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精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上定语一、什么是定语？定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。除形容词此外，名词、代词、数词、（短语）、或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。 汉语中常用“的”表示定语。定语和之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。在汉语中，中心语与定语二者之间有的需要用结构助词“的”，有的不需要，有的可要可不要。二、什么可以用作定语？1、形容词定语（adj）2、介词短语定语The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.The boy in blue is Tom.穿蓝色衣服的孩子是汤姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。3、名词定语The boy needs a ball pen.4、副词定语The boy there needs a pen.The best boy here is Tom.5、不定式（短语）定语The boy to write this letter needs a pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。There is nothing to do today.今天没有事要做。6、分词（短语）定语The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.The pen bought by her is made in China.她买的笔是中国产的。There are five boys left.有五个留下的男孩。7、定语从句The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.The boy you will know is Tom.你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。There are five boys who will play the game.参加游戏的男孩有五个。三、后置定语的情况定语的位置一般有两种：用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语，用在所修饰词之后的叫。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。定语后置的情况：1、短语作定语一般后置It was a conference fruitful of results. 那是一个硕果累累的会议。He gave me a basket full of eggs. 他给我一个装满鸡蛋的篮子。English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. 英语是一门容易学但是难精通的语言。The boys hardest to teach are all in his class.最难教的男生都在他的班里了。2、修饰some，any，no，every等词构成的的定语都后置Lets go somewhere quiet. 咱们去找个安静一点的地方吧。There is nothing important in todays newspaper. 今天报纸上没有什么重要的东西。Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么话要说吗3、作定语一般后置The people here are very friendly. 这里的人很友好。They lived in the room above.他们住在楼上的房间。4、名词转化而来的以-able,-ible 结尾的形容词作定语一般后置He is a person dependable. 他是一个可以依靠的人This is the only transportation means available. 这是唯一可行的交通工具。5、起强调用的单个分词后置Everybody involved should stay here.The college mentioned is one of the best in the province.定语从句一、定义从句，就是用来修饰名词或代词的句子，起到定语的作用，所以叫做。被修饰的词叫。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它需要放在被修饰的词（即先行词）之后。定语从句一般由关系词来引导。关系词必须放在定语从句之首。二、重要概念1、先行词：指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词叫先行词。一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。2、关系词：引导定语从句的连词被称为关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有2个作用：连接作用，引导定语从句。代替先行词，在定语从句中担当一个成分。关系词的选择要看先行词应该在从句中做什么成分！先行词自身表达的意义是表示人的意义或是物的意义，那么我们就相应地选择表示人的意义或是物的意义的先行词。先行词 在从句中的语法功能也是决定关系词选择的重要条件。比如说，同样都是表示人的意义的先行词，如果它在从句中作主语，关系词就得用表示人的意义的主格形式，如果它在从句中作定语，关系词就得用表示人的意义的所有格形式。另外，有时先行词本身是表示事物的名词，而它在从句中却与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语，在这种情况下，我们就应该用关系副词而不能用关系代词了。例如：Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields .有些在语言学习上很有成就的人,在其他领域常常一无所成。There are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words .有许多声音有意义但不是词。In our class, we have some students whose families are not in Wujin.我们班上有些家不在武进的同学。Tell him to go to the classroom where we often have our English class .如果把这个复合句拆成两个分句，那就是： Tell him to go to the classroom .We often have our English class in the classroom 告诉他去我们常上英语课的那间教室。三、关系代词关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。作主语作宾语作表语作定语指人who/thatwhom/that(可省略)who/thatwhose指物which/thatwhich/that(可省略)which/thatwhose指人和物thatthatthatwhose(一)关系代词that和which：指物只能用that而不能用which的情况，1、先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰。This is the most interesting book that l have ever read.This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on show before . 这是以前从未上演过的最有感染力的电视剧。2、先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰。We have to consider the first thing that starts our work .我们必须要考虑启动我们工作的第一件事。 The second foreign country that l expect to visit is Greek.3、先行词是不定代词时，如all、few、little、much、anything、nothing、somethingAnything that can burn is a source of heat energy .任何能够燃烧的东西都是热能源。There must be something that happened to you .你一定出了什么事。They had nothing that could cure him of his disease .他们没有一点能治愈他疾病的东西了。 4、先行词既有人又有物时Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?5、先行词被“only”、“the very”、“no”、“the right等修饰That is the only way that leads to your success .那是通向你成功的唯一之路。He is the only person that l want to talk to.This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.6、在以“which”、“who”、“whom” 引起的问句中，为避免重复，常用thatWho is the man that is standing there? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?7、先行词在主句中作表语，或者关系代词本身作从句的表语时宜用“that”不能用that的情况，此时指物用which1、介词前置时；介词+whichOcean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow .洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。The world that we live in is made of matter.我们生活于其中的世界是由物质组成的。The world in which we live is made of matter.2、非限定性定语从句中：用whichThe sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。The most important form of energy is electrical energy , which is widely used in our daily life .最重要的能源形式是电能，它广泛地运用于我们的日常生活之中。（二）关系代词whose作定语：表示谁（可以为人也可以为物）的（东西）A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.双亲都死了的孩子叫做孤儿。He lives in a room whose window faces south.他住的那个房子的窗户是朝南的。注意：whose后面一定要加名词，还可以进行以下替换：of which the +名词或the +名词+which。He lives in a room， of which the window faces south.He lives in a room， the window of which faces south.（三）who，whom，thatwhom，who和that在定语从句中都可以指人，既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略）。Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man（whom/that）I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher.（whom在从句中作宾语）(四) as1、as引导限制性定语从句，有如下结构：“the same as”，“such as”， “asas” “so many （much, few, little）as”， 译作“像一样的人（或物）”。 This is such an easy novel as you can read. 这本小说很容易，你能读得懂。 They have never read so many books as I read last year. 他们从来都没有读过像我去年读过的那些书。She is not so happy a man as you think.I have never seen as beautiful flowers as you have.2、as引导非限制性定语从句：修饰整个主句或主句中的一部分，可以放在句首、句中或句末。当as在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语通常是被动语态或系表结构；as在从句中作宾语时，从句的谓语常用“情态动词动词原形”构成，as在从句中作表语时相当于so的句型。常见的结构如下：as is known to all 众所周知 as has been said above 如上所述 as was expected 正如预料的那样 as has been pointed out 正如指出的那样 as we all can see （know, hear）正如大家看到的（知道的、听到的）那样。例如： As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.众所周知，月球每个月绕地球转一周。David, as you all know, is a great painter. （定语从句插在中间）As is known to us all, we should be equal before laws. （定语从句插在中间）China is a large country, as/which is known to us all. （定语从句插在中间）Lucy is lovely, as is my daughter.I considered her answer right, as in fact it was.四、关系副词：在句中作状语1、why：关系副词why主要用于修饰表原因的名词（主要是the reason），。同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。We dont know the reason why he didnt show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。She didnt tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。He didnt tell her the reason why he was so happy .他没有告诉她为什么他那么高兴的原因。The reason why she was late is not so acceptable .她迟到的原因不那么令人接受。They explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before .他们向我们解释为什么他们以前误解了我们的原因。2、when：关系when主要用于修饰表时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作出抉择的时候到了。Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。Well put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。People will always remember the time when Hong Kong and Macao returned to our motherland .人们会永远记住香港和澳门回归祖国的那一时刻。He came at a time when we needed help . 他在我们需要人帮忙的时候来了。We dont know the exact time when the English Evening will be held . 我们不知道英语晚会举行的确切时间。注意：不要一见到先行词为时间名词，就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作时间状语，就用when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如：Dont forget the time (that, which) Ive told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语，正因为是用作宾语，所以也可以省略。3、where：关系副词where主要用于修饰表地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。This is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村子。Thats the hotel where we stayed last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus.在奥伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。The place where were to have the Speech Contest has not been decided yet.我们举行比赛的地点还未定下来。He is living in a newly-built house where there used to be a pond . 他现在居住的新房是原先一个池塘的旧址。That is a beautiful campus where I made a lot dreams .那是一座我曾经在那儿有过许多梦想的美丽的校园。注意：与前面when的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作地点状语，就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。如：He works in a factory that which makes TV sets. 他在一家电视机厂工作。五、关系副词=介词+关系代词在这种结构中，关系代词若是表示人的意义，就只能用whom ；关系代词若是表示事物的意义，就只能用which 。而这种结构中较难解决的问题是介词的选择问题，因为这个问题的解决取决于多种因素： why=for whichwhere=in/ at/ on which（介词同先行词搭配）when=during/ on/ in/Gone are the days when they could do what they liked.Gone are the days during which they could do what they liked.（They could do what they liked during those days.）介词的选择一定要看与先行词的搭配。1）动词与介词的搭配He has found a good job for which he is qualified .（ qualify + 名词+ for 使具有资格 ）他找到了一份他能胜任的工作。The man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow . （ talk to + 名词 与某人谈话 ） 你刚才与他谈话的那个人明天主持那个会议。He is bargaining with the landlord over the monthly price at which the apartment rents .名词+ rent at + 表示价格的词 某物以某价格出租 ）他在与房东就那套公寓出租的月租金进行磋商。2）名词与介词的搭配They are still living in the little house in which theyve been lived for 15 years . （ in the house 在屋子里 ）他们现在还住在他们已住了15年的那个小房子里。Weve worked out a method by which our production can be raised on a large scale.( by a method通过某种方法) 我们已研制出了一个能大规模提高生产的方法。She didnt realize the extent to which she had been distracted .（ to extend 到某种程度 ） 她没有意识到她心烦意乱的程度。3）形容词与介词的搭配The secretary with whom the boss is not happy will be fired for her inefficiency . (happy with 对表示满意)老板对其不满意的那个将由于她没有工作效率而被解雇。Ive found the job for which Ive been eager for a long time.（ eager for 渴望得到 ）我已找到了我渴望已久的那份工作。He is a learned man with whom we are familiar .(familiar with 熟悉)他是一位我们熟悉的有学识的人。六、限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句1、对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。I met some one who said he knew you.The book (that/ which) I am reading is very interesting. 我在读的书很有趣。 Is there anything (that) you want? 想要什么东西吗?Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。2、非限性定语从句：非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开。The house,which I bought last year,has a lovely garden.我去年买的的房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本我已经读过三遍的小说很感人。The old man has a son , who is in the army . 那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是：这位老人只有一个儿子 。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句：The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么，限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了：这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作，还有其他的儿子在干别的工作。注意：（1）可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。（2）在非限定定语从句中，有时as也可用作关系代词，若as在从句中作主语，其引导的句子可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。例如：The boy has as much progress as we had expected. 正像我们所预料的那样，这个男孩取得了大的进步。As everyone knows, China is a beautiful country with a long history . 每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。They won the first place in the game, as could be expected.可以预料，他们在比赛中得了第一。Professor Li is extremely popular among students , as is known to all of us . 如我们大家所知，李教授极受学生们的欢迎。定语从句练习1Football is a very interesting game ,_ is played all over the worldAthat Bwhich Cit Dwho2Is there anything else_ you require? Awhich Bthat Cwho Dwhat3The last place_ we visited was the Great Wall Awhich Bthat Cwhere Dit4He talked happily about the men and books_ interested him greatly in the school Awhich Bwho Cit Dthat5The railway tunnel, through _the train goes, will be completed soon Awhich Bthat Cit Dwhom6His uncle works in a factory_ bicycles are made Athat Bwhich Cwhere Dthere7There is no dictionary_ you can find everything Athat Bwhich Cwhere Din that8Next month,_ youll spend in your hometown is coming Awhich Bthat Cwhen Dwhere9Next month, _youll be in your hometown is coming Awhich Bthat Cwhen Dwhere10I often thought of my childhood ,_ I lived on a farm Awhich Bwhere Cwhen Dwho11He wanted to know the time_ he needed to know Athat Bwhen Cwhere Dwhat12There isnt so much noise in the country _in big cities Athat Bwhich Cwhere Das13They could only read such stories_had been rewritten in simple English Athat Bwhich Cas Dwhat14The stems of bamboo are hollow,_ makes them very light Awhich Bas Cthat Dit15Crusoes dog became ill and died ,_ made him very lonely Aas Bwhich Cthat Dthis16Theyve invited me to their party , _is kind of them Aas Bwhich CThat Dthis17_ we know now ,bats come out only at night AAs BWhich C That DWhat18John got beaten in the game , _had been expected Aas Bthat Cwhat Dwho19_ has been said above ,grammar is a set of dead rules AWhich BWhat CThat DAs20Do you know the reason _he was late? Athat Bwhich Cfor what Dfor which21He built a telescope _he could study the skies Ain which Bwith that Cthrough which Dby it22I have bought two ballpens , _writes well Anone of which Bneither of which Cnone of them Dneither of them23There are two thousand students in our school , _are girls Aof whom two thirds Btwo -thirds of them Ctwo -third in them Dtwo -thirds in which24Do you know the man_ ? Awhom I spoke Bto who I spoke CI spoke to Dthat I spoke25The factory _well visit next week isnt far from here Awhere Bin which Cwhich Dto which26This is one of the best films this year_ Ahave been shown Bthat have shownCthat have been shown Dwhich has been shown27Can you lend me the book _the other day ? Ayou talked about Babout that you talked Cthat you talked Dwhich you talked28Is there any one in you class _family is in the city Awho Bwhos Cwhich Dwhose29Ill never forget the days_ we stayed together Awhen Bin which Cwhich Dwhat30Is _some German friends visited last week ? Athis school Bthis the school Cthis school one Dthis school where31Ill tell you _he told me last month Aall which Ball what Cthat all Dall32Do you know the reason _she got so angry yesterday? Afor why Bfor that Cwhich Dwhy33I still remember the day_ she first wore that pink dress Awhich Bin which Con that Don which34Ill show you a store_ you may buy all _you need Ain which , / Bwhere , which Cwhich , that Dthat , that35Winter is the time of year _the days are short and nights are long Awhere Bwhen Cthat Don which36The train _she was travelling was late Awhich Bon which Cfor which Don that37The second World War _millions of people were killed ended in 1945 Aduring which Bin that Cwhere Don which38Is oxygen the only gas _helps fire burn ? Athat B/ Cwhich Dit39This is the best hotel in the city _I know Awhich Bthat Cwhere Dit40Ive read all the books _were borrowed from the library Athat B/ Cwhich Dthey41The scientist and his achievements_ you told me about are admired by us all Awhich Bwho Cthat Dwhose42She hasnt got enough money _to buy the rings Awhich Bthat Cwith which Dfor which43Finally came the day_ he had to begin his study for the next term Awhich Bsince Cthat Dtill44We hope to get such a tool_ he is using Awhich Bas Cthat Dwhere45Is there anything_ to you Athat is belonged Bthat belongs Cwhich belongs Dthat belong46You can take any seat _is free Awhich Bwhere Cthat Din which47The old woman has two sons ,one _is a teacher Aof them Bof which Cof whom Dof who48My hometown is no longer the same_ it used to be Awhich Bas Cthat Dlike49You may take anything useful _ Ayou want Bwhat you want Cyou want them Dwhich you want50He tore up my photo and _upset me Athat Bit Cwhich Dwhat51During the days_ , he worked as a servant at the Browns Afollowed Bfollowing Cto follow Dthat followed52The beautiful dress _Miss Jones went to the ball was borrowed from a friend of hers Athat Bwearing which Cworn by Din which53The clever boy made a hole in the wall , _he could see what was going on inside the house Ain which Bthrough which Cat which Don which54The brave man , _ the tiger was shot is a good hunter Aby which Bby whom Cby that Dof whom55The knife_ we used to cut the bread is very sharp Awith which Bwith it Cwith that Dwhich56.They stayed with me for three weeks, _ they drank all the wine I had. A. which B. which time C. during which timeD. during which57. - How do you like the cake? - Its quite different from _ I had last month. A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what58. The Nile, _electricity is produced, no longer destroys villages and crops. A. which B. from which C. from it D. from that59. In the 1950s, _ blacks didnt have equal rights, a lot of marches took place. A. when B. that C. which D. from which60. Bobs father, _, spent four years in Egypt. A. that worked on the projectB. he worked on the projectC. who worked on the project D. whom worked on the project61. The retiring teacher made a speech _ she thanked the class for the gift. A. which B. of which C. in which D. that62. He has to work on Sundays, _ he does not like. A. and which B. which C. and when D. when63.Which of the two cows _you keep produces more milk? A. that B. which C. whom D. when64. He paid the boy US $10 for washing ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least year. A. these B. those C. that D. of which65. The boys, _ could not reach the shelf, went to look for something to stand on. A. the tall of whom B. the tallest of whom C. the tallest one D. the tallest of them66. Rabbits make their homes in fields _ hide their young under bushes or among tall grasses. A. can where they B. where they can C. where can they D. where can67. Is this the factory _ color TV sets are produced? A. that B. which C. in which D. in that68. Who is that comrade _ was there? A. whom B. that C. which D. whose69. This is Mr Smith, _ I think has something interesting to tell you. A. who B. whom C. which D. whose70. Mother bought me a dictionary on my birthday, _made me very happy.A. what B. that C. who D. which71. She wore a heavy fur coat in such a hot day, _ I found quite strange. A. which B. that C. what
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