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PART ONEElements of sentencesElements of sentencesSubject Subject Predicate Predicate Object Object Predicative Predicative Complement Complement Attribute Attribute adverbialadverbialFive basic sentence patternsFive basic sentence patternsS + V S + V S + V + O S + V + O S + V + P S + V + P S + V + S + V + iOiO + + dOdOS + V + O + S + V + O + OcOcHow many types of sentences How many types of sentences are there?are there?Communicative functionCommunicative functionStatement Statement 陈述句陈述句CommandCommand祈使句祈使句 Question Question 疑问句疑问句Exclamation Exclamation 感叹句感叹句 Sentence structureSentence structureSimple sentenceSimple sentence简单句简单句 Compound sentence Compound sentence 并列句并列句Complex sentenceComplex sentence复合句复合句Whatre the types of complex Whatre the types of complex sentences?sentences?Noun clauseNoun clauseAttributive clause Attributive clause Adverbial clauseAdverbial clause名词性从句名词性从句1.He saw a little bird.What he saw was a little bird. He saw that a little bird was singing in a big tree.主语主语+ + 谓语谓语+ +宾语宾语主语从句主语从句 + +宾语从句宾语从句系动词系动词 + + 表语表语主语主语+ +谓语谓语 + +2.He saw a little bird.3. The little bird was in a big apple tree. 主语主语系动词系动词表语表语The little bird was what we saw in a big apple tree.表语从句表语从句I have a dream that I have entered a key university.同位语从句同位语从句that主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语同位语同位语4. I have a dream, a big dream.引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词1.连接词连接词 - (不充当不充当从句从句的任何成分的任何成分) that (无具体词义无具体词义) whether/ if (是否是否)2.连接代词连接代词 - (在在从句从句中充当中充当主语主语，宾语宾语或或定语定语，一般保持其疑问词意义一般保持其疑问词意义 what除外除外) who whom whose which what whatever whoever whichever3.连接副词连接副词: - (在在从句从句中担任中担任状语状语，保持其疑问，保持其疑问词意义词意义) when, where, how, why whenever, wherever, howeveras if / as though (仿佛）仿佛）because (因为）因为）表从表从1._ Native Americans arrived in California 15,000 years ago or 14,000 years ago is not important.2.The fact _ they arrived a long time before Europeans is _ matters.3.I believe _ the Native Americans were treated badly when the first Europeans came.4.The customs office is _ your baggage is inspected when you enter or leave a country.Whetherthatwhatthatwhere主语从句主语从句同位语同位语+ +表语从句表语从句宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句Noun ClausesSubject Clause (主语从句主语从句)Predicative Clause（表语从句）（表语从句）Appositive Clause（同位语从句）（同位语从句）Object Clause（宾语从句）（宾语从句）主从主从形主形主(it)动动宾宾介介宾宾形式宾从形式宾从(it)形容词形容词后的宾从后的宾从否定转移否定转移(be, look, seem, remain)功能功能(和定从的区别和定从的区别)位置位置(分隔分隔)Im anxious that(形容词形容词+that)PART TWO 1.判断是三大从句中的哪一种判断是三大从句中的哪一种(定定,状状,名名) 2.判断是名词性从句中的哪一种判断是名词性从句中的哪一种(主主,宾宾,表表,同同) 3.连接词连接词的选择的选择(连接代词还是副词连接代词还是副词) what & that who & whoever no matter wh- & - ever whether & if 4.语序语序 5.时态时态 6.虚拟语气虚拟语气 7.形式主语和形式宾语形式主语和形式宾语 8.同位语和定从的区别同位语和定从的区别连接代词连接代词 & & 连接副词连接副词1.As parents, they surely know _ they can do something to educate children.2.As parents, they surely know _ they should do to educate children.3.As parents, they dont know _ they should do something to educate children.thatwhatwhether一看成分一看成分, , 二看含义二看含义WHAT & THAT1._ caused the accident is still a mystery.2._ the drivers carelessness caused the accident is known to all.3. The mystery is _ caused the accident.4. It is known to all _the drivers carelessness caused the accident.5. _made the school proud was _ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.6.He is curious about _ is called the birdnest.WhatThat whatthat Whatthat whatwhat在句子中充当名词性成分在句子中充当名词性成分( (主主, ,表表, ,宾宾) )thatthat不充当成分不充当成分, ,只起连接作用只起连接作用. .what1. _he will succeed is certain . It is certain _ he will succeed. _ he will succeed is uncertain. _he succeeded was still a mystery.2.I know _ smoking does terrible damage to my heart and lungs and _ it is more difficult for smoking couples to become pregnant.ThatthatWhetherHow/Why/Whether名词性从句中名词性从句中缺什么缺什么就填就填相应疑问词相应疑问词, ,什么也什么也不缺不缺也要也要填填thatthatthatthat多个宾语从句中，第多个宾语从句中，第一一个个that可可省省,后面后面的都的都不可不可省省.(that)1.He thinks he is superior to others and they should obey him unconditionally.2.Please see to that the door is safely locked before you go.3.She _ (担心担心)that she might fail the exam.4.I knows nothing about her _(除了除了) he is an America. that it is afraid That可接在可接在but, except后，后，in that 因为因为except that 第二第二that不省略不省略 it + that 形容词后接宾从形容词后接宾从 that who-whoever what-whatever which-whichever1._ will go to the energy conference is unknown. _behaves dishonestly will deserve punishing.2. He asked me _ would be fit for the job. He could ask _ has such experience to assist him.3.I hoped that I could grow up as soon as possible so that I could have _ I wanted and do _ I liked.4. I am not sure _ bike belongs to me. You can take away _ bike you like.名词性从句中名词性从句中,who, what, which表示表示疑问疑问whoever=anybody who Whatever=anything that(语气比语气比what更更强烈强烈)WhoWhoeverwhowhoeverwhateverwhateverwhichwhichever_ you go and _you do, Ill be right here waiting for you.WhereverwhateverNo matter whereno matter what 离开房间的任何人应该把灯关掉。离开房间的任何人应该把灯关掉。_ought to turn off the light._ he had was seized by the Japanese soldiers.Whoever leaves the room lastWhateverNo matter wh- & -ever状从状从主句完整主句完整主从主从(担当整句的主语担当整句的主语)主从主从判断判断状从状从和和名从名从( (主主, ,表表, ,宾从宾从) )的依据的依据: :主句是否完整主句是否完整. .whether & if1._ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.2.What the doctors really doubt is _ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.表表是否是否时时,一般都能用一般都能用whether. If 可引导可引导动词动词后的后的宾语宾语从句从句. Whetherwhetherthat3.It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray. Whether / if 表表疑问疑问, that不表疑问不表疑问名词性从句在句中要用名词性从句在句中要用_语序语序, ,从句从句的引导词必须始终置于的引导词必须始终置于_ 1.No one can be sure _ in a million years.A.what will man look likeB. what man will look likeC. man will look like what D. what look will man like陈述陈述总结总结归纳归纳：2.You cant imagine _ when they received these nice Christmas presents.A. how they were excited B. how excited they wereC. how excited were they D. they were how excited 句首句首1) When will Professor Li give us a talk? We wanted to know We wanted to know when Professor Li would give us a talk.2) Jim is a good student. The teacher said The teacher said (that) Jim was a good student. 3) Has Mr. Green been in Beijing for five years? He asked He asked if/whether Mr. Green had been in Beijing for five years.2.2.主句的动词用主句的动词用过去过去时，从句表示时，从句表示客观事实，客观事实，格言，谚语格言，谚语等，从句谓语动词用等，从句谓语动词用一般现在时一般现在时Our physics teacher once told us that light _ (travel) faster than sound.travels3.3.主句的动词用主句的动词用一般现在时一般现在时，从句谓语可，从句谓语可根据根据从句谓语动词发生的时间选用各种时态从句谓语动词发生的时间选用各种时态Tom says that Mary _ (go) abroad last year and _ (be) there for nearly 5 months. wenthas been1.We suggested that the meeting _(cancel).2. The smile on his face suggested that he_ (be) satisfied with our work.3. It is strange that he _ (inform) you of this.4. I wish he _(pass) the exam yesterday. be cancelledwasinform had passedsuggested暗示暗示, ,表明表明It is suggested that should (not)I suggest that should (not)My suggestion is that should (not)I have the suggestion that should (not)1. advise, suggest, demand, order, insist, require, request, recommend 建议建议,请求请求,命令命令,坚持坚持 (名词性从句中名词性从句中)2.It is strange/important/a pity/a shame /no wonder that (should) do3.I wish thatI were 18 years now.I had taken part in the blood donation.I would fly like a bird in the future.1. I think that worthwhile that we spent so much money on these books.2. That is hard to decide when and where we will held our sports meeting.3. (09天津）天津）It is obvious to the students whether they should get well prepared for their future. 4. It doesnt matter that you will come or not.itItthatwhether找出下列句子中的错误找出下列句子中的错误总结归总结归纳：纳：当主语从句较长，而谓语较短时，常常将从当主语从句较长，而谓语较短时，常常将从句句_，而用，而用itit作为形式主语置于句首。作为形式主语置于句首。it it 也可作形式宾语。也可作形式宾语。 后置后置ItIt做形式主语的常见句型做形式主语的常见句型 1. It + be + adj. /n + that/ wh-2. It + be + v-ed + that/ wh-3. It + appear / seem + that4. It + occur to sb/ strike sb + that5. It + doesnt matter + whether / if /how / wh-6. It + turn out/ come out + thatLets have a tryLets have a try1.他好像对这个计划没有什么兴趣。他好像对这个计划没有什么兴趣。2.水油不容，这是常识。水油不容，这是常识。3.我突然意识到除了我没有其他的妇女出席了我突然意识到除了我没有其他的妇女出席了这个会议。这个会议。It seems that he has no interest in the plan.He seems to have no .It is common sense that water and oil dont mix.It struck me that there were no other women present at the meeting except me.1. _ is known to us all that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing. (福建福建 2008)2. He didnt make _ clear when and where the meeting would be held.（07年天津卷）年天津卷） 3.It is _(amaze) that so many great works of art are housed in the same museums.4.I hate _ when people talk with their mouths full.Exercises_ is known to us all, the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.amazingititItAs考点考点8 8同位语从句与定语从句的区别同位语从句与定语从句的区别同位语从句同位语从句: 解释说明解释说明抽象抽象名词名词(news, reason, fact, order, etc)的的具体内容具体内容。that在从句中在从句中_成分。成分。定语从句定语从句:修饰限定修饰限定先行词先行词(具体具体或抽象名词或抽象名词) 关系词应代关系词应代替替 先行词在从句中先行词在从句中_句子成分。句子成分。1. （09江西）江西）The fact has worried many scientists _ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.2. The suggestion _he raised at the meeting is very good.3. The suggestion _ the students (should) have plenty of exercise is very good. 不充当不充当充当充当做题顺序：做题顺序：“二看二看”一看一看_是否完整；二看是否完整；二看_确定答案。确定答案。从句从句句意句意thatthat/whichthat定从定从the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.The factPART THREE写作写作1. Typical mistakes.1).The article tells us about children misbehave for many reasons.2).Parents ignorance leads to that children misbehave to draw their attention.(that)The article tells us _the reasons_ children misbehave.The article tells us _the reasons _ childrens misbehaviors.leads to the fact thatleads to childrens misbehaving/ misbehaviorswhyforaboutabout2.2.写作中高频句型写作中高频句型( (背诵背诵) ) 1). It occurred to me that I used to make a serious mistake./It occurred to me that I had a similar experience when I was in primary school. 我想起了我想起了( (记叙文中的引入记叙文中的引入) ) 2). There is no doubt that what my mother said made a big difference to me.毫无疑问毫无疑问 3). From the reasons above, we can safely draw a conclusion that bicycling is of great benefit to our health. 我们不难得出结论我们不难得出结论,(,(议论文的结论议论文的结论) ) 4) From the story, I have learnt a lesson that Where there is a will, there is a way.记叙文记叙文5). It is generally considered that childrens misbehaviour is largely due to their parents wrong education.6). Whats the most important is to make up your mind./is that you must make up your mind.7). We consider it (is) unadvisable to pay money for childrens study.8). It seemed that/as if my mother had got the truth.9). There is no denying the fact that10). The reason is that 11). It is because12). It is suggested that 不可否认不可否认人们普遍认为人们普遍认为3.As a saying goes, 名词性从句的谚语名词性从句的谚语: :1).whats lost is lost.2).What we do willingly is easy.3).Children are what their mothers are.4).Whats done cannot be undone.失者不可得失者不可得.愿者不难愿者不难.言传身教言传身教,耳濡目染耳濡目染.覆水难收覆水难收.人们参加志愿者活动的原因是他们有人们参加志愿者活动的原因是他们有社会责任感。作为一名学生，我会做社会责任感。作为一名学生，我会做我能做的事情来奉献社会。让陷入困我能做的事情来奉献社会。让陷入困境的人们感到温暖是非常重要的。志境的人们感到温暖是非常重要的。志愿者相信世界上有一部分最幸福的人愿者相信世界上有一部分最幸福的人就是那些给别人带来快乐的人。就是那些给别人带来快乐的人。The reason why they take part in the voluntary work is that they have their social responsibilities. As a student, I will do whatever I can to devote myself to our society. It is very important that we should let people in need feel warmer. Volunteers believe that some of the happiest people in the world are those who help to bring happiness to others. 5.TranslationWe study in the new teaching building. It makes everyone excited. We walk in the building. We are happy. We can enjoy many paintings and hand-writings. We use our own works to decorate it . It is cool. Our school provides us convenience. It is the goal of our school. The cabinet is an example. We bring many things to school. We can put them in the cabinet. There is hot water too. How can we keep the teaching building clean and beautiful? We are discussing it.4.4.适当地使用从句适当地使用从句, ,尤其是尤其是名词从句名词从句优化文段优化文段_we are studying in the new teachingbuilding makes everyone excited. Even walking in the building brings us happiness _we can enjoy many paintings and handwritings. _is cool that we use our own works to decorate it . To provide us convenience is the goal of our school. The cabinet is an example. _we bring to school can be kept in it. Besides, _we are thirsty there is hot water. Now, how we can keep the teaching building clean and beautiful_(discuss).ThatforItWhatwheneveris being discussedhow
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