变，从而导致错误。与原文中一模一样的字眼的选项是用来迷惑考生，让考生不假思索地选定答案，出题者直接引用原文中的语句或根据原句稍加改动而编成。推理判断题：不选择照抄原文的选项，要选择要有同义词解释的选项；不选事实细节选项；不选非事实选项；选概括性/哲理性的选项应注意揣摩作者的写作意图以及文章的主旨，切忌片面、狭隘引申或简单重述文中某些内容，从而避免其他干扰项的影响。猜测词义题：在通读过程碰到生词时不要着急，文章的下面一定有信心帮助你猜出生词词义。用构词法和上下文来推测词义，抛弃上下文，不能仅仅根据自己的印象来猜测词义。还可以联想，即回想已知词汇中是否存在拼写方法与该生词类似的词。极速体验(2011四川)D“Experience may possibly be the best teacher, but it is not a particularly good teacher.” You might think that Winston Churchill or perhaps Mark Twain spoke those words, but they actually come from James March, a predecessor at Stanford University and a pioneer in the field of organization decision making. 53For years March (possibly be wisest philosopher of management) has studied how humans think and act, and he continues to do so in his new book The Ambiguities of Experience.He begins by reminding us of just how firmly we have been sticking to the idea of experiential learning: “Experience is respected；experience is sought；experience is explained.” The problem is that learning from experience involves （涉及）serious complications（复杂化），ones that are part of the nature of experience itself and which March discusses in the body of this book.In one interesting part of book，for example，he turns a double eye toward the use of stories as the most effective way of experiential learning. 55In our efforts to make stories interesting, he argues, we lose part of the complicated truth of things. He says “The more accurately （精确的）reality is presented，the less understandable the story，and the more understandable the story, the less realistic it is.”Besides being a broadly knowledgeable researcher，March is also a poet, and his gift shines though in the depth of views he offers and the simple language he uses. Though the book is short, it is demanding：54Dont pick it up looking for quick, easy lessons. Rather, be ready to think deeply about learning from experience in work and life.53. According to the text, James March is .A. a poet who uses experience in his writingB. a teacher who teachers story writing in universityC. a researcher who studies the way humans think and actD. a professor who helps organizations make important decisions54. According to James March, experience .A. is overvalued B. is easy to explainC. should be actively soughtD. should be highly respected55. What can we learn from Paragraph 3?A. Experience makes stories more accurate.B. Stories made interesting fail to fully present the truth.C. The use of stories is the best way of experiential learning.D. Stories are easier to understand when reality is more accurately described.56. Whats the purpose of this text?A. To introduce a book. B. To describe a researcher.C. To explain experiential learning. D. To discuss organizational decision making.我们已经学习了“阅读失误原因剖析的文章”，你是否能运用自如呢？请你按前面学习的先读问题浏览全文准确定位的方法，另外我们还了解了做题中常犯的错误类型，那么我们就利用所学的知识来完成下面的填空式练习，检验一下你的学习成果吧。53. C。细节理解题。根据第一段中“For years Marchhas studied how humans think and act”可知James March是一位一直在从事人类思想和行动方法研究的科学家。54. A。推理判断题。根据文章最后一句话“Dont pick it up looking for quick, easy lessons. Rather, be ready to think deeply about learning from experience in work and life.”结合全文不难看出以往人们对经验估价的过高。55. B。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“In our efforts to make stories interesting, he argues, we lose part of the complicated truth of things.”可知我们在努力增加故事的趣味性的时候，丢掉了它的真实性。56. A。主旨大意题。整篇文章主要介绍了James March的一本叫做前车可鉴的书。【体验1】先读问题，以做到心中有数。要求：第53题是范例，请据此写出第54-56题的问题。53. （考查细节理解能力）James March是什么样的人54. （考查推理判断能力）_55. （考查细节理解能力）_56. （考查归纳概括主旨大意的能力）_【体验2】浏览全文，捕捉关键信息。要求：要学会从每段中捕捉一些有助于解题的关键信息。第一段是所给的范例。请写出第二段到第四段的关键信息。第一段：For years March (possibly be wisest philosopher of management) has studied how humans think and act 第三段：_第四段：_【体验3】准确定位，锁定答案。53. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“For years Marchhas studied how humans think and act”可知James March是一位一直在从事人类思想和行动方法研究的科学家。故答案为_。54. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句话“Dont pick it up looking for quick, easy lessons. Rather, be ready to think deeply about learning from experience in work and life.”结合全文不难看出以往人们对经验估价的过高。故答案为_。55. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“In our efforts to make stories interesting, he argues, we lose part of the complicated truth of things.”可知我们在努力增加故事的趣味性的时候，丢掉了它的真实性。故答案为_。56. 主旨大意题。整篇文章主要介绍了James March的一本叫做前车可鉴的书。故答案为_。【体验1答案】54. 根据James March，经验是什么55. 从第三段我们能够了解什么56. 这篇文章的目的是什么【体验2答案】第二段：Experience is respected；experience is sought；experience is explained.第三段：In our efforts to make stories interesting, he argues, we lose part of the complicated truth of things.第四段：Dont pick it up looking for quick, easy lessons. Rather, be ready to think deeply about learning from experience in work and life.【体验3答案】53. C 54. A 55. B 56. A 举一反三Passage 1 题材体裁难度字数题数阅读时间正确率记忆犯错说明文36759分钟The biggest lie of human memory is that it feels true. Although our recollections(回忆) seem like literal snapshots of the past, theyre actually deeply flawed reconstructions, a set of stories constantly undergoing rewrites. If memory flaws only affected our personal past, thatd be bad enough. But the problems created by our mistaken recollections affect all of society. More than 75,000 prosecutions every year are based entirely on the recollections of others. While perjury(伪证) is a felony(重罪), the overwhelming majority of eyewitness errors arent conscious or intentional. Rather, theyre the inevitable side effects of the remembering process. In recent years, neuroscientists have documented how these mistakes happen. It turns out that the act of summoning the past to the surface actually changes the memory itself. Although weve long imagined our memories as a stable form of information, a data file writ into the circuits of the brain, that persistence is an illusion. In reality, our recollections are always being altered, the details of the past warped by our present feelings and knowledge. The more you remember an event, the less reliable that memory becomes. And this returns us to the problem of eyewitness testimony. Eyewitnesses are repeatedly asked to recall what they saw, but their answers are inevitably influenced by the questions being asked. The result is more confidence in increasingly less accurate testimony. Normally, witnesses are encouraged to take their time and carefully consider each possible suspect. Strong memory traces are easier to access than weak and mistaken ones, whichs why the witnesses two seconds to make up the minds. When it comes to human memory, more deliberation is often dangerous. Instead of simply assessing our familiarity with a suspects face, we begin searching for clues and guidance. Sometimes this involves picking the person who looks the most suspicious, even if weve never seen him before, or being swayed by the subtle hints of police officers and lawyers. As a result, we talk ourselves into having a memory that doesnt actually exist. Simple reforms can help to compensate for our mnemonic(记忆的) failings. Unless were ruthlessly skeptical of the past, well continue to confuse fact and fiction, and innocents will be sent to jail.1. Whats the biggest lie for human being memory? A. Memory flaws affecting personal past. B. Human beings feeling wrong true. C. Mistaken recollections affect all of society. D. The inevitable side effects of the remembering process. 2. Whats the underlined word “altered” in Paragraph Two? A. happened B. permitted C. changed D. affected 3. What should be if you want to remember something more? A. The memory is less dependable. B. The memory is more reliable. C. The memory is better than other time. D. The memory is less than other time.4. Which is more dangerous in the following? A. Each possible suspect B. Strong memory trace C. Human memory D. More deliberation5. Whats the best title of the passage? A. Memory Commitment an Injustice B. The Biggest Lie of Human Memory C. Compensate for Mnemonic Failings D. Confuse Fact and FictionPassage 2 题材体裁难度字数题数阅读时间正确率黄金时间应用文37259分钟Every family has their own quality time. Family time is important for every household. If were more open within the family, children will be more aware of whats wrong and right. Thats why most family-oriented people dont engage too much with bad habits. It also enhances our social capability with other people. Preparation. One family member should facilitate or initiate your familys quality time. The facilitator could be whoever is capable of control of the time. We need someone to start the “quality time” and have the urge to meet everyone at a specific date and time. The preparation includes the time itll be held, the things that need to be done, topics to be discussed and so on. Facilitate the “quality time.” Its not really necessary to be formal since you already know them so you just need to be casual(随便的). If youre going to invite them just to eat together, have everyones attention and let them know what youre going to do. Beforehand, everyone should know why youre meeting up in one place so they can understand at least prepare themselves too. Rate the meeting. We cannot please everyone but we need them to understand our point. If they disagreed then theres nothing we can do after weve convinced them enough and respect their answer. The outcome of your family time doesnt guarantee to be very good as planned but its always best to have everyone in good mood so that their feelings wont affect your discussion.Teamwork. Everyone must cooperate(合作). Youd always ask everyones opinion and make sure everyone will take a part for something. We shouldnt leave others behind. Youd always be helpful so that you can always have that bond between you and your co-family members. ENJOY! Enjoying with your family is one of the precious moments and we dont want to have bad memories from our family time. Good family time always gives us a healthy social life not only within the household but also outside with your community.The secrets can help you with creating a good quality time with your family. Its not just a secret but a step-by-step guide to have a good outcome with your quality time. After all, theyre your family.6. What kind of family are children with good habits? A. open-minded B. narrow-minded C. warm-hearted D. absent-minded 7. Which is NOT one of the preparations? A. A specific date and time B. The things needed to be done C. Social capability with other people D. Topics to be discussed 8. Which is necessary known to all the members present? A. The form of the familys quality time B. The preparation of the familys quality time C. The discussion contents of the familys quality time D. The purpose of the familys quality time 9. Whats the most important of the familys quality time? A. Preparation B. Enjoyment C. Teamwork D. Facilitation 10. Whats the best title of the passage? A. How to Organize a Family Get Together B. Secrets to Family Time Success C. Preparation for Your Familys Quality Time D. Good Outcome with Your Quality TimePassage 3 题材体裁难度字数题数阅读时间正确率增进友谊议论文34858分钟How can I make them like me more? My friends are awesome and really cool but I really dont think they like me. I try to be more fun but being depressed most days of the week. How can I be more lively and confident around my mates so the